Hybrid speciation
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Hybrid speciation is a form of
Ecology
A hybrid may occasionally be better fitted to the local environment than the parental lineage, and as such, natural selection may favor these individuals. If reproductive isolation is subsequently achieved, a separate species may arise. Reproductive isolation may be genetic, ecological,[5] behavioral, spatial, or a combination of these.
If reproductive isolation fails to establish, the hybrid population may merge with either or both parent species. This will lead to an influx of foreign genes into the parent population, a situation called an
Ecological constraints
For a hybrid form to persist, it must be able to exploit the available resources better than either parent species, which, in most cases, it will have to compete with. For example: while grizzly bears and polar bears may be able to mate and produce offspring, a grizzly–polar bear hybrid is apparently less- suited in either of the parents' ecological niches than the original parent species themselves. So: although the hybrid is fertile (i.e. capable of reproduction and thus theoretically could propagate), this poor adaptation would be unlikely to support the establishment of a permanent population.[11]
Likewise,
Some situations may favor hybrid population. One example is rapid turnover of available environment types, like the historical fluctuation of water level in
Genetics of hybridization
Genetics are more variable and malleable in plants than in animals, probably reflecting the higher activity level in animals.[
Hybridization without change in chromosome number is called
Super-numerary chromosome numbers can be unstable, which can lead to instability in the genetics of the hybrid. The European edible frog appears to be a species, but is actually a triploid semi-permanent hybrid between pool frogs and marsh frogs.[18] In most populations, the edible frog population is dependent on the presence of at least one of the parent species to be maintained, as each individual need two gene sets from one parent species and one from the other. Also, the male sex determination gene in the hybrids is only found in the genome of the pool frog, further undermining stability.[19] Such instability can also lead to rapid reduction of chromosome numbers, creating reproductive barriers and thus allowing speciation.[citation needed]
Hybrid speciation in animals
Homoploid hybrid speciation
Hybrid speciation in animals is primarily
One bird is an
A 2021 DNA study determined that the
Multiple hybrids during rapid divergence
Rapidly diverging species can sometimes form multiple hybrid species, giving rise to a
Hybrid speciation in plants
Hybrid speciation occurs when two divergent lineages (e.g., species) with independent evolutionary histories come into contact and interbreed. Hybridization can result in speciation when hybrid populations become isolated from the parental lineages, leading to divergence from the parent populations.
Polyploid hybrid speciation
In cases where the first-generation hybrids are viable but infertile, fertility can be restored by whole genome duplication (polyploidy), resulting in reproductive isolation and polyploid speciation.
Homoploid hybrid speciation
See also
- Clymene dolphin
- Eastern coyote
- Coywolf
- Genetic pollution
- Hybrid name
- New Mexico whiptail
- Secondary contact
- Ring species
References
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- ^ Mendez, F.L. (2012). Archaic introgression and natural selection in the evolution of modern humans: A study of genetic variation at the loci containing the immune genes OAS1 and STAT2 (Phd thesis). University of Arizona. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
- ^ "Bear shot in N.W.T. was grizzly-polar hybrid". Cbc.ca. 2010-04-30. Archived from the original on July 5, 2010. Retrieved 2011-03-09.
- ^ a b c d Mott, M. (2005, August 5). Retrieved February 13, 2013, from Liger Facts. Big Cat Rescue
- ^ "Frequently asked questions". University of Minnesota Lion Research Project. Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2011-06-28.
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- ^ Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 297. New York. Issued March 15, 2006.
- ^ Guldager Christiansen, D. (2010): Genetic Structure and Dynamics of All-hybrid Edible Frog Populations. Doctoral dissertation for the University of Zurich. 140 pages
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- ^ Mavárez, J., Salazar, C., Bermingham, E., Salcedo, C., Jiggins, C.D., & Linares, M. 2006. Speciation by hybridization in Heliconius butterflies. Nature (London) 441:868-871
- ^ Heliconius Genome Consortium. 2012. Butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species. Nature 487:94-98. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v487/n7405/full/nature11041.html
- ^ Bhanoo, Sindya (2014-01-13). "Scientists Find Rare Hybrid of Two Other Dolphin Species". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
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- ^ "First-ever hybrid bird species from the Amazon: A closer look at genetics and feathers reveals first-ever hybrid bird species living in the Amazon rainforest". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
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