Jhelum River
Jhelum | |
---|---|
Location | |
Countries | India, Pakistan |
Physical characteristics | |
Source | |
• location | Verinag Spring |
• coordinates | 33°32′05″N 75°14′59″E / 33.53472°N 75.24972°E |
Mouth | |
• location | Chenab River at Trimmu, Jhang District |
• coordinates | 31°10′N 72°09′E / 31.17°N 72.15°E |
Length | 725 km (450 mi) |
Discharge | |
• average | 1,026.6 m3/s (36,250 cu ft/s) (near Mangla Dam) |
• minimum | 234.19 m3/s (8,270 cu ft/s) (near Mangla Dam) |
• maximum | 26,419.13 m3/s (932,983 cu ft/s) (near Mangla Dam) |
Discharge | |
• average | 313.19 m3/s (11,060 cu ft/s) (near Domel) |
Discharge | |
• average | 229.20 m3/s (8,094 cu ft/s) (near Baramulla) |
Basin features | |
River system | Indus River |
Tributaries | |
• left | Poonch River, Sukhnag River |
• right | Arpath River, Lidder River, Kishanganga River/Neelum River, Sind River, Kunhar River, Pohru River , Erin River |
The Jhelum River (/dʒeɪləm/) is a river in the northern Indian subcontinent. It originates at Verinag and flows through the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir, into Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir, then the Pakistani province of Punjab. It is the westernmost of the five rivers of the Punjab region, and flows through the Kashmir Valley. It is a tributary of the Chenab River and has a total length of about 725 kilometres (450 mi).[7]
Etymology
Anjum Sultan Shahbaz , a Pakistani author, recorded some stories of the name Jhelum in his book Tareekh-e-Jhelum as:[8]
Many writers have different opinions about the name of Jhelum. One suggestion is that in ancient days Jhelumabad was known as Jalham. The word Jhelum is reportedly derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow). The name thus refers to the waters of a river (flowing beside the city) which have their origins in the snow-capped Himalayas.
The Sanskrit name for the river is Vitástā, derived from an apocryphal[citation needed] legend regarding the origin of the river in the Nilamata Purana. The name survives in the Kashmiri name for this river, Vyath.
History
The river Jhelum was originally recognized by the name Vitasta. The river was called Hydaspes (Greek: Ὑδάσπης) by the ancient Greeks.
The waters of the Jhelum are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. India is working on a hydropower project on a tributary of Jhelum river to establish first-use rights on the river water over Pakistan as per the Indus Waters Treaty.[9]
Legends
According to Hindu puranas, the goddess Parvati was requested by the sage Kashyapa to come to Kashmir to purify the land from the evil practices and impurities of the pishachas living there. Parvati assumed the form of a river in the netherworld. Her consort Shiva struck with his spear near the abode of Nila, (Verinag spring). With this stroke of the spear, Parvati emerged from the netherworld. He excavated a ditch measuring one vitasti using the spear,[10] through which the river, originating from the netherworld, came out, and so he gave her the name Vitástā.[11]
The
Course
The river Jhelum rises from Verinag spring at the foot of the
- Lidder River near village Mirgund at Khanabal
- Veshaw River at Sangam in Anantnag
- Sind River at Shadipora
- Pohru River at Doabgah in Sopore, Jammu and Kashmir.
It flows through
Most of the villages and important cities of Kashmir valley are situated on the banks of Jhelum.[13]
Lakes
Dams, barrages and bridges
The river has rich power generation potential in India. Water control structures are being built as a result of the Indus Basin Project, including the following:
- Mangla Dam, completed in 1967, is one of the largest earth-fill dams in the world, with a storage capacity of 5,900,000 acre-feet (7.3 km3)
- Karot Hydropower Project is an under-construction[when?] concrete-core rockfill gravity large dam in Pakistan, with a planned installed capacity of 720 MW.
- Rasul Barrage, constructed in 1967, has a maximum flow of 850,000 ft³/s (24,000 m³/s).
- Trimmu Barrage, constructed in 1939 some 20 km from Jhang Sadar at the confluence with the Chenab, has maximum discharge capacity of 645,000 ft³/s (18,000 m³/s).
- Victoria Bridge, Haranpur, constructed in 1973, approximate 5 km from Malakwal near Chak Nizam village. Its length is 1 km, mainly used by Pakistan Railways, but there is a passage for light vehicles, motorcycles, cycles and pedestrians on one side.
- Uri Dam with 480 MW Hydroelectric station is located in Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir.[14]
- Uri Dam II with 240 MW Hydroelectric station is also located in Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir.[15]
Canals
- Canals in and around the city of Srinagar.
- The Upper Jhelum Canal runs from Mangla Dam to the Chenab.
- The Rasul-Qadirabad Link Canal.
- The Chashma-Jhelum Link Canal runs from the Chashma Barrage on the Indus River to the Jhelum river downstream of Rasul Barrage. This is 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Mari Shah Sakhira town.
Gallery
-
Jhelum river, Baramullah, Kashmir, 1880s
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Jhelum River c. 1900; photo taken by Eugene Whitehead Esq.
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Rope Bridge at Karli, 1908
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Bridge over the river, Srinagar, 1969
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Jhelum river near Muzaffarabad (2014)
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File:River Jehlum, Muzaffarabad
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Near Muzaffarabad, 2014
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The Jhelum at Verinag, 2014
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Jhelum River at Jhelum City, 2005
See also
Notes
References
- ^ The Quarterly Review. Murray. 1816. p. 170. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- ISBN 9788185431710. Archivedfrom the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2017. Five volumes.
- ISBN 9780521229371. Archivedfrom the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ISBN 9780199063963. Archivedfrom the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- ISBN 9789313169161. Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
- ^ "Jhelum - uMap".
- ^ "Jhelum River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived 1 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 4 October 2013.
- OCLC 60589679.
- ^ "India fast-tracks work on Jhelum river hydroelectric power project". Archived from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ (a particular measure of length defined either as a long span between the extended thumb and little finger, or as the distance between the wrist and the tip of the fingers, and said to be about 9 inches
- ^ Nilamata Purana English Translation by Dr. Ved Kumari Ghai, verses 247–261.
- ^ section 26, line 350
- ^ "District Survey Report On Kashmir" (PDF). District Survey Report. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "NHPC Limited : Projects : Power Stations : Uri – I". www.nhpcindia.com. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
- ^ "NHPC Limited : Projects : Power Stations : Uri-II". www.nhpcindia.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
- ^ "NHPC Limited : Projects : Power Stations : Kishanganga". www.nhpcindia.com. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
External links
- Livius.org pictures of the Hydaspes Archived 14 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine