Hyderabad State

In 1867, the State was divided into five divisions and seventeen districts, and subedars (governors) were appointed for the five Divisions and talukdars and tehsildars for the districts. The judicial, public works, medical, educational, municipal, and police departments were re-organized.[24] In 1868, sadr-i-mahrams (Assistant Ministers) were appointed for the Judicial, Revenue, Police, and Miscellaneous Departments. ^[25]

Asaf Jah VI

During his rule, the Great Musi Flood of 1908 struck the city of Hyderabad, which killed an estimated 50,000 people. The Nizam opened all his palaces for public asylum.^[32][33][34]

He also abolished Sati where women used to jump into their husband's burning pyre, by issuing a royal firman.^[35]

Asaf Jah VII

The last Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan ruled the state from 1911 until 1948. He was given the title "Faithful Ally of the British Empire".^[14]

The Nizam also established

However, the Nizams were Muslim ruling over a predominantly Hindu population.[14] India insisted that the great majority of residents wanted to join India.^[40]

The Nizam was in a weak position as his army numbered only 24,000 men, of whom only some 6,000 were fully trained and equipped.^[41]

On 21 August 1948, the Secretary-General of the Hyderabad Department of External Affairs requested the President of the United Nations Security Council, under Article 35(2) of the

At 5 p.m. on 17 September, the Nizam's army surrendered. The Government of Hyderabad resigned, and military governors and chief ministers were appointed by the Nizam at India's direction.^[46][47]

On 26 January 1950,^[48][49] India formally incorporated the state of Hyderabad into the Union of India and ended the rule of the Nizams.^[50]

Hyderabad State (1948–1956)

After the incorporation of Hyderabad State into India,

On 2 June 2014, the state of Telangana was formed splitting from the rest of Andhra Pradesh state and formed the 29th state of India, with Hyderabad as its capital.

Government and politics

Government

Wilfred Cantwell Smith states that Hyderabad was an area where the political and social structure from medieval Muslim rule had been preserved more or less intact into modern times.^[54] The last Nizam was reputed to be the wealthiest man in the world.^[55] He was supported by an aristocracy of 1,100 feudal lords who owned a further 30% of the state's land, with some 4 million tenant farmers. The state also owned 50% or more of the capital in all the major enterprises, allowing the Nizam to earn further profits and control their affairs.^[56]

Next in the social structure were the administrative and official classes, comprising about 1,500 officials. A number of them were recruited from outside the state. The lower-level government employees were also predominantly Muslim. Effectively, the Muslims of Hyderabad represented an 'upper caste' of the social structure.^[57][a]

All power was vested in the Nizam. He ruled with the help of an Executive Council or Cabinet, established in 1893, whose members he was free to appoint and dismiss. The government of the Nizam recruited heavily from the North Indian Hindu

The state government also had a large number of outsiders (called non-mulkhis) – 46,800 of them in 1933, including all the members of the Nizam's Executive Council. Hindus and Muslims united in protesting against the practice which robbed the locals of government employment. The movement, however, fizzled out after the Hindu members raised the issue of 'responsible government', which was of no interest to the Muslim members and led to their resignation.[61]

Various properties and wealth owned by the Nizam as part of Hyderabad State are now succeeded by his descendants, including his grandsons Prince Mukarram Jah, Prince Mufakkam Jah & Prince Shahmat Jah and his great-grandson Himayat Ali Mirza among others.^[62][63] Himayat Ali Mirza, great-grandson of the Nizam, remarked that his stake in the English state sums up to 36% of the total amount.^[62] For claiming the total share of £35 million, Nizam's great-grandson, Himayat Ali Mirza, reached the London High Court.^[64]

Political movements

Up to 1920, there was no political organisation of any kind in Hyderabad. In that year, following British pressure, the Nizam issued a firman appointing a special officer to investigate constitutional reforms. It was welcomed enthusiastically by a section of the populace, who formed the Hyderabad State Reforms Association. However, the Nizam and the Special Officer ignored all their demands for consultation. Meanwhile, the Nizam banned the

Hyderabad's first ruler, Asaf Jah I (r. 1724–1748) was a talented commander and assembled a powerful army that allowed Hyderabad to become one of the preeminent states in southern India.^[65] After his death, the military was crippled by the succession wars of his sons. It was restored under Asaf Jah II (r. 1762–1803) who modernized the army.^[66] Notable units during his reign included British-trained battalions,^[67] the French-trained Corps Français de Raymond which was led by Michel Joachim Marie Raymond and fought under the French Tricolour, and the Victorious Battalion, an elite infantry unit entirely composed of women.^[68]

Culture

Symbols

Coat of arms

• 
  Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad (1869–1911)
• 
  Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad (1911–1947)
• 
  Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad (1947–1948)
• 
  State Emblem of Hyderabad (1947–1948)^[69]

The coat of arms features the full titles of the Nizam at the bottom, and a dastar^{[citation needed]}

Flag

• 
  Flag of Berar state
• 
  1900–1947
• 
  1947–1948

Under the leadership of

The Asafia flag of Hyderabad. The script along the top reads Al Azmatulillah meaning "All greatness is for God". The bottom script reads Ya Uthman which translates to "Oh Osman". The writing in the middle reads "Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah"

Stamps

The stamps of the Hyderabad State featured the

The National Anthem of Nizam's Dominion, better known as "O Osman", was the national anthem of the Hyderabad State until its annexation by India. It was composed by John Frederick during the time of 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan and the lyrics are May the creator bless the kingdom till eternity, And O! Osman, keep you sound and healthy. And make you live with dignity for a hundred years, By the grace of God you are the pride of rulers. May the Almighty keep your rule illustrious, May God grant long life like khizr to your children. And maintain the continuity of your noble descent, May the proverbial Hatim’s charity pale before yours. May your sense of justice surpass even that of Khusro, and May your wellwishers glow like full-blown flowers. And your enemies acknowledge your superior prowess, O! Osman, make your tavern an abode of joy and ecstasy.

Other symbols

State symbols of Hyderabad

State language	Urdu
State animal	Blackbuck
State bird	Indian roller
State tree	Neem tree
State flower	Blue Water lily

Demographics

Mulki

Mulkis or Mulkhis, are the native inhabitants of the erstwhile Hyderabad State, regardless of ethnic differences.^[10] The term was popularly used during the 1952 Mulkhi Agitation (Telangana), which saw protests demanding job reservations for Mulki people, and demanding non-Mulkis to leave.^[71]

As per the 1941 Hyderabad State Census, 2,187,005 people spoke

The architecture of Hyderabad State is very cosmopolitan, and heavily influenced by European and Islamic styles. The Nizam's palaces and several public buildings were built in a distinctive style. The earliest surviving buildings are purely European, examples being the neoclassical British Residency (1798) and Falaknuma Palace (1893). In the early 20th century, the Osmania General Hospital^[75]

Various major industries emerged in various parts of the State of Hyderabad before its incorporation into the Union of India, especially during the first half of the twentieth century. Hyderabad city had a separate power plant for electricity. However, the Nizams focused on industrial development in the region of Sanathnagar, housing several industries there with transportation facilities by both road and rail.^[77]

See also

Notes

References

1. ^
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2. ^ Beverley, Hyderabad, British India, and the World 2015, p. 110.
3. ^ Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, p. 20.
4. ^ MiO'Dwyer, Michael (1988), India as I Knew it: 1885–1925, Mittal Publications, pp. 137–, GGKEY:DB7YTGYWP7W
5. ^ Smith 1950, pp. 27–28.
6. ^ Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, Chapter 7: "'Operation Polo', the code name for the armed invasion of Hyderabad"
7. ^ ^{a b} Husain, Mazhar (1947). Census Of India 1941 Vol-xxi H.e.h. The Nizams Dominions (hyd State).
8. ^ Ali, Cherágh (1886). Hyderabad (Deccan) Under Sir Salar Jung. Printed at the Education Society's Press.
9. ^ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 13, page 277 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library".
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11. ^ Reddy, AuthorDeepika. "The 1952 Mulki agitation". Telangana Today. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
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13. ^ Chandra, Mukherjee & Mukherjee 2008, p. 96.
14. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Hyderabad". Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
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19. ^ Briggs 1861, pp. 79.
20. ^ "The University of Queensland Homepage".
21. ^ Dalrymple (2003), p. xxxv.
22. ^ Briggs 1861, pp. 104–115.
23. ^ Briggs 1861, pp. 155–158.
24. ^ Law 1914, pp. 31–37.
25. ^ Law 1914, pp. 140–143.
26. ^ ^{a b} Law 1914, pp. 26–28.
27. ^ "Nizam of Hyderabad Dead", New York Times, 30 August 1911
28. ^ Lynton, Days of the Beloved 1987, pp. 13–19.
29. ^ "Inspecting Officers (Railways) – Pringle, (Sir) John Wallace". SteamIndex. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
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31. ^ Lynton, Days of the Beloved 1987, pp. 56–57.
32. ^ Law 1914, pp. 84–86.
33. ^ "Hyderabad to observe 104th anniversary of Musi flood | The Siasat Daily". archive.siasat.com. 20 September 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
34. ^ Lynton, Days of the Beloved 1987, pp. 13–15.
35. ^ Shanker, CR Gowri (10 June 2018). "Letters leave a rich legacy of rulers". Deccan Chronicle.
36. ^ Pagdi, Raghavendra Rao (1987) Short History of Banking in Hyderabad District, 1879–1950. In M. Radhakrishna Sarma, K.D. Abhyankar, and V.G. Bilolikar, eds. History of Hyderabad District, 1879-1950AD (Yugabda 4981–5052). (Hyderabad : Bharatiya Itihasa Sankalana Samiti), Vol. 2, pp.85–87.
37. ^ "Begumpeet Airport History". Archived from the original on 21 December 2005.
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39. ^ Pandey, Dr. Vinita. "Changing Facets of Hyderabadi Tehzeeb: Are We Missing Anything?".
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41. ^ Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, p. 229.
42. ^ "The Hyderabad Question" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
43. ^ Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, p. 230.
44. ^ Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, p. 231.
45. ^ United Nations Document S/986
46. ^ "High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank" (PDF). p. 66. On 17 September 1948, the troops of Hyderabad surrendered and the Government of Hyderabad administration headed by Laik Ali (and including Moin) resigned.
47. ^ "High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank" (PDF). p. 69. ... Government of India had purposely avoided any question of accession and maintained until that date Nizam's authority as source from which military Governors' and chief Ministers' powers were derived.
48. ^ "High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank" (PDF). p. 66. Further, on 26 January 1950 there came into being the Union of India and a new State of the Union of India, the Union State of Hyderabad.
49. ^ "High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank" (PDF). p. 697. ... Firman issued by Nizam on 24 November 1949…which suggests that accession became effective on 26 January 1950.
50. ^ Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, p. 232.
51. ^ APonline – History and Culture – History-Post-Independence Era Archived 20 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
52. ^ "Mulki agitation in Hyderabad state". Hinduonnet.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
53. ^ "SRC submits report". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 1 October 2005. Archived from the original on 1 March 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
54. ^ Smith 1950, p. 28.
55. ^ Guha 2008, p. 51.
56. ^ Smith 1950, p. 29.
57. ^ Smith 1950, pp. 29–30.
58. ^ Leonard, K.I., 1994. Social History of an Indian Caste: The Kayasths of Hyderabad. Orient Blackswan.[1] Archived 27 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine
59. ^ Smith 1950, pp. 30–31.
60. ^ ^{a b c} Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, Chapter 2.
61. ^ Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, pp. 39–40.
62. ^ ^{a b} Syed Akbar (30 July 2020). "Nizam's case: Great-grandson claims Rs 121 crore | Hyderabad News – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
63. ^ "Himayat Ali Mirza raises voice against negligence, illegal encroachments towards Nizam's properties". www.daijiworld.com. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
64. ^ "Nizam set to get possession of £35 million after London court rules in favour". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
65. ^ Dalrymple (2003), p. 86.
66. ^ Dalrymple (2003), p. 87.
67. ^ Dalrymple (2003), p. 129.
68. ^ Dalrymple (2003), p. 94.
69. ^ "ANDHRA PRADESH". www.hubert-herald.nl. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
70. ^ "A stamp of history from the Nizam's era". The New Indian Express. 6 March 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
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73. ^ Mazhar_hussain_m.a__b.sc (1947). Census Of India 1941 Vol-xxi H.e.h. The Nizams Dominions (hyd State).
74. ^ "Census Of India 1941 Vol-xxi H.e.h. The Nizams Dominions (hyd State)". 10 April 1947 – via Internet Archive.
75. ^ "Osmania general hospital gasps for attention: Heritage building crumbling, roofs caving in | Hyderabad News – Times of India". The Times of India. 29 January 2017.
76. ^ "Once the pride of the Nizam, Hyderabad's iconic Osmania hospital now lies in shambles". The News Minute. 24 January 2017.
77. ^ ^{a b} "Kaleidoscopic view of Deccan". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 25 August 2009. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2010.

Bibliography

• Benichou, Lucien D. (2000), From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938–1948, Orient Blackswan,
  ISBN 978-81-250-1847-6
• Beverley, Eric Lewis (2015), Hyderabad, British India, and the World, Cambridge University Press,
  ISBN 978-1-107-09119-1
• ISBN 978-0-14-310409-4
• Faruqi, Munis D. (2013), "At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-century India", in Richard M. Eaton; Munis D. Faruqui; David Gilmartin; Sunil Kumar (eds.), Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–38,
  ISBN 978-1-107-03428-0
• Noorani, A. G. (2014). The Destruction of Hyderabad. Hurst & Co.
  ISBN 978-1-84904-439-4
  .
• Guha, Ramachandra (2008), India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy, Pan Macmillan,
  ISBN 978-0-330-39611-0
• JSTOR 4322137
• Ram Narayan Kumar (1 April 1997), The Sikh unrest and the Indian state: politics, personalities, and historical retrospective,
  ISBN 978-81-202-0453-9
• Jayanta Kumar Ray (2007), Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World, Pearson Education India, p. 206,
  ISBN 978-81-317-0834-7
• Law, John (1914), Modern Hyderabad (Deccan), Thacker, Spink & Company
• Lynton, Harriet Ronken (1987), Days of the Beloved, Orient Blackswan,
  ISBN 978-0863112690
• Briggs, Henry George (1861), The Nizam, his history and relations with the British Government
• ISBN 978-0-14-200412-8
  .

Further reading

• Hyderabad State. Imperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. 1989.
• Iyengar, Kesava (2007). Economic Investigations in the Hyderabad State 1939–1930. Vol. 1. Read Books.
  ISBN 978-1-4067-6435-2
  .
• Leonard, Karen (1971). "The Hyderabad Political System and its Participants". Journal of Asian Studies. 30 (3): 569–582.
  JSTOR 2052461
  .
• Pernau, Margrit (2000). The Passing of Patrimonialism: Politics and Political Culture in Hyderabad, 1911–1948. Delhi: Manohar.
  ISBN 978-81-7304-362-8
  .
• Purushotham, Sunil (2015). "Internal Violence: The "Police Action" in Hyderabad". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 57 (2): 435–466.
  S2CID 145147551
  .
• Sherman, Taylor C. "Migration, citizenship and belonging in Hyderabad (Deccan), 1946–1956." Modern Asian Studies 45#1 (2011): 81–107.
• Sherman, Taylor C. "The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948–56." Indian Economic & Social History Review 44#4 (2007): 489–516.
• Various (2007). Hyderabad State List of Leading Officials, Nobles and Personages. Read Books.
  ISBN 978-1-4067-3137-8
  .
• Zubrzycki, John (2006). The Last Nizam: An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback. Australia:
  ISBN 978-0-330-42321-2
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hyderabad State.

• From the Sundarlal Report – Muslim Genocide in 1948^[usurped] (archived 12 January 2009)
• Old Hyderabad video
• Nizam of Hyderabad

17°00′N 78°50′E / 17.000°N 78.833°E / 17.000; 78.833