Hyderabad State (1948–1956)
Hyderabad State | |||||||||||||
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State of India | |||||||||||||
1948–1956 | |||||||||||||
Hyderabad in India (1951) | |||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||
• Coordinates | 17°00′N 78°50′E / 17.000°N 78.833°E | ||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||
• Hyderabad State formed from United Andhra Pradesh | 1956 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Today part of | Telangana Maharashtra Karnataka | ||||||||||||
States of India since 1947 |
Hyderabad State was a
It existed from 1948 to 1956.Following the
History
The princely state of Hyderabad was annexed by India in September 1948 through a military operation code-named Operation Polo, which was dubbed a "police action".[3][4][5]
At the time of
In November 1947, Hyderabad signed a standstill agreement with the Dominion of India, continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. India felt that the establishment of a Communist state in Hyderabad would be a threat to the country.[9][10] Nizam's power had weakened because of the Telangana Rebellion and the rise of a radical militia known as the Razakars whom he could not put down. On 7 September, Jawaharlal Nehru gave ultimatum to Nizam, demanding ban on the Razakars and return of Indian troops to Secunderabad.[11][12][13] India invaded the state by 13 September 1948, following a crippling economic blockade, and multiple attempts at destabilizing the state through railway disruptions, the bombing of government buildings, and raids on border villages.[14][15][16] After the defeat of Razakars, the Nizam signed an instrument of accession, joining India.[17][18]
The operation led to massive violence on communal lines, at times perpetrated by the Indian Army.[19] The Sunderlal Committee, appointed by Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, concluded that between 30,000–40,000 people had died in total in the state, in a report which was not released until 2013.[20] Other responsible observers estimated the number of deaths to be 200,000 or higher.[21]
Military Governor
After the Annexation into the Indian Union,
The state witnessed Mulkhi agitation in 1952 by the locals after government jobs meant for the locals were given to non-locals.[citation needed]
No | Portrait | Name | Term of office | Duration | Selected former office(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri | 17 September 1948 | 25 January 1949 | 130 days | Led of Operation Polo (Indian Army General officer) |
Rajpramukh
No | Portrait | Name | Term of office | Duration | Selected former office(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mir Osman Ali Khan | 26 January 1950 | 31 October 1956 | 6 years, 279 days | 10th Nizam of Hyderabad |
Elections
In the first
List of districts of Hyderabad State
Administratively, Hyderabad State was made up of sixteen districts, grouped into four divisions:[citation needed]
Districts of Hyderabad State | |
---|---|
Category | Districts |
Location | Hyderabad State |
Number |
|
Government |
Official name | Division | Map |
---|---|---|
Aurangabad | Aurangabad Division
|
|
Bhir
|
||
Nander
|
||
Parbhani
|
||
Bidar
|
Gulbarga Division
|
|
Gulbarga
|
||
Osmanabad
|
||
Raichur
|
||
Atraf-i-Baldah
|
Gulshanabad (Medak) Division
|
|
Mahbubnagar
|
||
Medak | ||
Nalgonda | ||
Nizamabad | ||
Adilabad | Warangal Division | |
Karimnagar | ||
Warangal |
Linguistic reorganization
In 1956 during the
The States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was not in favour of an immediate merger of Telugu-speaking Telangana region of Hyderabad State with Andhra State, despite their common language. Para 378 of the SRC report said One of the principal causes of opposition of Vishalandhra also seems to be the apprehension felt by the educationally backward people of Telangana that they may be swamped and exploited by the more advanced people of the coastal areas.[citation needed]
Andhra State and Hyderabad State were merged to form Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956, after providing safeguards to Telangana in the form of
Chief Ministers of Hyderabad State
Hyderabad State included nine Telugu districts of Telangana, four Kannada districts in Gulbarga division and four Marathi districts in Aurangabad division.[citation needed]
No | Name | Portrait | Term of office | Party[a] | Days in office | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | M. K. Vellodi | 26 January 1950 | 6 March 1952 | Independent (civil service)
|
770 | ||
2 | Burgula Ramakrishna Rao | 6 March 1952 | 31 October 1956 | Indian National Congress | 1701 |
See also
- Nizams Hyderabad State (1724–1948)
Notes
- ^ This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.
References
- ^ "Hyderabad had tried 'NRC' 71 years ago, and failed". The Times of India. 15 September 2019.
- ^ "States Reorganization Act 1956". Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
- ^ "Hyderabad had tried 'NRC' 71 years ago, and failed". The Times of India. 15 September 2019.
- ^ "Hyderabad Police Action". Indian Army. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- ISBN 978-0-230-60344-8.
- ^ Mehrotra, S.R. (1979). Towards Indias Freedom And Partition. Delhi: Vikash Publishing House. p. 247. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
- ^ See Section 7 (1) (b): "the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States, all functions exercisable by His Majesty at that date with respect to Indian States, all obligations of His Majesty existing at that date towards Indian States or the rulers thereof, and all powers, rights, authority or jurisdiction exercisable by His Majesty at that date in or in relation to Indian States by treaty, grant, usage, sufferance or otherwise."
- ^ ISBN 978-0521682251.
- ^ "Delhi felt Razakars, communists a threat to India". Deccan Chronicle. 15 September 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-134-11988-2.
- ^ Siddiqi, A. (1960). Pakistan Seeks Security. Longmans, Green, Pakistan Branch. p. 21.
- ISBN 978-81-250-1847-6.
- ^ Desai, V.H. (1990). Vande Mataram to Jana Gana Mana: Saga of Hyderabad Freedom Struggle. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 142.
- S2CID 145147551. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ "New book on Hyderabad's Invasion, 1948's Police Action". The Milli Gazette – Indian Muslims Leading News Source. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- S2CID 145000228.
- ^ Chandra, Mukherjee & Mukherjee 2008, p. 96.
- ^ Apparasu, Srinivasa Rao (16 September 2022). "How Hyd merger with Union unfolded". Hindustan Times.
- ^ Thomson, Mike (24 September 2013). "Hyderabad 1948: India's hidden massacre". BBC. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ Noorani 2014, Appendix 15: Confidential notes attached to the Sunderlal Committee Report, pp. 372–373
- ^ Smith 1950, p. 46.
- ^ Ian Copland, The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917-1947 (Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. x
- ^ "Mulki agitation in Hyderabad state". Hinduonnet.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
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Sources
- ISBN 978-0-14-310409-4
- ISBN 978-1-84904-439-4
- JSTOR 4322137
Further reading
- Sherman, Taylor C. (2007). "The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948 – 56" (PDF). Indian Economic & Social History Review. 44 (4): 489–516. S2CID 145000228.