Hyderabad

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Coordinates: 17°21′42″N 78°28′29″E / 17.36167°N 78.47472°E / 17.36167; 78.47472
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Hyderabad
Metropolis
Clockwise from top: Charminar during Ramzan night bazaar, Qutb Shahi tombs, Buddha Statue at Hussain Sagar, Falaknuma Palace, skyline at Gachibowli and Birla Mandir.
Official logo of Hyderabad
Logo of the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
Map
Interactive Map Outlining Hyderabad
A map showing location of Hyderabad in Telangana, India.
A map showing location of Hyderabad in Telangana, India.
Hyderabad
Location in Hyderabad
A map showing location of Hyderabad in Telangana, India.
A map showing location of Hyderabad in Telangana, India.
Hyderabad
Location in Telangana
A map showing location of Hyderabad in Telangana, India.
A map showing location of Hyderabad in Telangana, India.
Hyderabad
Location in India
A map showing location of Hyderabad in Telangana, India.
A map showing location of Hyderabad in Telangana, India.
Hyderabad
Location in Asia
A map showing location of Hyderabad in Telangana, India.
A map showing location of Hyderabad in Telangana, India.
Hyderabad
Location in Earth
Coordinates: 17°21′42″N 78°28′29″E / 17.36167°N 78.47472°E / 17.36167; 78.47472
Country India
StateTelangana
Districts
Established1591; 433 years ago (1591)
Founded by
Rapid Transit
Hyderabad Metro
Websitewww.ghmc.gov.in

Hyderabad (

2011 Census of India, Hyderabad is the fourth-most populous city in India with a population of 6.9 million residents within the city limits, and has a population of 9.7 million residents in the metropolitan region, making it the sixth-most populous metropolitan area
in India. With an output of US$74 billion, Hyderabad has the fifth-largest urban economy in India.

The Qutb Shahi dynasty's

Asaf Jah I, the Mughal viceroy, declared his sovereignty and founded the Asaf Jahi dynasty, also known as the Nizams. Hyderabad served as the imperial capital of the Asaf Jahis from 1769 to 1948. As capital of the princely state of Hyderabad, the city housed the British Residency and cantonment until Indian independence in 1947. Hyderabad was annexed by the Indian Union in 1948 and continued as a capital of Hyderabad State from 1948 to 1956. After the introduction of the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, Hyderabad was made the capital of the newly formed Andhra Pradesh. In 2014, Andhra Pradesh was split to form the state of Telangana, and Hyderabad became the joint capital of the two states with a transitional arrangement scheduled to end in 2024. Since 1956, the city has housed the Rashtrapati Nilayam, the winter office of the president of India
.

Relics of the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras remain visible today; the Charminar has come to symbolise the city. By the end of the early modern era, the Mughal Empire had declined in the Deccan, and the Nizam's patronage attracted men of letters from various parts of the world. A distinctive culture arose from the amalgamation of local and migrated artisans, with painting, handicraft, jewellery, literature, dialect and clothing prominent even today. For its cuisine, the city is listed as a creative city of gastronomy by UNESCO. The Telugu film industry based in the city is the highest-grossing film industry in India as of 2021.

Until the 19th century, Hyderabad was known for the

pearl industry and was nicknamed the "City of Pearls", and was the only trading centre for Golconda diamonds in the world. Many of the city's historical and traditional bazaars remain open. Hyderabad's central location between the Deccan Plateau and the Western Ghats, and industrialisation throughout the 20th century attracted major Indian research, manufacturing, educational and financial institutions. Since the 1990s, the city has emerged as an Indian hub of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology and information technology. The formation of the special economic zones of Hardware Park and HITEC City
, dedicated to information technology, has encouraged leading multinationals to set up operations in Hyderabad.

History

Main article: History of Hyderabad

Toponymy

The name Hyderabad means "Haydar's City" or "Lion City", from

Ali Ibn Abi Talib, also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battle.[6]

The city was originally called Baghnagar ("city of gardens"[7]), and later acquired the name Hyderabad.[7][8] The European travellers von Poser and Thévenot found both names in use in the 17th century.[9][10][11]: 6 

One popular legend suggests that the founder of the city, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, named it Bhagya-nagar ("fortunate city"[12]) after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl whom he married. She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal. The city would have been named Hyderabad in her honour.[11]: 6 [13]

Early and medieval history

Historical affiliations
(inception of Hyderabad city in 1591)

The discovery of

Golconda Fort—to defend their western region.[15]

The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the

Gulbarga—200 km (124 mi) west of Hyderabad—as its capital, both the neighbouring rulers Musunuri Nayakas of Warangal and Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga engaged in many wars until 1364–65 when a peace treaty was signed and the Musunuri Nayakas ceded Golconda Fort to the Bahmani Sultan. The Bahmani Sultans ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.[22][23][24]

Qutb Shahi ruler Abul Hasan Qutb Shah with Sufi singers in the Mehfil
-("gathering to entertain or praise someone").

In 1496

Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golconda Fort.[31][32] The annexed city "Hyderabad" was renamed Darul Jihad (House of War),[33] whereas the main territories of the Golconda Sultanate were incorporated into the Mughal empire as the province Hyderabad Subah.[34] Mughal rule in Hyderabad was administered by three main governors: Jan Sipar Khan (1688–1700), his son Rustam Dil Khan (1700–13) and Mubariz Khan (1713–24).[35]

Modern history

In 1713, Mughal emperor

Treaty of Masulipatam—by which the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent, got the right to control and collect the taxes at Coromandel Coast.[41]

In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.

Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by French General the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to be stationed at Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's capital, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.[41]

Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east of

Nizams ruled the princely state of Hyderabad during the British Raj.[36][40]

Post-Independence

Sepia photograph of buildings around the water canal
A mill with a canal connecting to Hussain Sagar lake. Following the introduction of railways in the 1880s, factories were built around the lake.

After India

Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession, which made him the Rajpramukh (Princely Governor) of the state until it was abolished on 31 October 1956.[40][43]

Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the

second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic central location.[46]

On 1 November 1956 the states of India

passed the Telangana Bill. With the final assent of the President of India, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014.[55]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Hyderabad
A Large colourful image representing the Hyderbad city's geographical area
A satellite view of Hyderabad captured by Sentinel-2A, the yellow and brown colours features the city core, the light green shows arid fields and the dark green depicts vegetation. The Musi river and its adjecent small water bodies are highlighted with the blue colour.[56]

Hyderabad is 1,566 km (973 mi) south of

The city has numerous lakes sometime referred to as sagar, meaning "sea". Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built in 1562 near the city centre), Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar.[61][64] As of 1996, the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds).[65]

Climate

Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh).[66] The annual mean temperature is 26.6 °C (79.9 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 21–33 °C (70–91 °F).[67] Summers (March–June) are hot and dry, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius;[68] maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) between April and June.[67] The coolest temperatures occur in December and January, when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 °C (50 °F).[67] May is the hottest month, when daily temperatures range from 26–39 °C (79–102 °F); December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from 14.5–28 °C (58.1–82.4 °F).[68]

Heavy rain from the

sunlight exposure occurs in February.[70]

Climate data for Hyderabad (1991–2020, extremes 1951–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.9
(96.6) 		39.1
(102.4) 		42.2
(108.0) 		43.3
(109.9) 		44.5
(112.1) 		45.5
(113.9) 		38.0
(100.4) 		37.6
(99.7) 		36.5
(97.7) 		36.7
(98.1) 		34.0
(93.2) 		35.0
(95.0) 		45.5
(113.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.6
(83.5) 		31.8
(89.2) 		35.2
(95.4) 		37.6
(99.7) 		38.8
(101.8) 		34.4
(93.9) 		30.5
(86.9) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.1
(86.2) 		30.4
(86.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		32.0
(89.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.8
(73.0) 		25.4
(77.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		31.4
(88.5) 		33.2
(91.8) 		29.7
(85.5) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.2
(79.2) 		24.1
(75.4) 		22.2
(72.0) 		27.0
(80.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		24.1
(75.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		13.1
(55.6) 		20.0
(67.9)
Record low °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		18.6
(65.5) 		18.7
(65.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		7.4
(45.3) 		7.1
(44.8) 		6.1
(43.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 9.2
(0.36) 		10.2
(0.40) 		12.3
(0.48) 		27.2
(1.07) 		34.5
(1.36) 		113.8
(4.48) 		162.0
(6.38) 		203.9
(8.03) 		148.5
(5.85) 		113.9
(4.48) 		19.1
(0.75) 		5.0
(0.20) 		859.6
(33.84)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.3 mm) 1.1 1 1.4 3.7 4.2 10.9 15.4 16.3 12.3 7.6 2.5 0.5 76.9
Average rainy days 0.6 0.6 0.9 2.0 2.5 6.8 9.5 11.3 8.4 5.6 1.3 0.3 49.8
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
) 		41 33 29 30 31 52 65 70 67 59 49 44 48
Average dew point °C (°F) 12
(54) 		12
(54) 		13
(55) 		15
(59) 		15
(59) 		19
(66) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		17
(63) 		15
(59) 		13
(55) 		16
(61)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 272.8 265.6 272.8 276.0 279.0 180.0 136.4 133.3 162.0 226.3 243.0 251.1 2,698.3
Mean daily sunshine hours 8.8 9.4 8.8 9.2 9.0 6.0 4.4 4.3 5.4 7.3 8.1 8.1 7.4
Average ultraviolet index 9 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 9 8 11
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)[71][72][73] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[74][75]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[76] Weather Atlas[77]

Conservation

Three antelopes
Blackbucks grazing at Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park

Hyderabad's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. As of 2016, the tree cover is 1.7% of the total city area, a decrease from 2.7% in 1996.

wildlife sanctuary. Nehru Zoological Park, the city's one large zoo, is the first in India to have a lion and tiger safari park. Hyderabad has three national parks (Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park), and the Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary is about 50 km (31 mi) from the city. Hyderabad's other environmental reserves are: Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens, Ameenpur Lake, Shamirpet Lake, Hussain Sagar, Fox Sagar Lake, Mir Alam Tank and Patancheru Lake, which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal migratory birds from different parts of the world.[79] Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the Telangana Forest Department,[80] Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the Animal Welfare Board of India, the Blue Cross of Hyderabad and the University of Hyderabad.[79]

Administration

Main article: Administration of Hyderabad

Common capital status

White building with multiple domes
Telangana Legislature

According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 part 2 Section 5:[81] "(1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years. (2) After the expiry of the period referred to in sub-section (1), Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh."

The same sections also define that the common capital includes the existing area designated as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. As stipulated in sections 3 and 18(1) of the Reorganisation Act, city MLAs are members of the Telangana state assembly.

Local government

See also: Administrative divisions of Hyderabad
The GHMC is divided into six municipal zones

The

Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) is serving as the mayor of GHMC.[87]

In Hyderabad police jurisdiction is divided into three commissionerates: Hyderabad (established in 1847 AD, an oldest police commissionerate in India ), Cyberabad, and Rachakonda, each headed by a commissioner of police, who are Indian Police Service (IPS) officers. The Hyderabad police is a division of the Telangana Police, under the state Home Ministry.[88][89]

The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area ("Hyderabad city"), and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB).[90]

Hyderabad is the seat of the Government of Telangana, Government of Andhra Pradesh and the President of India's winter retreat Rashtrapati Nilayam, as well as the Telangana High Court and various local government agencies. The Lower City Civil Court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court are under the jurisdiction of the High Court.[91][92][93]: 1  The GHMC area contains 24 State Legislative Assembly constituencies,[94][95] which form five constituencies of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India).[96]

Utility services

Woman sweeping the road
A GHMC sweeper cleaning the Tank Bund Road

The HMWSSB (Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewage Board) regulates rainwater harvesting, sewerage services, and water supply. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a 116 km-long (72 mi) water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand.[97][98] The Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (TSPDCL) manages electricity supply.[99] As of 2014, there were 15 fire stations in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department.[100] The government-owned India Post has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services.[61]

Pollution control

Hyderabad produces around 4,500 

PM2.5's.[109] Ground water around Hyderabad, which has a hardness of up to 1000 ppm, around three times higher than is desirable,[110] is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels.[111][112] This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treated effluent discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city.[113]

Healthcare

See also: Healthcare in Hyderabad
People in a garden
The NTR Gardens is among the gardens in the vicinity of Hussain Sagar lake serving as a recreation park.

The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services.[114][115] As of 2010–11, the city had 50 government hospitals,[116] 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000.[117] For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds,[118] 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians.[117] The city has about 4,000 individual clinics.[119] Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities,[120]: 60–61  despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005.[120]: 41  As of 2012, many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built.[119] Hyderabad has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use Unani, homoeopathic and Ayurvedic treatments.[121]

In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's

replacement rate. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic vaccines (BCG, measles and full courses of polio and DPT), fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut.[120]: 98  The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births.[120]: 97  The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years are anaemic, and up to 20% of children are underweight,[120]: 44, 55–56  while more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer from diabetes.[120]
: 57 

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Hyderabad
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1951 1,085,722—    
1961 1,118,553+3.0%
1971 1,796,000+60.6%
1981 2,546,000+41.8%
1991 3,059,262+20.2%
2001 3,637,483+18.9%
2011 6,809,970+87.2%

When the

census, there are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens—a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000.[126][127] Among children aged 0–6 years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls—a ratio of 942 per 1000. Literacy stands at 83% (male 86%; female 80%), higher than the national average of 74.04%.[126][128] The socio-economic strata consist of 20% upper class, 50% middle class and 30% working class.[129]

Ethnicity

Referred to as "Hyderabadi", the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly

Pathan communities.[130]

Abyssinians, Iranians, Pathans and Turkish people were present before 1948; these communities, of which the Hadhrami Arabs are the largest, declined after Hyderabad State became part of the Indian Union, as they lost the patronage of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.[130][133][134]

Religion

Religion in Greater Hyderabad (2011)[135]
Hinduism
 
 64.93%
Islam
 
 30.13%
Christianity
 
 2.75%
Other or not stated
 
 2.19%

Hindus are in the majority. Muslims form a very large minority, and are present throughout the city and predominate in and around the Old City of Hyderabad. There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconic churches, mosques and temples.[136] According to the 2011 census, the religious make-up of Greater Hyderabad was: Hindus (64.9%), Muslims (30.1%), Christians (2.8%), Jains (0.3%), Sikhs (0.3%) and Buddhists (0.1%); 1.5% did not state any religion.[137]

Languages

Languages of Hyderabad (2011)[138]

  Telugu (58.23%)
  Urdu (29.47%)
  Hindi (4.89%)
  Marathi (1.54%)
  Tamil (1.09%)
  Others (4.78%)

Telangana Mandalika, and the Urdu spoken is called Deccani.[140]: 1869–70 [141] English is a "Secondary official language" is pervasive in business and administration, and it is an important medium of instruction in education and publications.[142] A significant minority speak other languages, including Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, Marwari, Odia, Punjabi and Tamil.[130][failed verification
]

Slums

As of 2012, in the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population live

casual labour and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.7% of the slum children aged 5–14 do not go to school and 3.2% work as child labour, of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35% are engaged in hazardous jobs.[85]
: 59 

Cityscape

Gachibowli IT & Financial District skyline view

Neighbourhoods

See also: List of neighbourhoods in Hyderabad
Regatta
at Hussain Sagar

The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River forms the heritage region of Hyderabad called the Purana Shahar (Old City), while the "New City" encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks. The two are connected by many bridges across the river, the oldest of which is Purana Pul—("old bridge") built in 1578 AD.[146] Hyderabad is twinned with neighbouring Secunderabad, to which it is connected by Hussain Sagar.[147]

Many historic and heritage sites lie in south central Hyderabad, such as the Charminar, Mecca Masjid,

Madina Circle. North of the river are hospitals, colleges, major railway stations and business areas such as Begum Bazaar, Koti, Abids, Sultan Bazar and Moazzam Jahi Market, along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Telangana Secretariat, the India Government Mint, the Telangana Legislature, the Public Gardens, Shahi Masjid, the Nizam Club, the Ravindra Bharathi, the State Museum, the Birla Temple and the Birla Planetarium.[147][148][149]

North of central Hyderabad lie Hussain Sagar,

Khairtabad, Tolichowki, Jagannath Temple and Miyapur.[151] The northern end contains industrial areas such as Kukatpally, Sanathnagar, Moosapet, Balanagar, Patancheru and Chanda Nagar. The northeast end is dotted with residential areas such as Malkajgiri, Neredmet, A. S. Rao Nagar and Uppal.[147][148][149] In the eastern part of the city lie many defence research centres and Ramoji Film City. The "Cyberabad" area in the southwest and west of the city, consisting of Madhapur and Gachibowli has grown rapidly since the 1990s. It is home to information technology and bio-pharmaceutical companies and to landmarks such as Hyderabad Airport, Osman Sagar, Himayath Sagar and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park.[152][153]

Landmarks

Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras showcase Indo-Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval, Mughal and European styles.[7][154] After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River, the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed, particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan (the VIIth Nizam), whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad.[155][156] In 2012, the government of India declared Hyderabad the first "Best heritage city of India".[157]

Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical

monuments of national importance in India; in 2010 the Indian government proposed that the sites be listed for UNESCO World Heritage status.[155][159][160]: 11–18 [161]

Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the

Paigah family.[160]: 16–17 [165][166]

Single-story colonnaded façade with grass and trees in front
The Chowmahalla Palace—a principal palace of the Nizam's, constructed by Salabat Jung in 1750

Economy

Main article: Economy of Hyderabad
City panorama showing gardens, clean roads and modern office buildings
HITEC City, the hub of information technology companies
rural–urban fringe
of Hyderabad city

Recent estimates of the economy of Hyderabad's metropolitan area have ranged from US$40-US$74 billion (

service industry remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector.[172]

Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name "

Golconda Diamonds.[32][173][174] Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports.[175][176] From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Bharat Electronics (BEL), Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) and Andhra Bank (AB)[148] were established in the city.[177] The city is home to Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE),[178] and houses the regional office of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).[179] In 2013, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) facility in Hyderabad was forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-Mumbai by the end of 2014.[180] The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre.[148] Since the 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real estate and retail.[176] As of 2021, the IT exports from Hyderabad were ₹ 1,45,522 crore (US$19.66 billion), the city houses 1500 IT and ITES companies that provide 628,615 jobs.[181]

Hyderabad's commercial markets are divided into four sectors: central business districts,[182] sub-central business centres, neighbourhood business centres and local business centres.[183] Many traditional and historic bazaars are located throughout the city, Laad Bazaar being the prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares, along with gems and pearls.[184][185]

four men in traditional bridalwear shops in the market
Bridalwear shops in Laad Bazaar, near the Charminar

The establishment of

CISCO,[85]: 3 [191] and major Indian firms including Tech Mahindra, Infosys, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Polaris, Cyient and Wipro.[85]: 3  In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business.[192] The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of special economic zones of any Indian city.[169]

The

HMT Bearings, Ordnance Factory Medak, Deccan Auto and Mahindra & Mahindra have units in the Hyderabad economic zone.[194] Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Maruti Suzuki and Triton Energy will invest in Hyderabad.[195]

Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30% of the labour force.[145]: 71  According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40–50,000 street vendors, and their numbers were increasing.[196]: 9  Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female,[197]: 12  and four fifths are "stationary vendors" operating from a fixed pitch, often with their own stall.[197]: 15–16  Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders.[197]: 19  Vendor earnings vary from ₹50 (63¢ US) to ₹800 (US$10) per day.[196]: 25  Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of urban poor.[145]: 71 [198]

In 2024, the World Economic Forum established a Centre for Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR), in the city. Which it describes as a hub to leverage the latest technology in advancing the life sciences and health sectors.[199]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Hyderabad
Stone mosque
Makkah Masjid constructed during the Qutb Shahi and Mughal rule in Hyderabad

Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the

Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha by Muslims.[205]

Traditional Hyderabadi garb reveals a mix of Muslim and Hindu influences with men wearing

salwar kameez.[206][207][208] Most Muslim women wear burqa and hijab outdoors.[209] In addition to the traditional Hindu and Muslim garments, increasing exposure to western cultures has led to a rise in the wearing of western style clothing among youths.[210]

Literature

In the past, Qutb Shahi rulers and Asaf Jahi Nizams attracted artists, architects, and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as mushairas (poetic symposia), Qawwali (devotional songs) and Dholak ke Geet (traditional folk songs).[211][212][213] The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of Deccani literature leading to works such as the Deccani Masnavi and Diwan poetry, which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu.[214] Lazzat Un Nisa, a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts, contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts.[215] The reign of the Asaf Jahi Nizams saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education.[216] In 1824, a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry, named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, authored by Mah Laqa Bai—the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan—was published in Hyderabad.[217] Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity.[218] Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the Sahitya Akademi, the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891,[219] and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram.[220]

Evening view of the Charminar along with other heritage structures and bazaars

Music and films

Ravindra Bharati, an auditorium named after Rabindranath Tagore

marfa music, Dholak ke Geet (household songs based on local folklore), and qawwali, especially at weddings, festivals and other celebratory events.[223][224] The state government organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival, the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music.[225]

Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama,

Ravindra Bharati, Shilpakala Vedika, Lalithakala Thoranam and Lamakaan. Although not a purely music oriented event, Numaish, a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products, does feature some musical performances.[229]

The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly known as

International Children's Film Festival and the Hyderabad International Film Festival.[233] In 2005, Guinness World Records declared Ramoji Film City to be the world's largest film studio.[234]

Art and handicrafts

Decorated metal vase
An 18th century Bidriware, water pipe base of Hookah, displayed at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art

The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccan painting.[235] Developed during the 16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore. A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style.[236] The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams. Highly influenced by Mughal painting, this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes, and jewellery.[235]

Although not a centre for handicrafts itself, the patronage of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to Hyderabad. Such crafts include:

WTO act;[155][237] and Zari and Zardozi, embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold, silver and other metal threads.[238] Chintz—a glazed calico textiles was originated in Golconda in 16th century.[239][240] and another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad is Kalamkari, a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile that comes from cities in Andhra Pradesh. This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu style, known as Srikalahasti and entirely done by hand, and an Islamic style, known as Machilipatnam which uses both hand and block techniques.[241] Examples of Hyderabad's arts and crafts are housed in various museums including the Salar Jung Museum (housing "one of the largest one-man-collections in the world"[242]), the Telangana State Archaeology Museum, the Nizam Museum, the City Museum and the Birla Science Museum.[243]

Cuisine

Main article: Hyderabadi cuisine
Hyderabadi food
Hyderabadi biryani along with other Hyderabadi cuisine

Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and

qubani ka meetha, double ka meetha and kaddu ki kheer (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd).[208][250]

Media

Main article: Media in Hyderabad

One of Hyderabad's earliest newspapers,

Big FM and Fever FM.[256]

Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of

internet-based television.[255][259] Hyderabad's first dial-up internet access became available in the early 1990s and was limited to software development companies.[260] The first public internet access service began in 1995, with the first private sector internet service provider (ISP) starting operations in 1998.[261] In 2015, high-speed public WiFi was introduced in parts of the city.[262]

Education

Main article: Education in Hyderabad
Large pink granite building
Osmania University College of Arts

Public and

private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Board of Secondary Education, Telangana or Central Board of Secondary Education, depending on the affiliation and follow a "10+2+3" plan. About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions.[263] Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu.[264] Depending on the institution, students are required to sit the Secondary School Certificate[265] or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education. After completing secondary education, students enroll in schools or junior colleges with higher secondary facilities. Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad, many of which are affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH) or Osmania University (OU), is through the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAM-CET).[266][267]

There are 13 universities in Hyderabad: two private universities, two

open university in India.[271]

Hyderabad is home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals,

Gandhi Medical College, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences[274]—and many affiliated teaching hospitals. An All India Institute of Medical Sciences has been sanctioned in the outskirts of Hyderabad.[275] The Government Nizamia Tibbi College is a college of Unani medicine.[276] Hyderabad is also the headquarters of the Indian Heart Association, a non-profit foundation for cardiovascular education.[277]

Institutes in Hyderabad include the

Wigan and Leigh College. The National Institute of Design, Hyderabad (NID-H) offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses.[278][279]

Sports

See also: Sports in Hyderabad
The Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium

At the professional level, the city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002

2021-22 Indian Super League.[283]

During British rule, Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses, parade grounds and polo fields were built.[284]: 18  Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club, the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club, which is known for its horse racing[285] especially the annual Deccan derby, still exist.[286] In more recent times, motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan 1⁄4 Mile Drag,[287] TSD Rallies and 4x4 off-road rallying.[288] The 2023 Hyderabad ePrix, at the Hyderabad Street Circuit, was the first FIA Formula E World Championship race in India.[289]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Hyderabad
Stadium metro station, Hyderabad Metro.
An early morning scene at Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station (MGBS).

As of 2018, the most commonly used forms of medium-distance transport in Hyderabad include government-owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws. These altogether serve 3.5 million passengers daily. Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre with a fleet of 3800 buses serving 3.3 million passengers.[290][291]

Malkajgiri and Lingampalli.[293]

A scene from the street of Hyderabad shows—Public transport busses operated by TSRTC, Auto rickshaw, private cars and bikes, on the right—Traffic congestion over the Begumpet Flyover bridge.

As of 2018, there are over 5.3 million vehicles operating in the city, of which 4.3 million are two-wheelers and 1.04 million four-wheelers.

Hyderabad Elevated Expressway, the longest flyover in India,[296] and various interchanges, overpasses and underpasses were built to ease congestion. Maximum speed limits within the city are 50 km/h (31 mph) for two-wheelers and cars, 35 km/h (22 mph) for auto rickshaws and 40 km/h (25 mph) for light commercial vehicles and buses.[297]

Hyderabad sits at the junction of three

National Highways linking it to six other states: NH-44 runs 3,963 km (2,462 mi) from Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, in the north to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, in the south; NH-65, runs 841 km (523 mi) east-west between Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh connects Hyderabad and Suryapet with Pune, Maharashtra; 334 km (208 mi) NH-163 links Hyderabad and Bhopalpatnam, Chhattisgarh; 270 km (168 mi) NH-765 links Hyderabad to Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh. Five state highways, 225 km (140 mi) SH-1 links Hyderabad, to Ramagundam, SH-2, SH-4, and SH-6, either start from, or pass through, Hyderabad.[298]
: 58 

Air traffic was previously handled via Begumpet Airport established in 1930, but this was replaced by Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) (IATA: HYD, ICAO: VOHS) in 2008,[299] capable of handling 25 million passengers and 150,000 metric-tonnes of cargo per annum. In 2020, Airports Council International, an autonomous body representing the world's airports, judged RGIA the Best Airport in Environment and Ambience and the Best Airport by Size and Region in the 15-25 million passenger category.[300]

See also

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General and cited references

Further reading

External links
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