Hydroxybupropion
Clinical data | |
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Other names | BW 306U; 6-Hydroxybupropion |
ATC code |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Elimination half-life | 15–25 hours |
Identifiers | |
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JSmol) | |
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Hydroxybupropion (code name BW 306U), or 6-hydroxybupropion, is the major
Pharmacology
Bupropion | R,R- Hydroxy bupropion |
S,S- Hydroxy bupropion |
Threo- hydro bupropion |
Erythro- hydro bupropion | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure and half-life | |||||
AUC relative to bupropion[5][6] |
1 | 23.8 | 0.6 | 11.2 | 2.5 |
Half-life[7] | 11 h | 19 h | 15 h | 31 h | 22 h |
Inhibition IC50 (μM) in human cells, unless noted otherwise | |||||
DAT, uptake[8] | 0.66 | inactive | 0.63 | 47 (rat)[9] | no data |
NET, uptake[8] | 1.85 | 9.9 | 0.24 | 16 (rat)[9] | no data |
SERT, uptake[8] | inactive | inactive | inactive | 67 (rat)[9] | no data |
α3β4 nicotinic[8] | 1.8 | 6.5 | 11 | 14 (rat)[10] | no data |
α4β2 nicotinic[11] | 12 | 31 | 3.3 | no data | no data |
α1β1γδ nicotinic[11] | 7.9 | 7.6 | 28 | no data | no data |
Pharmacodynamics
Compared to bupropion, hydroxybupropion is similar in its
Pharmacokinetics
Bupropion is extensively and rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract but experiences extensive first pass metabolism rendering its systemic bioavailability limited. Exact bioavailability has yet to be determined given an intravenous form does not exist. Absorption is suggested to be between 80 and 90%.[15][16] Its distribution half-life is between 3–4 hours and exhibits moderate human plasma protein binding (between 82 and 88%) with the parent compound and hydroxybupropion displaying the highest affinity.[17][4] Bupropion is a racemic mixture and is metabolized hepatically primarily via oxidative cleavage of its side chains by CYP2B6. Hydroxybupropion is the most potent of the metabolites. It is formed via the "hydroxylation of the tert-butyl group" by CYP2B6 and is excreted renally.[17] Cmax values of hydroxybupropion are 4–7 times that of bupropion, while the exposure to hydroxybupropion is "10 fold" that of bupropion. Hydroxybupropion's elimination half-life is roughly 20 hours, give or take 5 hours and will reach steady state concentrations within 8 days.[17][4]
Chemistry
Hydroxybupropion is a racemic mixture of (R,R)-hydroxybupropion and (S,S)-hydroxybupropion.
Research
Although there are patents proposing uses and formulations of this compound, hydroxybupropion is not currently marketed as a drug in and of itself and is only available for use in non-clinical research. Hydroxybupropion is not a scheduled drug or a controlled substance.[18] One can access GLP (Good Lab Practice) documents detailing assays/techniques to further research and isolate this drug.[19][20] Otherwise, there is little regulatory data available for hydroxybupropion at this time. Moreover, there is little information to suggest hydroxybupropion has an abuse potential. However, it has been studied as a possible therapeutic for alcohol and nicotine use as a codrug.[21]
There are few clinical trials or toxicology studies assessing hydroxybupropion alone at this time. There are clinical studies which assess hydroxybupropion in conjunction with bupropion suggesting hydroxybupropion to be the primary form of the compound responsible for its clinical efficacy.[22][12] Also, transdermal delivery of bupropion and hydroxybupropion has been assessed finding bupropion to be the superior candidate given its elevated diffusion rate through skin samples.[23] There are few toxicology studies assessing hydroxybupropion alone at this time. However, there are some studies which assess this compound in conjunction with others or its parent compound.
See also
- Radafaxine – a cyclised derivative of hydroxybupropion
- Manifaxine – an analogue of radafaxine and hydroxybupropion
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-12-420177-4. Archivedfrom the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
- ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0. Archivedfrom the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
- S2CID 163167323.
- ^ PMID 16368442.
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- ^ PMID 20509659.
- ^ S2CID 19490821.
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- ^ S2CID 1577336.
- ^ PMID 23149928.
- ISBN 978-1-4939-0986-5. Archivedfrom the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
- ISBN 978-1-4419-0338-9. Archivedfrom the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
- S2CID 195687060.
- ^ "Bupropion, CID 62889". PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
- ^ a b c "Bupropion hydrochloride Tablets" (PDF). Glaxosmithkline. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-16.
- ^ "Orangebook, Lists of: Scheduling Actions Controlled Substances Regulated Chemicals" (PDF). Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section Office of Diversion Control Drug Enforcement Administration. U.S. Department of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-17.
- S2CID 8789343.
- PMID 17656162.
- PMID 16798000.
- PMID 24484978.
- PMID 18623203.