Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca
False chanterelle | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Agaricomycetes |
Order: | Boletales |
Family: | Hygrophoropsidaceae |
Genus: | Hygrophoropsis |
Species: | H. aurantiaca
|
Binomial name | |
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (
Wulfen) Maire (1921) | |
Synonyms[1] | |
|
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca | |
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Gills on hymenium | |
Cap is depressed or infundibuliform | |
Hymenium is decurrent | |
Stipe is bare | |
Spore print is white to cream | |
Ecology is saprotrophic | |
Edibility is not recommended |
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, commonly known as the false chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found across several continents, growing in woodland and
Austrian naturalist
Taxonomy
Austrian naturalist Franz Xaver von Wulfen described the false chanterelle as Agaricus aurantiacus in 1781, reporting that it appeared in the
Two varieties described by Derek Reid in 1972, H. aurantiaca var. macrospora and H. aurantiaca var. rufa,[10] have since been promoted to distinct species status as H. macrospora (1996)[11] and H. rufa (2008).[12] Two other varieties of the fungus have been described, but they are not considered to have independent taxonomic significance by Index Fungorum:[13] var. nana (Singer 1946), characterized by a small fruit body;[14] and var. robusta (Antonín 2000), characterized by a robust fruit body and an odour similar to Maggi seasoning sauce.[15] Pale forms of the fungus are sometimes referred to as var. pallida. This taxon was first published by Robert Kühner and Henri Romagnesi in 1953,[16] but later considered invalid as it did not conform to nomenclatural rules.[17] Variety nigripes, a taxon with a black-brown stipe, is invalid for similar reasons.[18] H. aurantiaca var. pallida was published validly in 1995.[19]
In 1979, Egon Horak suggested that H. aurantiaca and the New Zealand taxon H. coacta were the same species,[20] but neither Index Fungorum nor MycoBank accept this synonymy. According to MycoBank, H. aurantiaca has several heterotypic synonyms, i.e. different types but considered the same species:[1]
- Agaricus alectorolophoides Schaeff. (1774)[21]
- Agaricus subcantharellus Sowerby (1809)[4]
- Cantharellus brachypodus Chevall. (1826)[22]
- Cantharellus ravenelii Berk. & M.A.Curtis (1853)[23]
- Merulius brachypodes (Chevall.) Kuntze (1891)[24]
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca has been confused with the true chanterelles (genus Cantharellus) because of overall similarities in appearance.
Description
The false chanterelle has a golden-orange
The soft, thin
Teratological (developmentally abnormal) forms of H. aurantiaca have been reported to occur in the United Kingdom. The fruit bodies of these specimens were club-shaped with a wrinkled upper surface of convoluted gill tissue. The overall morphology of these forms somewhat resembles species of Clavariadelphus. Although the cause of this abnormal development is not known with certainty, environmental pollutants or virus infection have been suggested as contributing factors.[40]
Similar species
Characteristics typically used in the field to distinguish Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca from lookalike species include: the soft, dry consistency of its cap; the crowded, decurrent, and forked gills that are saffron to orange coloured; and the lack of any distinctive taste or odour.[38] The false chanterelle can be distinguished from the true chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius) by its deeper orange colour, brown base to the stipe, velvety cap surface, forked gills rather than gill-like ridges, softer (and thinner) flesh, and lack of the characteristic apricot-smell.[41] The cap surface of Hygrophoropsis fuscosquamula, found in Britain, has fine brown scales overlaying a dull orange background.[33] H. rufa has velvety brown fur covering its cap, while H. macrospora has cream gills and stipe. Microscopically, these three species have larger spores than H. aurantiaca.[32] H. tapinia, found in a range extending from southern Florida to Central America,[42] is set apart from H. aurantiaca by its growth on or under deciduous trees (never conifers), and smaller spores, which measure 3.3–4.8 by 2.5–3.3 µm.[14]
Formerly a member of Hygrophoropsis,
Distribution, habitat, and ecology
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca is a widely distributed species. In Europe and North America, it is found in both
A
H. aurantiaca secretes large amounts of
Edibility
The false chanterelle is considered
Notes
References
- ^ a b "Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Wulfen) Maire, Empois. Champ.: 99 (1921)". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
- ^ a b Jacquin NJ. (1781). Miscellanea Austriaca ad Botanicum, Chemiam et Historiam Naturalem Spectantia (in Latin). Vol. 2. Vienna: J.P. Kraus. p. 101; plate 14:3.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-14-063005-3.
- ^ a b Sowerby J. (1809). Coloured Figures of English Fungi. Vol. 4. London, United Kingdom: J. Davis. p. 413; plate 413.
- ^ Gmelin JF. (1792). Systema Naturae (in Latin). Vol. 2 (13 ed.). Leipzig, Germany: G.E. Beer. p. 1430.
- ^ a b Fries EM. (1821). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lund, Sweden. p. 318.
- ^ Studer B. (1900). "Cantharellus aurantiacus Wulf". Hedwigia (in German). 39: 6–7.
- OCLC 633752563.
- ^ Holden L. (July 2014). "English names for fungi 2014". British Mycological Society. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
- ^ Reid DA. (1972). Fungorum Rariorum Icones Coloratae. Vol. 6. J. Cramer. pp. 5–6.
- ^ Boekhout T, Kuyper TW (1996). "Notulae ad Floram agaricinam neerlandicam XXIV–XXVIII. Some taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the Tricholomataceae, tribus Clitocybeae". Persoonia. 16 (2): 225–32.
- ISBN 978-87-983961-3-0.
- ^ "GSD Species Synonymy: Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Wulfen) Maire". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
- ^ a b c Singer R. (1946). "The Boletineae of Florida with notes on extralimital species . IV. The lamellate families (Gomphidiaceae, Paxillaceae, and Jugasporaceae)" (PDF). Farlowia. 2: 527–67 (see pp. 544–47).
- ^ Antonín V, Skubla P (2000). Interesting macromycetes found in the Czech and Slovak Republics. Fungi non Delineati. Vol. 11. Alassio, Italy: Libreria Mykoflora. pp. 1–48 (see p. 22).
- OCLC 799790482.
- ^ "Record Details: Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca var. pallida (Cooke) Kühner & Romagn". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
- .
- ^ Heykoop M. (1995). "Notas nomenclaturales y taxonómicas en Agaricales. II" [Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Agaricales. II]. Boletín de la Sociedad Micológica de Madrid (in Spanish). 20: 157–66.
- ^ Horak E. (1979). "Paxilloid Agaricales in Australasia" (PDF). Sydowia. 32 (1–5): 154–66.
- ^ Schaeffer JC. (1774). Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones (in Latin). Vol. 4. Regensburg, Germany. p. 46; plate 206.
- ^ Chevallier FF. (1826). Flore Générale des Environs de Paris (in French). Vol. 1. Paris, France: Ferra Jeune. p. 240; plate 7:5.
- .
- ^ Kuntze O. (1891). Revisio Generum Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Leipzig, Germany: A. Felix. p. 862.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
- S2CID 87401294.
- ISBN 978-90-5410-616-6.
- ^ Nelson SF. (2010). "Bluing components and other pigments of boletes" (PDF). Fungi. 3 (4): 11–14.
- ^ Binder M, Besl H, Bresinsky A (1997). "Agaricales oder Boletales? Molekularbiologische Befunde zur Zuordnung einiger umstrittener Taxa" [Agaricales or Boletales? Molecular evidence towards the classification of some controversial taxa] (PDF). Zeitschrift für Mykologie (in German). 63 (2): 189–96. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
- PMID 17486973.
- ^ OCLC 797915861.
- ^ .
- ^ ISBN 978-0-00-220012-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-330-44237-4.
- JSTOR 3760109.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-00-746648-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-60469-353-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-472-85599-5.
- PMID 5065011.
- .
- ISBN 978-3-8331-1239-3.
- ^ Gómez-Pignataro LD. (1992). "Los Basidiomicetes de Costa Rica: V. Paxillaceae (Agaricales, Boletineae)" [Basidiomycetes from Costa Rica: V. Paxillaceae (Agaricales, Boletineae)]. Brenesia (in Spanish). 38: 105–13.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-252-07976-4.
- ISBN 978-0-7234-1576-3.
- S2CID 6799359.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
- PMID 4773309.
- ISBN 978-0-222-79409-3.
- ^ .
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- ^ Lindgren J. (May 2003). "Theory for why "edible" mushrooms make some people sick" (PDF). Bulletin of the Puget Sound Mycological Society (392): 1.
- ISBN 978-0-295-96480-5.
- ^ Sitta, Nicola (2021). "Guida Ragionata Alla Commestibilità dei Funghi" (PDF). Regione Piemonte. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
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- ^ Elizondo MG. (1991). "Ethnobotany of the southern Tepehuan of Durango, Mexico: I. Edible mushrooms". Journal of Ethnobotany. 11 (2): 165–73 (see p. 170).
External links
- Media related to Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca at Wikimedia Commons