Hyoscyamine
By mouth, Injection | |
ATC code | |
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Legal status | |
Legal status | |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 50% protein binding |
Metabolism | Liver |
Elimination half-life | 3–5 hrs. |
Excretion | Kidney |
Identifiers | |
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JSmol) | |
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Hyoscyamine (also known as daturine or duboisine) is a naturally occurring
In 2021, it was the 272nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 900,000 prescriptions.[2][3]
Medical uses
Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief of spasms caused by various lower abdominal and bladder disorders including
It is also useful in pain control for neuropathic pain, chronic pain and palliative care — "comfort care" — for those with intractable pain from treatment resistant, untreatable, and incurable diseases. When combined with opioids it increases the level of analgesia (pain relief) obtained.
Adverse effects
Side effects include dry mouth and throat, increased appetite leading to weight gain, eye pain, blurred vision, restlessness, dizziness,
Pharmacology
Hyoscyamine is an
Biosynthesis in plants
Hyoscyamine can be extracted from plants of the family
The biosynthesis of hyoscine begins with the decarboxylation of L-ornithine to putrescine by ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17). Putrescine is methylated to N-methylputrescine by putrescine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.53).[15]
A putrescine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.10) that specifically recognizes methylated putrescine catalyzes the deamination of this compound to 4-methylaminobutanal which then undergoes a spontaneous ring formation to N-methylpyrrolium cation. In the next step, the pyrrolium cation condenses with acetoacetic acid yielding hygrine. No enzymatic activity could be demonstrated that catalyzes this reaction. Hygrine further rearranges to tropinone.[15]
Subsequently, tropinone reductase I (EC 1.1.1.206) converts tropinone to tropine which condenses with phenylalanine-derived phenyllactate to littorine. A cytochrome P450 classified as Cyp80F1[16] oxidizes and rearranges littorine to hyoscyamine aldehyde.
Bush medicine basis
A
Society and culture
Brand names
Brand names for hyoscyamine include Symax, HyoMax, Anaspaz, Egazil, Buwecon, Cystospaz, Levsin, Levbid, Levsinex, Donnamar, NuLev, Spacol T/S, and Neoquess.[18]
References
- PMID 30545219.
- ^ "The Top 300 of 2021". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "Hyoscyamine - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b "Hyoscyamine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ^ "Bladder Control Medicines | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ^ "Hyoscyamine: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- S2CID 12602416.
- S2CID 22808654.
- PMID 33457633.
- PMID 29489152. Archived from the originalon 20 August 2022.
- ^ "Hyoscyamine Sulfate Sublingual Tablets, 0.125 mgRx Only". www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ^ Edwards Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Belcher Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (May 2010). "DailyMed". U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
- ^ ISBN 9789350906552. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
- ^ PMID 18251710.
- PMID 16720272.
- ^ "Visitors to Art of Healing exhibition told how Australian Indigenous bush medicine was given to every allied soldier landing at Normandy on D-Day". King's College London. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
- ^ "Hyoscyamine - brand name list from Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.