Hyperborea
In
Despite their location in an otherwise frigid part of the world, the Hyperboreans were believed to inhabit a sunny, temperate, and divinely-blessed land. In many versions of the story, they lived north of the
Later writers disagreed on the existence and location of the Hyperboreans, with some regarding them as purely mythological, and others connecting them to real-world peoples and places in northern Eurasia (e.g. Britain, Scandinavia, or Siberia).[7] In medieval and Renaissance literature, the Hyperboreans came to signify remoteness and exoticism. Modern scholars consider the Hyperborean myth to be an amalgam of ideas from ancient utopianism, "edge of the earth" stories, the cult of Apollo, and exaggerated reports of phenomena in northern Europe (e.g. the Arctic "midnight sun").[8]
Early sources
Herodotus
The earliest extant source that mentions Hyperborea in detail, Herodotus' Histories (Book IV, Chapters 32–36),[9] dates from c. 450 BC.[10] Herodotus recorded three earlier sources that supposedly mentioned the Hyperboreans, including Hesiod and Homer, the latter purportedly having written of Hyperborea in his lost work Epigoni. Homer's provenance to the epic is suspect by Herodotus.[11]
Herodotus wrote that the 7th-century BC poet Aristeas wrote of the Hyperboreans in a poem (now lost) called Arimaspea about a journey to the Issedones, who are estimated to have lived in the Kazakh Steppe.[12] Beyond these lived the one-eyed Arimaspians, further on the gold-guarding griffins, and beyond these the Hyperboreans.[13] Herodotus assumed that Hyperborea lay somewhere in Northeast Asia.
Pindar, lyric poet from Thebes and a contemporary of Herodotus in the tenth Pythian Ode described the Hyperboreans and tells of Perseus' journey to them.
Other 5th-century BC Greek authors, like Simonides of Ceos and Hellanicus of Lesbos, described or referenced the Hyperboreans in their works.[14]
Location of Hyperborea
The Hyperboreans were believed to live beyond the snowy Riphean Mountains, with Pausanias describing the location as "The land of the Hyperboreans, men living beyond the home of Boreas."[15] Homer placed Boreas in Thrace, and therefore Hyperborea was in his opinion north of Thrace, in Dacia.[16] Sophocles (Antigone, 980–987), Aeschylus (Agamemnon, 193; 651), Simonides of Ceos (Schol. on Apollonius Rhodius, 1. 121) and Callimachus (Delian, [IV] 65) also placed Boreas in Thrace.[17]
Other ancient writers believed the home of Boreas or the Riphean Mountains were in a different location. For example, Hecataeus of Miletus believed that the Riphean Mountains were adjacent to the Black Sea.[16] Alternatively, Pindar placed the home of Boreas, the Riphean Mountains and Hyperborea all near the Danube.[18]
Heraclides Ponticus and Antimachus in contrast identified the Riphean Mountains with the Alps, and the Hyperboreans as a Celtic tribe (perhaps the Helvetii) who lived just beyond them.[19] Aristotle placed the Riphean mountains on the borders of Scythia, and Hyperborea further north.[20] Hecataeus of Abdera and others believed Hyperborea was Britain.
Later Roman and Greek sources continued to change the location of the Riphean mountains, the home of Boreas, as well as Hyperborea, supposedly located beyond them. However, all these sources agreed these were all in the far north of Greece or southern Europe.[21] The ancient grammarian Simmias of Rhodes in the 3rd century BC connected the Hyperboreans to the Massagetae[22] and Posidonius in the 1st century BC to the Western Celts, but Pomponius Mela placed them even further north in the vicinity of the Arctic.[23]
In maps based on reference points and descriptions given by Strabo,[24] Hyperborea, shown variously as a peninsula or island, is located beyond what is now France, and stretches further north–south than east–west.[25] Other descriptions put it in the general area of the Ural Mountains.
Later classical sources
Plutarch, writing in the 1st century AD, connected the Hyperboreans with the Gauls who had sacked Rome in the 4th century BC (see Battle of the Allia).[26]
The 2nd-century AD Stoic philosopher Hierocles equated the Hyperboreans with the Scythians, and the Riphean Mountains with the Ural Mountains.[28] Clement of Alexandria and other early Christian writers also made this same Scythian equation.[29][30]
Ancient identification with Britain
Hyperborea was identified with Britain first by Hecataeus of Abdera in the 4th century BC, as in a preserved fragment by Diodorus Siculus:
In the regions beyond the land of the Celts there lies in the ocean an island no smaller than Sicily. This island, the account continues, is situated in the north and is inhabited by the Hyperboreans, who are called by that name because their home is beyond the point whence the north wind (Boreas) blows; and the island is both fertile and productive of every crop, and has an unusually temperate climate.[31]
Hecateaus of Abdera also wrote that the Hyperboreans had on their island "a magnificent sacred precinct of Apollo and a notable temple which is adorned with many votive offerings and is spherical in shape". Some scholars have identified this temple with Stonehenge.[27][32][a][33] Diodorus, however, does not identify Hyperborea with Britain, and his description of Britain (5.21–23) makes no mention of the Hyperboreans or their spherical temple.
Pseudo-Scymnus, around 90 BC, wrote that Boreas dwelled at the extremity of Gaulish territory, and that he had a pillar erected in his name on the edge of the sea (Periegesis, 183). Some have claimed this is a geographical reference to northern France, and Hyperborea as the British Isles which lay just beyond the English Channel.[34]
Ptolemy (Geographia, 2. 21) and Marcian of Heraclea (Periplus, 2. 42) both placed Hyperborea in the North Sea which they called the "Hyperborean Ocean".[35]
In his 1726 work on the druids, John Toland specifically identified Diodorus' Hyperborea with the Isle of Lewis, and the spherical temple with the Callanish Stones.[36]
Legends
Along with
The ancient Greek writer Theopompus, in his work Philippica, claimed Hyperborea was once planned to be conquered by a large race of soldiers from another island; however, this plan was apparently abandoned, as the soldiers from Meropis realized the Hyperboreans were too strong, and too blessed, for them to be conquered. This unusual tale, which some[who?] believe was satire or comedy, was preserved by Aelian (Varia Historia, 3. 18).
Hyperboreans in Delos
Alone among the
Herodotus also details that two other virgin maidens, Arge and Opis, had come from Hyperborea to Delos before, as a tribute to the goddess Ilithyia for ease of child-bearing, accompanied by the gods themselves. The maidens received honours in Delos, where the women collected gifts from them and sang hymns to them.[40]
Abaris the Hyperborean
A particular Hyperborean legendary healer was known as "Abaris" or "Abaris the Healer" whom Herodotus first described in his works. Plato (Charmides, 158C) regarded Abaris as a physician from the far north, while Strabo reported Abaris was Scythian like the early philosopher Anacharsis (Geographica, 7. 3. 8).
Physical appearance
Greek legend asserts that the Boreades, who were the descendants of Boreas and the snow-nymph Chione (or Khione), founded the first theocratic monarchy on Hyperborea. This legend is found preserved in the writings of Aelian:
This god [Apollon] has as priests the sons of Boreas [North Wind] and Chione [Snow], three in number, brothers by birth, and six cubits in height [about 2.7 metres].[41][42]
Diodorus Siculus added to this account:
And the kings of this (Hyperborean) city and the supervisors of the sacred precinct are called Boreadae, since they are descendants of Boreas, and the succession to these positions is always kept in their family.[33]
The Boreades were thus believed to be giant kings, around 10 feet (3.0 m) tall, who ruled Hyperborea. No other physical descriptions of the Hyperboreans are provided in classical sources.[43] However, Aelius Herodianus, a grammarian in the 3rd century, wrote that the mythical Arimaspi were identical to the Hyperboreans in physical appearance (De Prosodia Catholica, 1. 114) and Stephanus of Byzantium in the 6th century wrote the same (Ethnica, 118. 16). The ancient poet Callimachus described the Arimaspi as having fair hair,[44] but it is disputed whether the Arimaspi were Hyperboreans.[45] According to Herodianus, the Arimaspi were close in appearance to the Hyperboreans, making the inference that the Hyperboreans had fair hair being potentially valid.[citation needed]
Celts as Hyperboreans
Six classical Greek authors also came to identify the Hyperboreans with their
As the Riphean mountains of the mythical past were identified with the Alps of northern Italy, there was at least a geographic rationale for identifying the Hyperboreans with the Celts living in and beyond the Alps, or at least the Hyperborean lands with the lands inhabited by the Celts. A reputation for feasting and a love of gold may have reinforced the connection.[46]
Modern interpretations
Since Herodotus places the Hyperboreans beyond the
Amber arrived in Greek hands from some place known to be far to the north. Avram Davidson proposed the theory that Hyperborea was derived from a logical (though erroneous) explanation by the Greeks for the insects, which apparently originated in a warm climate, found embedded inside the amber arriving in their cities from cold northern countries. Unaware of the explanation offered by modern science (i.e. that these insects had lived in times when the climate of northern Europe was much warmer, their bodies preserved unchanged in the amber) the Greeks came up with the idea that the coldness of northern countries was due to the cold breath of Boreas, the North Wind. So if one travelled "beyond Boreas", one would find a warm and sunny land.[48]
Identification as Hyperboreans
Northern Europeans (Scandinavians), when confronted with the classical Greco-Roman culture of the Mediterranean, identified themselves with the Hyperboreans.[citation needed] This aligns with the traditional aspect of a perpetually sunny land beyond the north, since the Northern half of Scandinavia faces long days during high summer with no hour of darkness ('midnight sun'). This idea was especially strong during the 17th century in Sweden, where the later representatives of the ideology of Gothicism declared the Scandinavian peninsula both the lost Atlantis and the Hyperborean land.
Northern regions and their inhabitants have been called "Hyperborean", without claims of descent from the mythological Hyperboreans. In this vein, the self-described "Hyperborean-Roman Company" (Hyperboreisch-römische Gesellschaft) were a group of northern European scholars who studied classical ruins in Rome, founded in 1824 by
While the fiery and magnificent Spaniard, inflamed with the mania for gold, has extended his discoveries and conquests over those brilliant countries scorched by the ardent sun of the tropics, the adroit and buoyant Frenchman, and the cool and calculating Briton, have pursued the less splendid, but no less lucrative, traffic in furs amidst the hyperborean regions of the Canadas, until they have advanced even within the Arctic Circle.[49]
The term "Hyperborean" still sees some jocular contemporary use in reference to groups of people who live in a cold climate. Under the Library of Congress Classification System, the letter subclass PM includes "Hyperborean Languages", a catch-all category that refers to all the linguistically unrelated languages of peoples living in Arctic regions, such as the Inuit.
Hyperborean has also been used in a metaphorical sense, to describe a sense of distance from the ordinary. In this way, Friedrich Nietzsche referred to his sympathetic readers as Hyperboreans in The Antichrist (written 1888, published 1895): "Let us look each other in the face. We are Hyperboreans – we know well enough how remote our place is." He quoted Pindar and added "Beyond the North, beyond the ice, beyond death – our life, our happiness."
Hyperborean Indo-European hypothesis
Soviet Indologist
Hyperborea in modern esoteric thought
According to Jason Jeffrey,
According to these
Hyperborea in radical Russian nationalist and neo-Nazi imagery
The influential Russian philosopher, mystic, and radical political theorist Aleksandr Dugin has "touted ancient legends about the sunken city of Atlantis and the mythical civilisation Hyperborea" in defense of his vision of a Russian Empire that might span from Vladivostok in the East to Dublin at the Western edge of Europe. "He believes Russia is the modern-day reincarnation of the ancient 'Hyperboreans' - who need to stand at odds with the modern-day 'Atlanteans', the United States.[64] Dugin long demonstrated a belief in "Hyperboreans" having published The Hyperborean Theory (1992).[65][66]
In August 2021, a report published by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue highlighted increased content promoting Hyperborea on the social networking site TikTok. The report indicated that Hyperborean imagery and symbology is increasingly being used as a form of Esoteric Nazism by neo-Nazi TikTok users.[67] An internet meme on TikTok called WhatsAppborea modifies the WhatsApp logo to resemble Nazi imagery.[68] The hashtag #whatsappborea was later removed by TikTok.[69]
See also
- 1309 Hyperborea
- Agartha
- Atlantis
- Avalon
- Baltia
- Brittia
- El Dorado
- Esoteric Nazism
- Hyborian Age
- Hyperborean cycle
- Iram of the Pillars
- Lemuria (continent)
- Lukomorye
- Meropis
- Mythical place
- Oponskoye Kingdom
- Patagons
- Pytheas
- Sannikov Land
- Scandinavia
- Shambhala
- Southern Thule
- Thule
- Thule people
- Thule Society
- Utopia
- Uttarakuru
- Ys
Notes
- ^ Squire's claim that Diodorus locates this temple "in the centre of Britain" is unfounded.
References
- ^ Pauly et al. 1914, cols. 258–279.
- ^ Romm 1992, pp. 60–67.
- .
- ^ Schroeder, Otto (1905). "Hyperboreer". Archiv für Religionwissenschaft (in German). 8: 69–84.
- ^ Pauly et al. 1914, cols. 259–261.
- ^ Romm 1992, pp. 61–64.
- .
- ^ Harmatta, János (1955). "Sur l'origine du mythe des Hyperboréens". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (in French). 3 (1–2): 57–66.
- ^ "The History of Herodotus, parallel English/Greek: Book 4: Melpomene: 30". Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011 – via Internet Sacred Text Archive.
- ^ Bridgman 2005, pp. 27–31.
- ^ Herodotus. Histories. 4.32.
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- ^ Bridgman 2005, p. 31.
- ^ Bridgman 2005, p. 61.
- ^ Pausanias. Description of Greece. 5. 7. 8.
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- ^ Bridgman 2005, pp. 35, 72.
- ^ Bridgman 2005, p. 45.
- ^ Bridgman 2005, pp. 60–69.
- Meteorologica. 1. 13. 350b.
- ^ Bridgman 2005, pp. 75–80.
- .
- ^ Bridgman 2005, p. 79.
- ^ Strabo. Geographica. 11.4.3.
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- ^ Plutarch. "Life of Camillus". Parallel Lives. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021 – via Bill Thayer's Web Site.
- ^ a b Bridgman 2005, pp. 63–173.
- ^ Bridgman 2005, p. 86.
- ^ Clement of Alexandria. Stromata. iv. xxi.
- ^ Clement of Alexandria. Protrepticus. II.
- ^ Bibliotheca historica, §§47–48.
- ^ Squire, Charles (1910). Celtic Myth & Legend : Poetry & Romance. London: The Gresham Publishing Company. pp. 42ff.
- ^ a b Bibliotheca historica, §47.
- ^ Spence, Lewis (1905). The Mysteries of Britain.
- ^ Bridgman 2005, p. 91.
- ISBN 978-0-85115864-8. Archivedfrom the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016 – via The Newton Project.
- ^ Bar-Kochva, Bezalel (1997). "Chapter VI.3: The Structure of an Ethnographical Work". Pseudo-Hecataeus, "On the Jews" : legitimizing the Jewish dispora. Berkeley: University of California Press. ARK ark:/13030/ft3290051c. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
- ^ Drachmann, A. B., ed. (1910). Scholia Vetera in Pindari Carmina, Vol. II. Leipzig: Teubner. Pyth.10.72. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020 – via Perseus Digital Library.
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- ^ a b Herodotus (1921). Histories. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. II. Translated by Godley, A. D. London: William Heinemann. Book IV, 33–34. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
- ^ Atsma, Aaron J. "Hyperboreades". Theoi Project. Archived from the original on 16 September 2022.
- ^ Aelian. On the Characteristics of Animals. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. II. Translated by Scholfield, A. F. London: William Heinemann. p. 357. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
- ^ Bridgman 2005, pp. 92–134.
- ^ Callimachus. Hymn IV to Delos. 292.
- ^ Bridgman 2005, p. 76.
- ^ a b See further Bridgman 2005.
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- ^ Irving, Washington (1836). Astoria or Anecdotes of an enterprise beyond the Rocky Mountains. Philadelphia: Carey, Lea, & Blanchard.
- ^ Bennett, John G. (December 1963). "The Hyperborean Origin of the Indo-European Culture". Systematics. 1 (3).
- ISBN 0-500-27713-3.
- ^ Shnirelman 2007, p. 38-39.
- ^ Shnirelman 2007, p. 40.
- ^ Shnirelman 2007, p. 38-41.
- ^ Shnirelman 2007, p. 41.
- ^ Jeffrey, Jason (January–February 2000). "Hyperborea & the Quest for Mystical Enlightenment". New Dawn (58). Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
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- ^ Alego, John (ed.). "Hyperborean". Theosophy World. Manila: Theosophical Publishing House. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-8356-0238-9.
- JSTOR 10.1525/nr.2008.11.3.37. Archivedfrom the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ Than, Ker. "Humans Were in the Arctic 10,000 Years Earlier Than Thought". Smithsonian. Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
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- ^ Carli, James (27 August 2017). "Aleksandr Dugin: The Russian Mystic Behind America's Weird Far-Right". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
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- from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ^ O’Connor, Ciarán (24 August 2021). "Hatescape: An In-Depth Analysis of Extremism and Hate Speech on TikTok". Institute for Strategic Dialogue. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
- ^ "Neo-Nazis Spreading Hate to Millions Through TikTok Hashtags". Global Project Against Hate and Extremism. 14 April 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ "After GPAHE Report, TikTok Removes Dangerous Nazi Content". Global Project Against Hate and Extremism. 16 June 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
Sources
- Portions of this article were formerly excerpted from the public domain Classical Dictionary, 1848.
- Bridgman, Timothy P. (2005), Hyperboreans. Myth and history in Celtic-Hellenic contacts, Studies in Classics, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-96978-6
- Diodorus Siculus, "Book II", Bibliotheca historica, archived from the original on 12 April 2023 – via Bill Thayer's Web Site
- Pauly, August; et al. (1914), "Hyperboreer", Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Band IX (in German), vol. 17 (Hyaia-Imperator)
- Romm, James S. (1992), The Edges of the Earth in Ancient Thought, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-06933-3
- Shnirelman, Victor (2007), "Archaeology, Russian Nationalism, and the "Arctic Homeland"" (PDF), in Kohl, P. L.; Kozelsky, M.; Ben-Yehuda, N. (eds.), Selective Remembrances: Archaeology in the Construction, Commemoration, and Consecration of National Pasts, University of Chicago Press, archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2021, retrieved 2 May 2021