Hypocaust
A hypocaust (
Roman operation
Hypocausts were used for heating hot baths and other public buildings in ancient Rome. They were also used in private homes. It was considered proper and necessary by the wealthier merchant class for their villas, throughout the Roman Empire.[1] The ruins of Roman hypocausts have been found throughout Europe (for example in Italy, England,[4] Spain,[5] France, Switzerland and Germany[6]) and in Africa[6] as well.
The ceiling of the hypocaust was raised above the ground by pillars, called pilae stacks, supporting a layer of tiles, followed by a layer of concrete, then the floor tiles of the rooms above. Hot air and smoke from the furnace would circulate through this enclosed area and then up through clay or tile flues in the walls of the rooms above to outlets in the roof, thereby heating the floors and walls of the rooms above. These tile flues were referred to as caliducts.[7]
Rooms intended to be the warmest were located nearest to the furnace below, the heat output of which was regulated by adjusting the amount of wood fed to the fire. It was expensive and labour-intensive to run a hypocaust, as it required constant attention to the fire and a lot of fuel, so it was a feature usually encountered only in large villas and public baths.
Vitruvius describes their construction and operation in his work De architectura in about 15 BC, including details about how fuel could be conserved by building the hot room (caldarium) for men next to that for women, with both adjacent to the tepidarium, so as to run the public baths efficiently. He also describes a device for adjusting the heat by a bronze ventilator in the domed ceiling.
Remains of many Roman hypocausts have survived throughout Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa.
Non-Roman analogues
In 1984–1985, in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, excavations in the ancient settlement of Dzalisi uncovered a large castle complex, featuring a well-preserved hypocaust built between 200 and 400 BC.[8]
Dating back to 1000 BC,[9] Korean houses have traditionally used ondol to provide floor heating on similar principles as the hypocaust, drawing smoke from a wood fire typically used for cooking. Ondol heating was common in Korean homes until the 1960s, by which time dedicated ondol installations were typically used to warm the main room of the house, burning a variety of fuels such as coal and biomass.
On a smaller scale, in Northern China the kang bed-stove has a long history.[10][11]
After the Romans
With the
See also
- Ancient Roman engineering – Engineering accomplishments of the ancient Roman civilization
- Ancient Roman technology – Technological accomplishments of the ancient Roman civilization
- Kachelofen)
- Kang bed-stove – Traditional Chinese heated masonry platform
- Masonry heater – Heating device
- Ondol – Traditional Korean underfloor heating system
- Underfloor heating – Form of central heating and cooling
References
- ^ a b Tomlinson, Charles (1850-01-01). A rudimentary treatise on warming and ventilation: being a concise exposition of the general principles of the art of warming and ventilating domestic and public buildings, mines, lighthouses, ships, etc. J. Weale. pp. 53.
hypocaust.
- ISBN 9781904623625.
- ISBN 9004006265.
- ^ "hypocaust | architecture". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
- ISBN 0472108913.
- ^ a b Forbes, Robert James (1965-01-01). Studies in Ancient Technology. Brill Archive. pp. 49–50.
- ISBN 9780486132112.
- ^
Kacharava, D. (1990). "Archaeology in Georgia 1980-1990 (Post-Prehistoric to Pre-Mediaeval)". Archaeological Reports. 37: 79–86. S2CID 162678366.
- ^ Bean, Robert; Olesen, Bjarne W.; Kim, Kwang Woo (2010). "History of Radiant Heating & Cooling Systems". ASHRAE. 52 – via Gale: Educators Reference Complete.
- ^ Bean, Robert; Olesen, Bjarne W.; Kim, Kwang Woo (2010). "History of Radiant Heating & Cooling Systems" (PDF). ASHRAE Journal.
- Dodd, Mead & Company, p. 35
- ^ "Heat Storage Hypocausts: Air Heating in the Middle Ages, Low Tech Magazine". 17 March 2017.
- ISBN 9780870996368.
- University of Maryland.
External links
- About Roman baths (referring to Sergius Orata), by William Smith.
- Disputing the priority of Sergius Orata Garrett G. Fagan's paper "Sergius Orata: Inventor of the Hypocaust?" published in Phoenix, Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1996), pp. 56–66
- Hypocaust