Hyspaosines
Hyspaosines | |
---|---|
King of Babylon | |
Reign | 127 BC |
Predecessor | Artabanus I |
Successor | Artabanus I |
Born | c. 209 BC |
Died | 11 June 124 BC (aged 85) |
Spouse | Thalassia |
Father | Sagdodonacus |
Hyspaosines (also spelled Aspasine) was an Iranian prince, and the founder of Characene, a kingdom situated in southern Mesopotamia. He was originally a Seleucid satrap installed by king Antiochus IV Epiphanes (r. 175 – 164 BC), but declared independence in 141 BC after the collapse and subsequent transfer of Seleucid authority in Iran and Babylonia to the Parthians. Hyspaosines briefly occupied the Parthian city of Babylon in 127 BC, where he is recorded in records as king (šarru). In 124 BC, however, he was forced to acknowledge Parthian suzerainty. He died in the same year, and was succeeded by his juvenile son Apodakos.
Name and background
Of
Governorship
The capital of Characene,
During this period Antiochia briefly flourished, until Antiochus IV's premature death by disease in 163 BC, which weakened Seleucid authority throughout the empire.
Reign
The Seleucids had suffered heavy defeats by the Iranian
Regardless, Hyspaosines' troops continued to plunder the Babylonian region as late as 126 BC.[12] In 124 BC, however, Hyspaosines accepted Parthian suzerainty, and continued to rule Characene as a vassal.[13] He corresponded with the Parthian general of Babylonia, informing him of the defeat of Elymais by the Parthian monarch Mithridates II (r. 124–91 BC).[14] He also returned the wooden throne of Arsaces to the Parthians as a gift to the god Bel.[14] The astronomical diaries report that the king became ill on 3 June 124 BC and died on 11 June 124 BC[15] at the age of 85.[16] His age is reported by 2nd century Roman historian Lucian, who provided a list of rulers who died in a very old age.[17]
He was succeeded by his and queen Thalassia's juvenile son Apodakos.[6] The Parthian commander Sindates was placed as the governor of Characene.[6]
References
- ^ Hansman 1991, pp. 363–365; Eilers 1983, p. 487; Erskine, Llewellyn-Jones & Wallace 2017, p. 77; Strootman 2017, p. 194
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hansman 1991, pp. 363–365.
- ^ Curtis 2007, p. 11.
- ^ a b Shayegan 2011, p. 153.
- ^ a b Shayegan 2011, p. 161.
- ^ a b c Shayegan 2011, p. 168.
- ^ Curtis 2007, pp. 10–11; Bivar 1983, p. 33; Garthwaite 2005, p. 76; Brosius 2006, pp. 86–87
- ^ Schuol 2000, pp. 28–40.
- ^ Shayegan 2011, p. 150–151.
- ^ Dąbrowa 2012, p. 170.
- ^ Shayegan 2011, pp. 111, 150–151.
- ^ a b Shayegan 2011, p. 111.
- ^ Shayegan 2011, p. 114.
- ^ a b Shayegan 2011, p. 117.
- ^ Schuol 2000, p. 40.
- ^ Shayegan 2011, p. 154.
- ^ Harmon, A.M. (2018). "Lucian: Long Lives (Macrobii) (16)". Attalus. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
Bibliography
Ancient works
- Pliny the Elder Natural History, VI 139
- Lucian, Macrobii.
- ISBN 3-7001-2578-X, pp. 216-282. The tablet in the private collection is published by T. G. Pinchesː Babylonian and Oriental Record, Vol. IV, London 1890, 131-141 online.
Modern works
- Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids". In ISBN 0-521-20092-X.
- Brosius, Maria (2006), The Persians: An Introduction, London & New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-32089-4
- Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2007), "The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period", in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Sarah Stewart (ed.), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, London & New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0
- Dąbrowa, Edward (2012). "The Arsacid Empire". In ISBN 978-0-19-987575-7.
- Erskine, Andrew; Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd; Wallace, Shane (2017). The Hellenistic Court: Monarchic Power and Elite Society from Alexander to Cleopatra. The Classical Press of Wales. ISBN 978-1910589625.
- Eilers, Wilhelm (1983). "Iran and Mesopotamia". In ISBN 0-521-20092-X.
- Garthwaite, Gene Ralph (2005), The Persians, Oxford & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., ISBN 978-1-55786-860-2.
- Galier, P.L.; P. Lombard, K.M. al-Sindi (2002): Greek Inscriptions from Bahrain, In: Arabian archaeology and epigraphy, 13, pp. 223-26 the Inscription from Bahrain (pdf)
- Hansman, John (1991). "Characene and Charax". In ISBN 978-0-939214-71-6.
- Schuol, Monika (2000), Die Charakene: ein mesopotamisches Königreich in hellenistisch-parthischer Zeit, Stuttgart: . Steiner, ISBN 3-515-07709-X.
- Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011). Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521766418.
- Strootman, Rolf (2017). "Imperial Persianism: Seleukids, Arsakids and Fratarakā". In Strootman, Rolf; Versluys, Miguel John (eds.). Persianism in Antiquity. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 177–201. ISBN 978-3515113823.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-71009-102-4.
- Hansman, John F. (1998). "Elymais". In ISBN 978-1-56859-053-0.
- Schippmann, K. (1986). "Arsacids ii. The Arsacid dynasty". In ISBN 978-0-71009-105-5.