IND Culver Line

Route map:
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IND Culver Line
DC third rail
Route map

Legend
Sixth Avenue Line
Eighth Avenue Line
Jay Street–MetroTech
Fulton Street Line
Crosstown Line
 Bergen Street
Carroll Street
Smith–Ninth Streets
(Gowanus Canal)
 Fourth Avenue
(Fourth Avenue Line)
 Seventh Avenue
express tracks
 15th Street–Prospect Park
Fort Hamilton Parkway
express tracks
 Church Avenue
Church Avenue Yard
Fourth Avenue Line
Culver Ramp
to
Fifth Avenue
Lines
Ninth Avenue
West End Line
Fort Hamilton Parkway
 (demolished)
13th Avenue
 (demolished)
former
BMT Culver Line
connection
 Ditmas Avenue
18th Avenue
Avenue I
Bay Parkway
Avenue N
Avenue P
Kings Highway
Avenue U
Avenue X
Coney Island Yard
 Neptune Avenue
Brighton Line
former Brighton Line connection
 West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium
Sea Beach Line
 Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue
Legend
 Express station
Local station
Closed station
This diagram:

The IND Culver Line (formerly BMT Culver Line) is a

Avenue X has not seen regular service since 1987.[2]

The line is named after

Jay Street–MetroTech and Church Avenue, is a four-track line that was built for the IND in 1933, running primarily underground except for a short elevated section over the Gowanus Canal
.

The southern section, between

Ninth Avenue in Sunset Park and Avenue X, and as a two-track elevated structure south of Avenue X. A ramp in the neighborhood of Kensington, which opened in 1954, connects the segments between the Church and Ditmas Avenues stations. The segment of the BMT line between Ninth and Ditmas Avenues remained as the Culver Shuttle
until it was closed in 1975 and later demolished.

The elevated part of the Culver Line south of Church Avenue, which operated as part of the BMT until 1954, now carries only the F, a former IND service, and is

signaled[3] as part of the IND. However, BMT radio frequency B1 is used on the elevated portion south of Church Avenue.[4]

Extent and service

The following services use part or all of the IND Culver Line:[5]

Route Services
  Time period North of
Bergen St 		Between Bergen St
and
Church Ave 		South of
Church Ave
"F" train all times local
"F" express train rush hours in the peak direction express local
"G" train all times No service local No service

The Culver Line is served by the

Church Avenue is also served by the G Brooklyn–Queens Crosstown service. Both routes run at all times.[5]

There are two express tracks on the northern part of the route and one on the southern, with express stations distributed along the line.[4][6] However, express service has only operated once on the line from 1968 to 1987.[2][6][7] Restoration of express service has been thwarted by budget shortages, passenger opposition, and a serious signal fire at Bergen Street in 1999.[2][6][8] The issue came to a head in June 2007, when a petition for express service reached 2,600 signatures and gained media attention.[8][9][10] The Culver Line underwent repairs from 2009 until early 2013, during which the express tracks were replaced and rehabilitated which may facilitate future express service.[2][7][11]

Jay Street to Church Avenue

Jay Street – MetroTech

The subway portion of the IND Culver Line was originally designated the Brooklyn Line but has also been called the Smith Street Line,[12][13] Church Avenue Line, South Brooklyn Line, and various other names. The express tracks beneath Prospect Park are sometimes referred to as the Prospect Park Line.[14]

The line begins at the four-tracked

Hoyt-Schermerhorn Street before entering the upper level.[4][6][15] Between Jay Street and Bergen Street, the line passes under both the IRT Eastern Parkway Line and the Fulton Line tracks curving east into Hoyt-Schermerhorn Street, requiring a deeper tunnel and extensive ventilation systems.[16]

At Carroll Street, the express tracks ramp up to rejoin the local tracks, and all four tracks rise onto the Culver Viaduct, curving onto Ninth Street.

Church Avenue station, the last stop of the original IND service.[4][6][17]

A single track in both directions, connecting from the local and express tracks in each direction, ramps down to the four-track

Culver Ramp on McDonald Avenue between Cortelyou Road and Avenue C, which connects the subway portion of the IND Culver Line with the former BMT Culver Line elevated structure. Despite being a part of the IND Division, the Culver elevated portion is controlled by BMT radio dispatch, so train operators change between the IND (B-2) and BMT (B-1) radio frequencies at this point.[4]

Culver Viaduct

The Culver Viaduct spans the Gowanus Canal.

The northern section of the Culver Line is a four-track line, entirely underground except for

Fourth Avenue stations.[4] The two stations sit on a massive one-mile long[15] steel and concrete viaduct which spans the Gowanus Canal between 9th and 10th Streets. This structure is now referred to as the Culver Viaduct or Culver Line Viaduct,[2][7] the only portion of the original IND subway to be elevated, and the only section other than the now-demolished World's Fair Railroad to be outdoors.[24][25] The viaduct was constructed due to the depth of the canal (15 feet at its deepest point),[24][26][27] due to the topography of the Park Slope neighborhood,[24][26] and to avoid local stores in the area.[20] Otherwise, a tunnel carrying the line would have to have been built below both the canal and the BMT Fourth Avenue Line (necessitating stations deep below the ground); or Ninth Street would be raised above grade level to pass over the canal and BMT subway.[26]

Both underground options were considered expensive and impractical, and the viaduct was estimated to save $12 million in construction costs when it was selected in 1927.[26] During planning, the viaduct's height was later increased from 60 feet (18 m)[26] to around 90 feet (27 m), due to now-defunct navigation regulations for tall-mast shipping.[20][24][28] Because of this, Smith–Ninth Streets was built at an elevation of 87.5 feet (26.7 m), the highest subway station above ground level in the world.[2][29][30] Fourth Avenue, meanwhile, is actually at a lower elevation and altitude than the Seventh Avenue underground station.

For most of its history, G service has terminated at Smith–Ninth Streets, relaying using the express tracks and switches at Fourth Avenue.[4] This occasionally caused delays to F service, and prevented express service from being operated.[2][7][15] In 2009, the G's terminus was moved to Church Avenue in order to complete renovations on the viaduct.[2][7] In July 2012, the G extension was made permanent.[7][31]

Ditmas Avenue to Coney Island

Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue underneath the BMT Brighton Line

At Ditmas Avenue, the Culver Ramp ends and the underground line becomes

West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium station on Coney Island.[4][6]

Formally, the Culver Line ends as the track curve enters the lower level of the double-decked station along the

Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue Terminal.[4][6]

History

Early years as two separate lines

BMT Culver Line (1875–1954)

Main article: Culver Line (surface)
Culver Line structure being constructed in 1917
Stub of elevated line formerly running west from Cortelyou Road along 37th Street
Bilevel structure of elevated, between West 8th Street and Coney Island stations

The original Culver Line was opened by the

Fifth Avenue Elevated, on June 7, 1890, by using the Prospect Park and South Brooklyn Railroad from a junction at Parkville.[36]

During a period of

trolleys to Coney Island.[38]

As part of Contract 4 of the

Ninth Avenue, the elevated replacements for the Culver Line and West End Line met, with access from both lines to the Fifth Avenue Elevated and Fourth Avenue Subway to the northwest.[40]

Construction of the route was done in four sections: Section 1, 1-A, 2, and 3. Section 1-A extended from a location on the west building line of Tenth Avenue between 38th Street and 37th Street to a location 372 feet (113 m) east of the building line on Tenth Avenue, running in an open cut and then a fill over Tenth Avenue. Section 1 extended from a point 372 feet (113 m) east of the building line on Tenth Avenue to, over private property and 37th Street, and Gravesend Avenue to a location 530 feet (160 m) south of the intersection of Gravesend Avenue and the southern building line of 22nd Avenue. Section 2 stretched from here along Gravesend Avenue to Avenue X, and Section 3 continued from here south along Shell Road and West 6th Street to a point near the southern line of Sheepshead Bay Road, where it would connect with the Brighton Line for access to Coney Island.[41]

The contract to construct Section 2 was awarded to Oscar Daniels Company for $863,775 on July 10, 1915. Work was to be completed in eighteen months. On September 8, 1915, the contract to construct Section 1 was awarded to Post & McCord for $877,859. Work on the section was to be completed in fifteen months. On January 23, 1917, a contract to construct Section 1-in four months A of the line was awarded to Thomas Dwyer for $42,268.[41]

Route designation on BMT D Triplex equipment

At 3:00 a.m. on March 16, 1919, the first portion of the new elevated structure opened from Ninth Avenue southeast and south to

Avenue X was opened at noon on May 10, 1919.[42][47][48] The line, the last of the four to Coney Island, was completed on May 1, 1920, at which time the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) was forced to cut the fare from ten to five cents.[49][50]

This construction tied into the existing lower level of the

Nassau Street Loop in Lower Manhattan when that line opened on May 30, 1931;[54] the Fifth Avenue Elevated was closed on May 31, 1940, in conjunction with the unification of the transit system under city operations.[52][55][56] Trolleys continued to use the surface tracks on McDonald Avenue until October 30, 1956.[35][57][58]

IND Brooklyn Line (1933–1954)

Church Avenue

One of the goals of Mayor

Church Avenue) and McDonald Avenue, just north of the Ditmas Avenue elevated station. A ramp would then lead onto the elevated BMT Culver Line.[14][17][59][60]

This line was variously known as the Culver Line Extension,[59] Culver−Smith Street Line,[26] Smith Street Line,[12] Smith Street–Prospect Park Line,[14] Smith–Ninth Street Line,[61] Jay–Smith–Ninth Street Line,[24] Church Avenue Line,[62] Prospect Park–Church Avenue Line,[63] Prospect Park–Coney Island Line,[64] Brooklyn Line,[62] or South Brooklyn Line,[19][24][65] though it was often simply referred to as the Brooklyn portion of the IND.[63][66] As originally designed, service to and from Manhattan would have been exclusively provided by Culver express trains, while all local service would have fed into the IND Crosstown Line.[6]

By 1927, it was decided to build a truss bridge over the

GG trains were extended to Smith-Ninth Streets.[68][72] E trains were replaced by the F on December 15, 1940, after the IND Sixth Avenue Line opened.[68]

As part of the various proposed extensions of the

Saint George Terminal.[73][75] A 1933 plan would have branched off between Smith–Ninth Streets and Fourth Avenue, then run down Second Avenue in Bay Ridge to the tunnel. Like other IND lines, this route would have been in direct competition with the then-privately operated Fourth Avenue Subway.[78][79][80][81]

The final proposal from the 1939 Second System plan proposed an extension down Fort Hamilton Parkway and/or Tenth Avenue towards the tunnel, with continued service to 86th Street in Bay Ridge near the

Fort Hamilton Parkway station;[82][83] the 1946 Board of Transportation plans featured both the West End connection and the extension to 86th Street.[84] None of these proposals were ever constructed.[12][65]

Culver Ramp

A Manhattan-bound "F" train descending the Culver Ramp
An F train traveling down the ramp. The former Culver Shuttle tracks can be seen to the left
A Coney Island-bound "F" train ascending the Culver Ramp
An F train climbing the ramp

Taking over operations, or "recapturing", the

unification of the three companies.[12][66] The new connection would create a one-fare ride for IND passengers to Coney Island, and eliminate congestion on the BMT's Fourth Avenue Subway.[63][66] At the time, the IND had no direct connections to the rest of the subway system. Around 1940, a temporary ramp was installed to connect the underground IND Culver Line to the street-level South Brooklyn Railway, underneath the BMT Culver Line; this connection was used to deliver some IND rolling stock.[85]

The proposed Culver Ramp, also referred to as the Culver Line Connection, would allow passenger service between the underground

Ditmas Avenue stations. Construction began in June 1941, and was expected to be completed by the end of the year.[83] The ramp was expected to cost $2 million, and along with new signals, and rehabilitation of the Culver elevated and lengthening of its stations to IND standards, the total cost of the project was estimated at over $11 million.[63][66][86] 170 subway cars were purchased for $8.5 million for the extension of IND service. Two substations, a signal tower, a fourth track at Ditmas Avenue, and an additional stairway at Ditmas Avenue were all completed as part of the project.[64] McDonald Avenue was also widened between Avenue C and Cortelyou Road to facilitate the ramp.[86]

Though the ramp was nearly complete, including rails and signal work, construction was halted later that year because of America's entrance into

Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue terminal.[90]

IND Culver Line (1954–present)

The Coney Island power substation

Following the completion of Culver Ramp,

radio frequencies.[4]

On November 26, 1967, the

Kings Highway operated in the peak direction (to Manhattan AM; to Brooklyn PM), with some F trains running local and some running express.[2][6]

Express service between Bergen and Church ended in 1976, and between Church and Kings Highway on April 27, 1987, largely due to budget constraints and complaints from passengers at local stations.

Bergen Street's lower level was taken out of service. Following renovations to the station in the 1990s, the lower level was converted into storage space and is not usable for passenger service in its current state.[2][6][102][104]

In 1986, the New York City Transit Authority launched a study to determine whether to close 79 stations on 11 routes, including the segment of the Culver Line south of either Kings Highway or Avenue U, due to low ridership and high repair costs.[105][106] Numerous figures, including New York City Council member Carol Greitzer, criticized the plans.[106][107]

Rehabilitation

Fourth Avenue
during the Culver Rehabilitation Project.

In 2007, the MTA announced that several portions of the Culver Line would be undergoing extensive rehabilitation. The first renovation involved repairs of the elevated Culver Viaduct (including the Smith–Ninth Streets and Fourth Avenue stations) and modernization of the interlockings at Bergen Street, 4th Avenue, and Church Avenue. The B5 layup track was removed as part of the project.[15] This also allowed the G train to be extended from its longtime terminus at Smith–Ninth Streets to a more efficient terminus at Church Avenue beginning in July 2009.[2][7][9] The project was completed in 2013.[7][102]

Stations along the three-tracked stretch of the Culver Line were renovated until July 30, 2018 (excluding

Avenue U and Avenue X).[109] During the second phase of the project, beginning on May 22, 2017,[110] the Manhattan-bound platforms were closed between Avenue U and 18th Avenue until July 30, 2018.[111][112] The interlocking at Kings Highway is scheduled to be modernized as part of the 2020–2024 MTA Capital Program, and the modernization could include the reinstallation of the necessary track switches.[6] A switch will be added between the express track and the northbound local track south of Avenue P.[4]

In July 2019, online newspaper The City discovered that the MTA had allocated $660,000 in its 2015–2019 Capital Program for a design study to make patches to the Culver Viaduct, whose renovation was completed in 2016. The study would determine how to fix the premature deterioration of structural braces, unsatisfactory drainage, and leaking expansion joints. Funding will be provided in a future capital program.[113]

Express service

Around the time the Culver Viaduct rehabilitation project was announced in 2007, a petition to restore express service along the line gained attention, due to increasing ridership on both the F and G services in Brooklyn. The petition, which gained over 2,500 signatures by June 2007 and nearly 4,000 by September, proposed to restore express service by making the Church Avenue extension of the G permanent and extending the

Rutgers Street Tunnel with the F.[2][8][9][10] The G extension was made permanent in July 2012, freeing up the express tracks formerly used to relay trains.[6][7]

In 2015, some rush-hour peak-direction F trains started skipping local stops between Jay Street and Fourth Avenue, and the MTA used expanded rush-hour express service (from Jay Street to Church Avenue) in both directions in the summers of 2016 and 2017.[6][114] In May 2016, the MTA announced that half of all rush-hour F trains may start running express in both directions in fall 2017; however, because of rolling stock and track capacity limitations, the train frequency on the rest of the F's route would remain the same.[6][115][116] With an increase in rolling stock caused by the introduction of the R179s, one more train per hour could be run on the F. The operation of half of the F trains as express would result in operational improvements, with faster service, as southbound F trains would no longer be delayed by terminating G trains discharging at Church Avenue.[6]

Overall, the F express will result in an overall reduction of 27,000 minutes during the AM rush hour and 13,000 minutes during the PM rush hour. The change in service will decrease service at local stations, reducing in longer wait times, but it will help riders in South Brooklyn with the longest commutes. F express trains would be slightly more crowded than current F trains, but the F locals would be less crowded. PM rush hour express service would lead to much larger exit surges from less frequent F local trains at Bergen Street and Carroll Street, leading to significant congestion at one staircase at Bergen Street, and moderate congestion at one staircase at Carroll Street. Relieving the congestion, would entail widening the staircases and installing ADA-required elevators that would cost approximately $10 million per station.[6] The possibility of reopening the Bergen Street lower level was looked at as part of the study for the reintroduction of F express service; the reopening would require significant and expensive reconstruction, including making the station ADA accessible, the reconstruction of platform stairs, improved lighting and communications, waterproofing and concrete repairs, among other things. Since the rehabilitation would cost $75 million, the lower level was not reopened.[6]

In July 2019, the MTA announced that it planned to run four rush-hour express F trains per day, two in each direction, starting in September 2019. The trains would run in the peak direction, toward Manhattan in the morning and toward Brooklyn in the evening. The trains would make an intermediate stop at

Church Avenue and bypass a total of six stations.[117][118] This service is represented with a diamond <F>, similar to the symbol used on other peak-direction express services.[118] Peak-direction express service between Church Avenue and Kings Highway was not restored due to limitations caused by current track configurations, as the switches at Kings Highway previously used were removed in the 1990s.[6]

Automation

In order to test the interoperability of the

automation of the New York City Subway. The total cost was $99.6 million, with $15 million coming from the 2005–2009 Capital Program and $84.6 million from the 2010–2014 Capital Program. The installation was a joint venture between Siemens and Thales Group, and was used to test the track's new signaling on R143s and R160s that were already equipped with CBTC.[119] Though the estimated completion date was scheduled for March 2015, it was completed in December 2015.[120]: 28  The installation was expected to be permanent.[121]

Test trains on the track were able to successfully operate using the interoperable Siemens/Thales CBTC system. That system became the standard for all future CBTC installations on New York City Transit tracks as of 2015.[122] A third supplier, Mitsubishi Electric Power Products Inc., was given permission to demonstrate that its technology could be interoperable with the Siemens/Thales technology. The $1.2 million Mitsubishi contract was approved in July 2015.[123] If Culver Line express service was implemented in 2017 as it was proposed, the express service would not initially have used CBTC, and testing of CBTC on the express track would be limited to off-peak hours.[121]

In 2017, the MTA started testing ultra-wideband radio-enabled train signaling on the IND Culver Line.[124] The ultra-wideband train signals would be able to transmit more data wirelessly in a manner similar to CBTC, but can be installed faster than CBTC systems. The ultra-wideband signals would have the added benefit of allowing passengers to use cellphones while between stations, instead of the current setup where passengers could only get cellphone signals within the stations themselves.[125][126]

As part of the MTA's 2015–2019 Capital Program, CBTC is being installed on the section of the line between Church Avenue and

West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium, replacing 70-year old signals.[127] The contract for the installation of CBTC and the modernization of the Ditmas Avenue and Avenue X interlockings, was awarded in February 2019 to Tutor Perini for $253 million. Substantial completion of the project was expected in August 2022.[128]: 20  As part of the project, switches north of Ditmas Avenue will be removed, and will be replaced by two new interlockings directly south of Church Avenue and a new interlocking north of 18th Avenue.[4]

Avenue X interlocking will be reconfigured. As of February 2020[update], 80% of wayside signaling equipment had been installed, a relay room was completed, steel and concrete floors at the Ditmas Avenue signal facility were installed, all signal cables were installed, and piling and grade beam installation at the Avenue X signal facility were completed.[129] To allow the CBTC project to enter its next phase, F service was suspended south of Church Avenue during most weekends starting in early 2020.[130][131][132] Work to install CBTC continued into 2021.[133]

In December 2022, the MTA announced that it would award a $368 million design–build contract to Crosstown Partners, a joint venture between Thales Group and TC Electric LLC, to install CBTC along the length of the G route.[134][135] The contract includes not only the Crosstown Line between Court Square and Bergen Street, but also the Culver Line between Bergen Street and Church Avenue.[135] Upon the completion of the contract, the entire G route and much of the F route would be CBTC-equipped.[134]

Station listing

Station service legend
Stops all times Stops all times
Stops all times except late nights Stops all times except late nights
Stops late nights only Stops late nights only
Stops rush hours only Stops rush hours only
Stops rush hours in the peak direction only Stops rush hours in the peak direction only
Time period details
Disabled access Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act
Disabled access ↑ Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act
in the indicated direction only
Disabled access ↓
Elevator access to mezzanine only
Neighborhood
(approximate) 		Disabled access Station Tracks Services Opened Transfers and notes
begins as continuation of the
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​)
Downtown Brooklyn Disabled access Jay Street–MetroTech all
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		February 1, 1933[16] IND Fulton Street Line (A all times ​C all except late nights)
BMT Fourth Avenue Line (N late nights R all times ​W limited rush hour service only)
Express Tracks begin (
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
)
Merge from the IND Crosstown Line (G all times) into local tracks
Cobble Hill Bergen Street all
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction ​G all times
 		March 20, 1933[69] upper level: Local (in service)
lower level: Express (no regular service)
Carroll Gardens Carroll Street local F all times ​G all times October 7, 1933[70]
Gowanus Smith–Ninth Streets local F all times ​G all times October 7, 1933[70]
Fourth Avenue local F all times ​G all times October 7, 1933[70] BMT Fourth Avenue Line (D late nights ​N late nights, and limited rush hour service in the reverse-peak direction ​R all times ​W limited rush hour service only) at Ninth Street
Park Slope
 Disabled access Seventh Avenue all
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction ​G all times
 		October 7, 1933[70]
express tracks diverge (
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
)
Windsor Terrace 15th Street–Prospect Park local F all times ​G all times October 7, 1933[70]
express tracks rejoin on lower level (
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
)
Fort Hamilton Parkway local F all times ​G all times October 7, 1933[70]
express tracks rise (no regular service)
Kensington Disabled access Church Avenue all
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction ​G all times
 		October 7, 1933[70] southern terminal of G all times train
Connecting tracks to
Church Avenue Yard
Former stations on BMT Culver Line, to the west of the IND merge north of Ditmas Avenue
Sunset Park Ninth Avenue all Culver Shuttle March 16, 1919[42][43] Stopped on lower level, which closed on May 11, 1975. Transfer was available to the BMT West End Line.
Borough Park Fort Hamilton Parkway local Culver Shuttle March 16, 1919[42][43] Closed on May 11, 1975, and demolished in 1985.
13th Avenue local Culver Shuttle March 16, 1919[42][43] Closed on May 11, 1975, and demolished in 1985.
Southbound express track merges into southbound local track and bi-directional express track creating a 3 track line (formerly the BMT Culver Line)
Kensington/
Borough Park 		Ditmas Avenue local
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		March 16, 1919[42][43] Former terminal for the Culver Shuttle, side platform closed on May 11, 1975.
18th Avenue all
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		March 16, 1919[42][43]
Midwood Avenue I local
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		March 16, 1919[42][43]
Bay Parkway local
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		March 16, 1919[42][43]
Avenue N local
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		March 16, 1919[42][43]
Gravesend Avenue P local
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		March 16, 1919[42][43]
Kings Highway all
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		March 16, 1919[42][43]
B82 Select Bus Service
southern terminal of several F
trains during rush hours
Avenue U local
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		May 10, 1919[47][48]
Avenue X local
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		May 10, 1919[42][47][48]
Express track ends merging into southbound local track and continuing into
Coney Island Yard
Coney Island
 Neptune Avenue all
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		May 1, 1920[49]
West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium all
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		May 1, 1920[49] BMT Brighton Line (Q all times)
Disabled access Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue all
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		May 1, 1920[49] BMT Brighton Line (Q all times)
BMT Sea Beach Line (N all times)
BMT West End Line (D all times)

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    New York Times. September 10, 1932. p. 1. Archived
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External links

KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/IND Culver Line
KML is from Wikidata
External videos
video icon NYC Subway Culver Viaduct Rehabilitation Project, Metropolitan Transportation Authority; January 12, 2010; 1:48 YouTube video clip
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