IND Sixth Avenue Line

Route map:
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Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the current New York City Subway line under Sixth Avenue through Midtown Manhattan. For the former elevated line through Midtown Manhattan, see IRT Sixth Avenue Line. For the current New York City Subway line under Sixth Avenue through Lower Manhattan, see IND Eighth Avenue Line. For the current PATH tubes under Sixth Avenue through Lower Manhattan, see Uptown Hudson Tubes.

IND Sixth Avenue Line
"B" train "D" train "F" train "F" express train
600V DC using a third rail
Route map

Legend
63rd Street Line
Eighth Avenue Line
 57th Street
Seventh Avenue
Queens Boulevard Line
 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center
42nd Street Shuttle
 42nd Street–Bryant Park
(Flushing Line)
 34th Street–Herald Square
(Broadway Line)
33rd Street
 23rd Street
(PATH)
 14th Street
(PATH) (Canarsie Line)
Ninth Street
Journal Square
West 4th Street–Washington Square
(8th Avenue tracks above 6th Avenue tracks)
Eighth Avenue Line
Broadway Line
 Broadway–Lafayette Street
Bleecker Street (Lexington Avenue Line)
Chrystie Street Connection
 Second Avenue
Delancey Street
(Nassau Street Line)
 Grand Street
East Broadway
Rutgers Street Tunnel
 York Street
Culver Line
Brighton Line
Fourth Avenue Line
This diagram:

The IND Sixth Avenue Line is a

Sixth Avenue in Manhattan, and continues south to Brooklyn. The B, D, F, and M trains, which use the Sixth Avenue Line through Midtown Manhattan
, are colored orange. The B and D trains use the express tracks, while the F, <F> and M trains use the local tracks.

The Sixth Avenue Line, constructed in stages during the 1930s, was the last trunk line built by the

East Broadway with service provided by Eighth Avenue Line trains. This section was initially referred to as the Houston-Essex Street Route. The Sixth Avenue subway was completed in 1940, providing service north of West Fourth Street, connecting to the Queens Boulevard Line
and the Eighth Avenue Line.

Initially, the Sixth Avenue Line carried only local service, since there were no express tracks between

34th Street and West 4th Street. In 1967 and 1968, the Chrystie Street Connection was completed, connecting the line with former BMT lines in Brooklyn via the Manhattan Bridge and with the BMT Jamaica Line
over the Williamsburg Bridge. Two new stations at 57th Street and Grand Street, as well as a pair of express tracks between 34th and West 4th Streets, were built to provide the necessary capacity for the new service to Brooklyn.

There are branches on both ends of the line. On the south end, the express tracks used by the B and ​D trains diverge to

63rd Street Lines; the local tracks, used by the M train, merge with the IND Queens Boulevard Line and continue to Queens
.

Extent and service

The following services currently use part or all of the Sixth Avenue Line,[2] whose services' bullets are colored orange:

  Time period Section of line
Rush hours Middays
and
evenings 		Weekends Late nights
"B" train express no service full line from
Grand Street
"D" train express full line from
Grand Street
"F" train local full line from
York Street
"F" express train local no service full line from
York Street
"M" train local no service between
Broadway–Lafayette Street

The majority of the Sixth Avenue Line has four tracks, two local and two express. At each end, these pairs of tracks split, giving the line two north and two south ends. One of the north ends is at

Seventh Avenue, the southbound track is above the northbound track (the same is true on the Queens Boulevard Line, though north is the opposite direction from the Sixth Avenue Line). These tracks are used by the B and D express trains.[3]

The express tracks from Columbus Circle then turn south to go under Sixth Avenue, merging with the branch from 57th Street and the local tracks' split from the IND Queens Boulevard Line (used by the

47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center, the two southbound tracks cross each other; the tracks from Columbus Circle become the two center express tracks, and the tracks from the Queens Boulevard Line are the two outside local tracks.[3][4]

South of

Broadway–Lafayette Street.[3]

East of Broadway–Lafayette Street, the express tracks turn south and use the Chrystie Street Connection to

Essex Street (used by the M train).[3] Since the IND typically installed express–local crossovers beyond the fronts of the station platforms, an anomaly in the track layout was created when the Chrystie Street Connection was built. A crossover exists west of Broadway–Lafayette Street only on the northbound side, allowing trains from the Manhattan Bridge to reach the Eighth Avenue local tracks at West Fourth Street but not vice versa.[3][7] As a result, unusual routings are required whenever a train on the Eighth Avenue Line needs to access the Manhattan Bridge.[a]

York Street ventilation tower for Rutgers Street tunnel

Just before approaching Second Avenue, the local tracks split into four tracks again. The two center tracks, which are not used in revenue service, dead-end just east of the Second Avenue station. They were built as part of the

East Broadway stations, where unfinished open spaces indicate where stations for the Second Avenue Subway and IND Worth Street Line, respectively, would have been built.[9]: 13 [10]

The local tracks in Manhattan turn south under

Jay Street–MetroTech.[3]

History

Planning

New York City mayor John Francis Hylan's original plans for the Independent Subway System (IND), proposed in 1922, included building over 100 miles (160 km) of new lines and taking over nearly 100 miles (160 km) of existing lines. The lines were designed to compete with the existing underground, surface, and elevated lines operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT).[11][12] The IND Sixth Avenue Line was designed to replace the elevated IRT Sixth Avenue Line.[13] However, since the Sixth Avenue corridor was such an important subway link, the elevated remained open while construction on the Sixth Avenue subway proceeded.[14]

In 1924, the IND submitted its list of proposed subway routes to the New York City Board of Transportation (NYCBOT), which approved the program. The IND's program consisted of two lines underneath Sixth Avenue in Manhattan. The first line would be a 0.74-mile-long (1.19 km) section in Lower Manhattan between Lispenard Street to the south and Eighth Street to the north, comprising part of the present-day Eighth Avenue Line. The second line would be a 2.47-mile-long (3.98 km) section running between Carmine Street to the south and 53rd Street to the north, comprising much of the present-day Sixth Avenue Line. South of Carmine Street, the Sixth Avenue Line would curve east under Houston Street, then south under Essex Street and Rutgers Street before continuing south into Brooklyn.[15]

Work on the core section of the IND Sixth Avenue Line, located between Fourth and 53rd Streets, was not to begin for several years. The section of Sixth Avenue from Ninth to 33rd Streets was already occupied by the

Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (H&M)'s Uptown Hudson Tubes. At first, the city intended to take over the portion of the Uptown Tubes under Sixth Avenue for IND use, then build a pair of new tubes for the H&M directly underneath it. The IND had committed to building the Sixth Avenue line, and the H&M's 33rd Street terminal was located both above and below preexisting railroad tunnels, hence the IND's plan to convert part of the H&M tubes.[16] However, the H&M objected, and so negotiations between the city and IND and the H&M continued for several years.[17]

The IND and H&M finally came to an agreement in 1930. The city had decided to build the IND Sixth Avenue Line's local tracks around the pre-existing H&M tubes, and add express tracks for the IND underneath the H&M tubes at a later date.[13] However, the city still planned to eventually take over the H&M tracks, convert them to express tracks for the IND line, then build a lower level for the H&M.[18]

The IND started advertising bids for the section of the Sixth Avenue Line between 43rd and 53rd Streets in April 1931.

water mains to Brooklyn and Queens.[20] The NYCBOT wanted to start work on the section between 33rd and 39th Streets first so that the engineering issues with the H&M tubes and water main could be resolved.[21] In January 1932, the city announced an agreement with the New York City Water Supply Board. The IND wanted to start construction on the Sixth Avenue line by June so that some of the projected train traffic on the Eighth Avenue line, which was slated to open that year, could be rerouted through Sixth Avenue instead.[22] In 1933, the New York City Board of Estimate requested a $25.5 million federal loan for the construction of the Sixth Avenue line.[23]

Opening of southern section

The first portion of the line to be constructed was then known as the Houston–Essex Street Line, which ran under Houston, Essex, and Rutgers Streets. The contract for the line was awarded to Corson Construction in January 1929, at which time the city began evicting 10,000 residents within the line's route.

Rutgers Street Tunnel, connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn, was awarded in May 1930.[26] In May 1933, the city started widening Essex and Rutgers Streets to accommodate the future subway line underneath.[27]

The Houston and Essex Street Line began operations at noon on January 1, 1936, with two local tracks from a junction with the Eighth Avenue Line south of West Fourth Street–Washington Square east under Houston Street and south under Essex Street to a temporary terminal at

Hudson Terminal, were shifted to the new line to East Broadway.[28] Two express tracks were built on the portion under Houston Street until Essex Street-Avenue A; the tracks were intended to travel under the East River and connect with the never-built IND Worth Street Line in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[10]

Just after midnight on April 9, 1936, trains began running under the East River via the Rutgers Street Tunnel, which connected the Houston-Essex Street Line with the north end of the Culver Line at a junction with the Eighth Avenue Line north of

Rockaway Avenue and the A and C trains, which had used Smith Street, were rerouted to Fulton Street.[29][30]

Construction and opening of Midtown section

In April 1935, engineers started planning in earnest for the Midtown section of the Sixth Avenue Line.

Fiorello H. La Guardia broke ground for the Sixth Avenue subway at Bryant Park on March 23, 1936.[34][35] The Carleton Company was hired in September 1936 to construct the section from 27th to 33rd Streets,[36] and Rosoff-Brader was hired that October to build the segment from 33rd to 40th Streets.[37] The next month, the George A. Flynn Corporation received a contract for the construction of the section between 47th and 53rd Streets.[38] The Arthur A. Johnson Corp. and Necaro Co. received the contract to build the segment between 18th and 27th Streets in January 1937.[39] The final contract, between 9th and 18th Streets, was awarded to Spencer White & Prentis in June 1937.[40]

53rd Street powerhouse

The construction of the Sixth Avenue Line was very difficult because of the various utilities and tunnels above, below, and beside the line. At the time, it was considered the costliest subway line in the city.

cut-and-cover excavations, although portions of the subway had to be tunneled through solid rock.[42] Builders had to use very small charges of dynamite so that they would not disrupt the H&M tunnels alongside the route, the street and elevated line above, and the water main below.[43] The Sixth Avenue Elevated had to be underpinned during construction, adding another $4 to $5 million to construction costs. The Catskill Aqueduct was located around 200 feet (61 m) below the avenue's surface, and workers on the new subway had to be careful to not cause any cracks in the aqueduct.[5][41] As part of the construction of the IND line, the H&M's 14th Street and 23rd Street stations had to be rebuilt to provide space for the IND's 14th Street and 23rd Street stations, which would be located at a similar elevation. The 19th Street station was not affected because the IND tracks were located below the H&M tracks at that point.[5] However, the 33rd Street station had to be relocated to the south of its existing location, above the new IND line. The IND platforms were to be located at the same elevation as the present H&M station, and there was no room to build a new subway station either above or below the level of the existing H&M station.[41]

The H&M's 33rd Street terminal closed on December 26, 1937, and service on the H&M was cut back to 28th Street to allow for construction on the subway to take place.[44] The 33rd Street terminal was moved south to 32nd Street and reopened on September 24, 1939. The city had to pay $800,000 to build the new 33rd Street station and reimbursed H&M another $300,000 to the H&M for the loss of revenue.[45] The 28th Street station was closed at this time because the southern entrances to the 33rd Street terminal were located only two blocks away, rendering the 28th Street stop unnecessary. It was demolished to make room for the IND tracks below.[46] The IRT's Sixth Avenue elevated ultimately closed in December 1938, just before the Sixth Avenue subway was completed.[47]

In addition to threading around the H&M tunnel, the line had to pass over the BMT Canarsie Line along 14th Street, over the tunnels leading to Penn Station, under the four-track BMT Broadway Line at Herald Square, over the IRT Flushing Line at 41st Street, and under the 42nd Street Shuttle. Even though the line had to pass around multiple transit lines, the grades were kept to a minimum.[5] The line included four-track stations at West Fourth, 34th, 42nd, and 47th–50th Streets. There were four sets of crossovers between 34th and 42nd Streets, and the southbound express track crossed over the southbound local track at a grade-separated flyover between 42nd and 47th–50th Streets.[4] Bellmouth tunnels north of 47th–50th Streets were built to allow for a future extension under Central Park and along Morningside Avenue to 145th Street.[4][48] This extension was part of the Board of Transportation's long-range program, and was estimated to cost $34.914 million as of August 1940. Construction was expected to start some time after 1946.[48]

Sixth Avenue Subway Will Be Opened to the Public at 12:01 A.M. Sunday, December 15, 1940.
IND services immediately after the main part of the line opened

On December 15, 1940, local subway service began on Sixth Avenue from the West Fourth Street subway station to the 47th–50th Streets station with track connections to the IND 53rd Street Line. The construction of the Sixth Avenue Line cost $59.5 million.

Church Avenue via Sixth Avenue, was created to provide express service between Sixth Avenue and Queens. Finally, the E train was cut back from Church Avenue to Broadway–Lafayette Street, running to Queens via the Eighth Avenue Line.[49][50][51]

Sixth Avenue express tracks and the Chrystie Street Connection

On April 19, 1961, ground was broken for a $22 million project to build two express tracks between the

57th Street to allow trains to short turn.[55] The two projects would allow 45 additional trains per hour, carrying a combined 90,000 passengers, to enter Manhattan during rush hours.[53][54]

However, the section between 9th and 19th Streets soon experienced various delays: although it had started in April 1961,[6] work was halted by a water main break in 1962,[56] and by July 1963, the work was only 20 percent complete.[57] Construction on the section between West 19th and 31st Streets was further along: it had started in the middle of 1961, and was 60 percent complete in July 1963.[57] The first section was 88 percent complete on June 30, 1965, and the second section was 99 percent complete on that date. Between West 55th and 58th Street, a third of the structural work was done by this date.[52] No stations were constructed along the new express tracks, but provisions were incorporated into the design of the tunnel to permit the addition of future lower level stations at 14th Street and 23rd Street without disturbances to train operation.[57]

On November 26, 1967, the first part of the Chrystie Street Connection opened and Sixth Avenue Line express tracks opened from 34th Street–Herald Square to

168th Street on the BMT Jamaica Line. B service was extended during non-rush hours from West Fourth Street to 57th Street. D trains began running express via the Sixth Avenue Line at all times.[60]

Later improvements

The

New York City fiscal crisis and extreme MTA fare revenue fluctuations.[64]: 238–243 [65]

The tracks at 57th Street were originally built for a proposed extension under

Manhattan Bridge south tracks were closed for reconstruction.[67][68]

Planning for the 63rd Street Line's $645 million connection from the 21st Street–Queensbridge station to the IND Queens Boulevard Line in Queens began in December 1990, and construction began on September 22, 1994.[69][70][71] The Connector came into regular use on December 16, 2001. A new Sixth Avenue local service, the V, was introduced operating local via Sixth Avenue and terminating in the center tracks of the Sixth Avenue Line's Second Avenue station. The V ran local on the Queens Boulevard Line, and it only operated during weekdays. At this time, the F, which ran express along the Queens Boulevard Line, was rerouted to operate via the 57th Street station and the 63rd Street line north of the 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center station, rather than via the 53rd Street tunnel. Both the 63rd Street and the 53rd Street lines merge into the Queens Boulevard Line in Queens.[72][73] On June 28, 2010, the V was replaced by the M, which began using the Chrystie Street Connection to the Williamsburg Bridge. Regular M trains make all former V stops except for Second Avenue.[74][75][76]

In 2004, full Manhattan Bridge service was restored. This resulted in full B and D express service being restored from 34th Street–Herald Square to the Manhattan Bridge, where the services continued to Brooklyn. However, the terminals of the B and D were reversed from prior to the Manhattan Bridge service suspensions. B service operates weekdays only via the Brighton Line express tracks to Brighton Beach, replacing the <Q> express on the Brighton Line. D service operates 24/7 along the West End Line because residents of Bensonhurst, a neighborhood located near the West End Line, wanted full-time direct subway service to Manhattan.[77]

The 2015–2019

28th Street station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line.[80] 23rd Street reopened ahead of schedule on November 29, 2018,[81] while 57th Street reopened on December 19, 2018.[82]

As part of the 2015–2019 Capital Program, the 34th Street and West Fourth Street interlockings on the IND Sixth Avenue Line were upgraded at a cost of $356.5 million. The interlocking upgrades would support communications-based train control (CBTC) installation on the Queens Boulevard, Culver, and Eighth Avenue lines.[83]

Station listing

Station service legend
Stops all times Stops all times
Stops all times except late nights Stops all times except late nights
Stops late nights only Stops late nights only
Stops weekdays during the day Stops weekdays during the day
Stops weekends and weekday evenings Stops weekends and weekday evenings
Stops rush hours in the peak direction only Stops rush hours in the peak direction only
Time period details
Disabled access Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act
Disabled access ↑ Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act
in the indicated direction only
Disabled access ↓
Elevator access to mezzanine only
Neighborhood
(approximate) 		Disabled access Station Tracks Services Opened Transfers and notes
Manhattan
Branch from the
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
)
Midtown Manhattan 57th Street 2
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
 		July 1, 1968[61]
 
Express Tracks split from the IND Eighth Avenue Line (B Weekday rush hours, middays and early evenings ​D all times)
Seventh Avenue express B Weekday rush hours, middays and early evenings ​D all times August 19, 1933[84] IND Queens Boulevard Line (E all times)
 
Local Tracks split from the IND Queens Boulevard Line (M weekdays during the day)
Branch line merges (
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
)
Main line (
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction ​M weekdays during the day
)
Disabled access 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center all
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction ​M weekdays during the day
 		December 15, 1940[5]
Elevator access to mezzanine only 42nd Street–Bryant Park all
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction ​M weekdays during the day
 		December 15, 1940[5]
<7> rush hours until 9:30 p.m., peak direction​) at Fifth Avenue
IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (1 all times ​2 all times ​3 all times) at Times Square–42nd Street, daytime only
BMT Broadway Line (N all times ​Q all times ​R all except late nights ​W weekdays only) at Times Square–42nd Street, daytime only
42nd Street Shuttle (S all except late nights) at Times Square, daytime only
IND Eighth Avenue Line (A all times ​C all except late nights ​E all times) at 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal
, daytime only
Disabled access 34th Street–Herald Square all
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction ​M weekdays during the day
 		December 15, 1940[5]
PATH at 33rd Street
Chelsea 23rd Street local
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction ​M weekdays during the day
 		December 15, 1940[5]
PATH at 23rd Street
Greenwich Village 14th Street local
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction ​M weekdays during the day
 		December 15, 1940[5]
PATH at 14th Street
M14A/M14D Select Bus Service
Disabled access West Fourth Street–Washington Square all
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction ​M weekdays during the day
 		December 15, 1940[5] IND Eighth Avenue Line (A all times ​C all except late nights ​E all times)
Local crossovers to/from the IND Eighth Avenue Line (no regular service)
NoHo
 Disabled access Broadway–Lafayette Street all
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction ​M weekdays during the day
 		January 1, 1936[28]
<6> weekdays until 8:45 p.m., peak direction) at Bleecker Street
Express tracks turn under Chrystie Street (B weekdays during the day ​D all times)
Local tracks split to the
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​)
 
Branch under Chrystie Street (B weekdays during the day ​D all times)
Chinatown Grand Street express B weekdays during the day ​D all times November 27, 1967[59]
To north tracks of
Manhattan Bridge
 
Branch under
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​)
East Village Second Avenue local
layup tracks
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		January 1, 1936[28]
M15 Select Bus Service
Lower East Side Delancey Street local
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		January 1, 1936[28]
Z rush hours, peak direction​) at Essex Street
East Broadway local
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		January 1, 1936[28]
Brooklyn
Rutgers Street Tunnel under the East River
DUMBO
 York Street local
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​ 		April 9, 1936[29]
Continues as the
<F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​)

Notes

  1. ^ For instance, during a 2020 service change when the D train was rerouted via the Eighth Avenue Line's local tracks north of West Fourth Street, it ran on the IND Culver Line (the F train's normal route in Brooklyn). The F train ran on the BMT West End Line (the D train's normal route in Brooklyn).[7]

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