IRT Flushing Line
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The IRT Flushing Line is a
It is shown in the color purple on station signs, the official subway map, and internal route maps in
The Flushing Line has various styles of architecture, which range from steel
Extent and service
Route
Services that use the Flushing Line are colored purple. The following services use part or all of the IRT Flushing Line:[3]
Service | Time period | |
---|---|---|
Rush hours, peak direction |
Other times | |
Local | Full line | |
Express | Full line | No service |
The line has two distinct sections, split by the
At Queensboro Plaza, the eastbound track (
West of Queensboro Plaza, the line sharply turns south onto an elevated structure over 23rd Street. It heads into the west end of
West of Times Square, the tracks curve sharply downward before turning under
Distinctions
The Flushing Line is one of only two New York City non-
The IRT Flushing Line's 7 service has the distinction of running trains with the largest number of cars in the New York City Subway. 7 trains are eleven cars long; most other New York City Subway services run ten or eight-car trains. The trains are not the longest by total length, however. An IND/BMT train of ten 60-foot (18 m)-long cars or eight 75-foot (23 m)-long cars, which is 600 feet (180 m) long, is still 35 feet (11 m) longer than an IRT train of eleven 51.4-foot (15.7 m)-long cars, which is 565 feet (172 m) long.[4]
History
Origins
The earliest origins of the Flushing Line emerged on February 22, 1885, with the founding of the East River Tunnel Railroad. The railroad would construct the Steinway Tunnel under the East River, connecting the Long Island Rail Road in Queens with the New York Central Railroad in Manhattan.[12] However, the East River Tunnel Railroad Company went out of business. On July 22, 1887, Walter S. Gurnee and Malcolm W. Niven founded the New York and Long Island Railroad Company (NY&LIRR). They soon began planning for the tunnel.[13]
To run from West 42nd Street and Tenth Avenue to Van Alst Avenue after crossing under the East River, the builders planned for the remainder of the line to be constructed on private lands, and numerous alterations were made to the proposal.[13] In 1890, William Steinway advised the company to utilize electricity to power the tunnels, believing that the construction of the tunnel would increase the value of his properties in the vicinity.[13][14]
On June 3, 1892, construction of the tunnel commenced near the intersection of 50th Avenue and Vernon and Jackson Avenues.
The Flushing Line was extended one stop from Vernon–Jackson Avenues to Hunters Point Avenue on February 15, 1916.
Construction under the Dual Contracts
The
At Queensboro Plaza, the line met the BMT's
The line was opened from Queensboro Plaza to
BMT shuttles began to use the Flushing and Astoria Lines on April 8, 1923.
Western expansion
In July 1920, the New York State Public Service Commission announced it would extend the Flushing Line two stops west to Times Square, with an intermediate station under Bryant Park. The western end of the Bryant Park station would be 300 feet (91 m) east of Sixth Avenue, while the eastern end would be about 100 feet (30 m) west of Fifth Avenue.[43][44] The 42nd Street Association, a local civic group, regarded the station as very important.[43] In May 1921, it was expected that contracts for the extension would be advertised shortly.[45]
On November 9, 1921, the New York State Transit Commission opened up the contract for the extension for bidding. The extension would take a slightly different route than the one specified in the Dual Contracts. The original proposal had the line constructed under 42nd Street to a point just to the east of Broadway, which would have forced riders transferring to the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line to walk a long distance.[46]
The Times Square station would be designed at a lower level than the two existing stations at Times Square. It would have two upper mezzanines connected by passageways: a mezzanine east of Seventh Avenue extending to Broadway, and one west of Seventh Avenue. Escalators would connect these upper mezzanines with the lower mezzanine, and a provision would be made to permit the installation of an escalator to the east of Seventh Avenue. There would be two entrances at street level at each of the western corners of 41st Street and Broadway, and two entrances at the northeastern corner of 41st Street and Seventh Avenue.[46]
On November 22, 1921, the Powers-Kennedy Contracting Corporation was awarded a contract to construct the extension on a low bid of $3,867,138, below the estimated cost of over $4 million.[46] This low bid was the narrowest margin ever recorded for any large city contract, beating out the next highest bidder by 0.7 percent. While the contractor was provided four years to complete work, engineers expected to reduce the time needed to do so to as little as three years. Since work on the project had to be completed underneath the foundations of several large buildings, such as theatres, and the north end of the New York Public Library, the contractor had to provide a $1 million bond.[47]
The project was expected to reduce crowding on the 42nd Street Shuttle by enabling riders to use the Queensboro Subway to directly access Times Square. 24,000 of the estimated 100,000 daily shuttle riders transferred to and from the Queensboro Subway. The line was to extend as far as Eighth Avenue to connect with the proposed IND Eighth Avenue Line.[48][49]
Powers-Kennedy started excavating the line westward from Grand Central in May 1922. The Flushing Line extension was to run beneath the original line from Vanderbilt to Fifth Avenue,[50] running as little as 4 inches (100 mm) under the original line.[51] The tunnel also had to pass under a sewage line at Madison Avenue. The construction of the Fifth Avenue station required underpinning the New York Public Library Main Branch and extending the library's foundation downward.[51] The subway tunnel ran 35 feet (11 m) below ground level. During construction, workers took precautions to avoid interrupting the flow of traffic above ground and interfering with preexisting tunnels.[52] The contractors had completed the tunnels to Fifth Avenue by May 1923.[53] Local civic groups advocated for the Fifth Avenue station to be used as a temporary terminal while the permanent terminus at Times Square was being completed.[54][55] By the end of 1923, the Transit Commission had allocated $50,000 for the construction of a temporary crossover east of the Fifth Avenue station.[56]
The temporary terminal at Fifth Avenue was nearly complete by February 1926.[57][58] The station had two entrances on the south side of 42nd Street (one next to the library and the other next to the park). A third entrance was placed within the Stern Brothers building on the north side.[57][58] Stern's funded the construction of the entrance inside its building, which also included storefront windows.[59] These entrances connected with a mezzanine above the platform. The platform was to be 480 feet (150 m) long, though only a 300-foot (91 m) section would be used initially.[57][58]
The Fifth Avenue station opened on March 22, 1926, extending the IRT Flushing Line one stop to the west from the line's previous terminus at Grand Central.[60][61][62] In fall 1926, it was announced that the line would be completed by January 1, 1927.[63]
On February 8, 1927, the New York City Board of Transportation informed the New York State Transit Commission that work on the Times Square station was sufficiently completed to enable the start of train service beginning on February 19, 1927 with the completion of work to a point between Eighth Avenue and Seventh Avenue. Plans for the construction of an extension of the line to between Eighth Avenue and Ninth Avenue to provide a physical connection with the IND Eighth Avenue Line were underway.[64]
On March 1, 1927, the opening of the line was set for March 15, the third time an opening date was set for the line. Work had been postponed given the amount of work that remained to be completed. The opening of the line was about a year behind the April 29, 1926 date specified in the contract. The delay was the result of surprisingly difficult construction. The Board of Transportation had withheld retained percentages, as allowed in the contract, penalizing the contractor, and trying to incentivize it to speed up work. No retained percentages were provided to the contractor until February 1927.
Eastern expansion
The eastern extension to Flushing–Main Street opened on January 21, 1928.[67] At this time, Corona Yard opened, with the inspection shed and some yard tracks available for use.[68]: 9 The remaining tracks opened on April 16, 1928.[28]: 104
For the
Currently and historically, the IRT assigned the number 7 to its Flushing Line subway service, though this did not appear on any equipment until the introduction of the R12 rolling stock in 1948. The BMT assigned the number 9 to its service, used on maps but not signed on trains.[70]
Unrealized eastern expansion
The Main Street station was not intended to be the Flushing Line's terminus.
The Bayside extension was tentatively approved in June 1913, but only after the construction of the initial extension to Flushing.[71]: 61 Under the revised subway expansion plan put forth in December 1913, the Flushing Line would be extended past Main Street, along and/or parallel to the right-of-way of the nearby Port Washington Branch of the LIRR towards Bell Boulevard in Bayside. A spur line would branch off north along 149th Street towards College Point.[74]
In 1914, the PSC chairman and the commissioner committed to building the line toward Bayside. However, at the time, the LIRR and IRT were administered separately, and the IRT plan would require rebuilding a section of the Port Washington branch between the
Afterward, the PSC largely ignored the lease plan since it was still focused on building the first phase of the Dual Contracts. The Flushing Business Men's Association kept advocating for the Amity Street subway, causing a schism between them and the rest of the groups that supported the LIRR lease. Through the summer of 1915, the PSC and the LIRR negotiated the planned lease to $125,000 a first year, equivalent to $3,760,000 in 2023, with an eight percent increase each year; the negotiations then stalled in 1916.
The Whitestone Branch would have had to be rebuilt if it were leased to the subway, with railroad crossings removed and the single track doubled. The PSC located 14 places where crossings needed to be eliminated. However, by early 1917, there was barely enough money to build the subway to Flushing, let alone a link to Whitestone and Bayside.[71]: 68 A lease agreement was announced on October 16, 1917,[79] but the IRT withdrew from the agreement a month later, citing that it was inappropriate to enter such an agreement at that time.[71]: 68 Thereafter, the PSC instead turned its attention back to the Main Street subway extension.[71]: 71
Even after the Main Street station opened in 1928, efforts to extend the line past Flushing persisted. In 1928, the
Service curtailments and slight improvements
Second Avenue Line service, including the connection across the Queensboro Bridge, ended June 13, 1942,
On October 17, 1949, the joint BMT/IRT service arrangement ended. The Flushing Line became the responsibility of IRT. The Astoria Line had its platforms shaved back, and became BMT-only.[86] Because of this, routes through the then eight-track Queensboro Plaza station were consolidated and the northern half of the structure was later torn down. Evidence of where the torn-down platforms were, as well as the trackways that approached this area, can still be seen in the ironwork at the station.[citation needed]
During the joint service period, the elevated stations on the Astoria and Flushing Lines were only able to fit nine 51-foot-long BMT elevated or IRT cars, the rough equivalent of seven 67-foot-long BMT subway cars. After the BMT/IRT dual services ended in 1949, the New York City Board of Transportation announced that the Flushing Line platforms would be lengthened to 11 IRT car lengths, and the Astoria Line platforms extended to 9 BMT car lengths. The project, to start in 1950, would cost $3.85 million.[87]
Identification of Trains and Routing Automatically (IDENTRA) was implemented on the line in the 1957 and used until 1997, when a route selector
In 1953, with increased ridership on the line, a "super-express" service was instituted on the line.[94] The next year, the trains were lengthened to nine cars each. Subsequently, the trains were extended to ten cars on November 1, 1962.[95] With the 1964–1965 World's Fair in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in April 1964, trains were lengthened to eleven cars.[93][96] The Flushing Line received 430 new R33S and R36 cars for this enhanced service.[85]: 137
Rolling stock along the Flushing Line received "strip maps" in 1965, the first such installation in the system. The strip maps showed only the stations on the Flushing Line, as opposed to for the entire system, but the transfers available at each station were listed.[97]
Decline and rehabilitation
As with much of the rest of the subway system, the IRT Flushing Line was allowed to deteriorate throughout the 1970s to the late 1980s. Structural defects that required immediate attention at the time were labeled as "Code Red" defects or "Red Tag" areas, and were numerous on the Flushing Line. Some columns that supported elevated structures on the Flushing Line were so shaky that trains did not run when the wind speed exceeded 65 miles per hour (105 km/h). This was particularly widespread on the Flushing and the BMT Jamaica Lines.
On May 13, 1985, a 41⁄2-year-long, $70 million project to overhaul the IRT Flushing Line commenced.
The $70 million rehabilitation project on the Queens Boulevard concrete viaduct was completed six months early, and <7> express service was restored on August 21, 1989, without stopping at
On weekends between January 19 and March 11, 7 service was partially shutdown so that switches at the Fisk Interlocking could be replaced. The $5 million project was not done in conjunction with the work between 1985 and 1989 because the 23-year old switches were not due for replacement.[98]
In the mid-1990s, the MTA discovered that the Queens Boulevard viaduct structure was unstable, as rocks that were used to support the tracks as
In spring 2018, express service west of 74th Street was suspended temporarily so the MTA could fix the supports under the center track at 61st Street.[106]
Early 21st century upgrades
Automation of the line
In January 2012, the MTA selected
The MTA chose the Flushing Line for the next implementation of CBTC because it is also a self-contained line with no direct connections to other subway lines currently in use. Funding was allocated in the 2010–2014 capital budget for CBTC installation on the Flushing Line, with scheduled installation completion in 2016.
The first train of R188 cars began operating in passenger service on November 9, 2013.[110][111] Test runs of R188s in automated mode started in late 2014.[90] However, the CBTC retrofit date was later pushed back to 2017[112] or 2018[113] after a series of problems that workers encountered during installation, including problems with the R188s.[112][113] The project also went over budget, costing $405 million for a plan originally marked at $265.6 million.[112] The whole line was cutover to CBTC operation on November 26, 2018, with the completion of the segment from Hudson Yards to the north of Grand Central.[114]
Completely independent of the CBTC installation is the 7 Subway Extension (see below), which features both CBTC signals and fixed-block signaling. The extension will also increase line capacity.[90]
Extension westward
In the 1990s, the
The long blocks along the avenues make the walk as long as 20 minutes to the westernmost parts of the area. In addition, there is no convenient link from Grand Central Station or elsewhere on the east side of Manhattan, making the Far West Side a difficult commute for workers from parts of Manhattan, Queens, Westchester and Connecticut.[115]
An extension of the Flushing Line was then proposed as part of the
There is one new station at 34th Street and Eleventh Avenue to serve Hudson Yards. The MTA originally planned for
Station renovations
In early 2012, the
As part of the 2015–2019 Capital Program, the MTA would renovate the 52nd, 61st, 69th, 82nd, 103rd and 111th Streets stations, a project that has been delayed for several years. Conditions at these stations were among the worst of all stations in the subway system.[132] Work was supposed to begin in mid-2020 but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.[133] The MTA hired Judlau Contracting as the contractor for the project; in March 2023, Judlau leased space near the 82nd Street station for a construction office.[134][135] As of March 2023[update], the MTA planned to begin renovating the 61st, 82nd, and 111th Street stations in 2023; the 52nd and 69th Street stations in 2024; and the 103rd Street station in 2025.[136]
Station listing
Station service legend | |
---|---|
Stops all times | |
Stops all times except late nights | |
Stops late nights and weekends only | |
Stops weekdays during the day | |
Stops rush hours in the peak direction only | |
Time period details | |
Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act | |
↑ | Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act in the indicated direction only |
↓ | |
Elevator access to mezzanine only |
Neighborhood (approximate) |
Station | Tracks | Services | Opened | Transfers and notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Queens | ||||||
Begins as a three track line | ||||||
Flushing | Flushing–Main Street | all | | January 21, 1928[137] | originally Main Street | |
Willets Point | ↑[a] | Mets–Willets Point | all | | January 21, 1928[137] | Connection to LIRR at Mets–Willets Point formerly Willets Point–Shea Stadium originally Willets Point Boulevard |
Corona | connecting tracks to Corona Yard
| |||||
111th Street | local | 7 | October 13, 1925[35] | |||
103rd Street–Corona Plaza | local | 7 | April 21, 1917[30] | originally Alburtis Avenue | ||
Junction Boulevard | all | | April 21, 1917[30] | originally Junction Avenue | ||
Elmhurst | 90th Street–Elmhurst Avenue | local | 7 | April 21, 1917[30] | originally Elmhurst Avenue | |
Jackson Heights | 82nd Street–Jackson Heights | local | 7 | April 21, 1917[30] | originally 25th Street–Jackson Heights | |
74th Street–Broadway | local | 7 | April 21, 1917[30] | |||
Woodside | 69th Street | local | 7 | April 21, 1917[30] | originally Fisk Avenue Q47 bus to LaGuardia Airport (Marine Air Terminal only).
| |
61st Street–Woodside | all | | April 21, 1917[30] | originally Woodside Connection to LIRR at Woodside Q53 Select Bus Service Q70 Select Bus Service to LaGuardia Airport | ||
52nd Street | local | 7 | April 21, 1917[30] | originally Lincoln Avenue | ||
Sunnyside | 46th Street–Bliss Street | local | 7 | April 21, 1917[30] | originally Bliss Street | |
40th Street–Lowery Street | local | 7 | April 21, 1917[30] | originally Lowery Street | ||
33rd Street–Rawson Street | local | 7 | April 21, 1917[30] | originally Rawson Street | ||
Center Express track ends | ||||||
connecting tracks to BMT Astoria Line (no passenger service) | ||||||
Long Island City | Queensboro Plaza | all | | November 5, 1916[21] | N W (BMT Astoria Line) | |
Court Square | all | | November 5, 1916[21] | originally 45th Road–Court House Square G (IND Crosstown Line) E M (IND Queens Boulevard Line) | ||
Hunters Point Avenue | all | | February 15, 1916[18] | Connection to LIRR at Hunterspoint Avenue | ||
Vernon Boulevard–Jackson Avenue | all | | June 22, 1915[17] | originally Vernon-Jackson Avenues Connection to LIRR at Long Island City | ||
Manhattan | ||||||
Steinway Tunnel under the East River | ||||||
Midtown Manhattan | Grand Central–42nd Street | all | | June 22, 1915[17] | IRT 42nd Street Shuttle)
Connection to Metro-North Railroad at Grand Central Terminal Connection to Long Island Rail Road at Grand Central Madison | |
Fifth Avenue | all | | March 22, 1926[139] | ) | ||
Midtown Manhattan (Times Square) | Times Square–42nd Street | all | | March 14, 1927[140] | IRT 42nd Street Shuttle)
Port Authority Bus Terminal | |
Hudson Yards / Chelsea
|
34th Street–Hudson Yards[141] | all | | September 13, 2015[142] | built as part of the M34 Select Bus Service
|
Notes
References
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- ^ a b c "Queensboro Tunnel Officially Opened — Subway, Started Twenty-Three Years Ago, Links Grand Central and Long Island City — Speeches Made in Station — Belmont, Shonts, and Connolly Among Those Making Addresses — $10,000,000 Outlay" (PDF). New York Times. June 23, 1915. p. 22. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
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- ^ "Flushing Rejoices as Subway Opens – Service by B.M.T. and I.R.T. Begins as Soon as Official Train Makes First Run – Hope of 25 Years Realized – Pageant of Transportation Led by Indian and His Pony Marks the Celebration – Hedley Talks of Fare Rise – Transit Modes Depicted" (PDF). The New York Times. January 22, 1928. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
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We can blame the IRT. The No. 7 train was never meant to end at Main Street in Flushing.
- ]
- ^ "Flushing Line Risk Put on the City – Interborough Agrees to Equip and Operate Main St. Branch, but Won't Face a Loss – It May Be a Precedent – Company's Letter Thought to Outline Its Policy Toward Future Extensions of Existing Lines" (PDF). The New York Times. December 4, 1913. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
- Newspapers.com.
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The latter included an installation on the IRT Flushing (7) line of the US&S IDENTRA (Identification of Trains and Routing Automatically) system in which a passive coil on the lead car actuated wayside readers to set routes and station signs.
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- See also: "Flushing Extension of Corona Subway Ready to Open" (PDF). New York Times. January 8, 1928. p. 189. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
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External links
- IRT Flushing Line, nycsubway.org (text used with permission)
- BMT and IRT Joint Operation on the Flushing Line