ISO/IEC 8859-1
MIME / IANA | ISO-8859-1 |
---|---|
Alias(es) | iso-ir-100, csISOLatin1, latin1, l1, IBM819, CP819 |
Language(s) | English, various others |
Standard | ISO/IEC 8859 |
Classification | Extended ASCII, ISO/IEC 8859 |
Extends | US-ASCII |
Based on | DEC MCS |
Succeeded by |
|
Other related encoding(s) | BraSCII |
ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1987. ISO/IEC 8859-1 encodes what it refers to as "Latin alphabet no. 1", consisting of 191 characters from the Latin script. This character-encoding scheme is used throughout the Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, and much of Africa. It is the basis for some popular 8-bit character sets and the first two blocks of characters in Unicode.
ISO-8859-1 was (according to the standard, at least) the default encoding of documents delivered via
text/
. As of December 2023[update], 1.3% of all (and 14 of the top 1000[1]) web sites use ISO/IEC 8859-1.[2][3] It is the most declared single-byte character encoding, but as Web browsers and the HTML5 standard[4] interpret them as the superset Windows-1252Depending on the country or language, use (on websites at least) can be much higher than the global average, e.g. (including Windows-1252), for Brazil according to website use, use is at 3.8%,[5] and in Germany at 3.2%.[6][7]
ISO-8859-1 was the default encoding of the values of certain descriptive HTTP headers, and defined the repertoire of characters allowed in HTML 3.2 documents, and is specified by many other standards. It's rarely assumed to be the encoding of text in operating systems (while it was very common in the past), though if an 8-bit encoding is used then its superset encoding Windows-1252 is most likely to be used, on Microsoft Windows if there is no byte order mark (BOM);[8] this is only gradually being changed to UTF-8.
ISO-8859-1 is the
Coverage
Each character is encoded as a single eight-bit code value. These code values can be used in almost any data interchange system to communicate in the following languages (while it may exclude correct quotation marks such as for many languages including German and Icelandic):
Modern languages with complete coverage
- Notes
Languages with incomplete coverage
ISO-8859-1 was commonly used[citation needed] for certain languages, even though it lacks characters used by these languages. In most cases, only a few letters are missing or they are rarely used, and they can be replaced with characters that are in ISO-8859-1 using some form of typographic approximation. The following table lists such languages.
Language | Missing characters | Typical workaround | Supported by |
---|---|---|---|
Catalan | Ŀ , ŀ (deprecated) |
L·, l· | |
Danish | Ǿ , ǿ (the accent is optional and ǿ is very rare) |
Ø, ø or øe | |
Dutch | j́ in emphasized words like "blíj́f" |
digraphs IJ, ij or ÿ; blíjf | |
Estonian, Finnish | Š, š, Ž, ž (only present in loanwords) | Sh, sh, Zh, zh | ISO-8859-15, Windows-1252 |
French | Œ, œ, and the very rare Ÿ | digraphs OE, oe; Y or Ý | ISO-8859-15, Windows-1252 |
German | ẞ (capital ß, used only in all capitals) |
digraph SS or SZ | |
Hungarian | Ű , ű |
Ö, ö, Ü, ü Õ, õ, Û, û (the characters replaced in 8859-2) |
ISO-8859-2, Windows-1250 |
Irish (traditional orthography) | Ḃ, ḃ, Ċ, ċ, Ḋ, ḋ, Ḟ, ḟ, Ġ, ġ, Ṁ, ṁ, Ṗ, ṗ, Ṡ, ṡ, Ṫ, ṫ | Bh, bh, Ch, ch, Dh, dh, Fh, fh, Gh, gh, Mh, mh, Ph, ph, Sh, sh, Th, th | ISO-8859-14 |
Welsh | Ŷ, ŷ, Ÿ |
W, w, Y, y, Ý, ý | ISO-8859-14 |
The letter ÿ, which appears in French only very rarely, mainly in city names such as
Quotation marks
For some languages listed above, the correct typographical quotation marks are missing, as only « »
, " "
, and ' '
are included. Also, this scheme does not provide for oriented (6- or 9-shaped) single or double quotation marks. Some fonts will display the spacing grave accent (0x60) and the apostrophe (0x27) as a matching pair of oriented single quotation marks (see Quotation mark § Typewriters and early computers), but this is not considered part of the modern standard.
History
ISO 8859-1 was based on the
The original draft of ISO 8859-1 placed French Œ and œ at code points 215 (0xD7) and 247 (0xF7), as in the MCS. However, the delegate from France, being neither a linguist nor a typographer, falsely stated that these are not independent French letters on their own, but mere
In 1985, Commodore adopted ECMA-94 for its new AmigaOS operating system.[18] The Seikosha MP-1300AI impact dot-matrix printer, used with the Amiga 1000, included this encoding.[citation needed]
In 1990, the very first version of Unicode used the code points of ISO-8859-1 as the first 256 Unicode code points.
In 1992, the IANA registered the character map ISO_8859-1:1987, more commonly known by its preferred MIME name of ISO-8859-1 (note the extra hyphen over ISO 8859-1), a superset of ISO 8859-1, for use on the Internet. This map assigns the C0 and C1 control codes to the unassigned code values thus provides for 256 characters via every possible 8-bit value.
Code page layout
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
0x | ||||||||||||||||
1x | ||||||||||||||||
2x | SP
|
!
|
"
|
# | $
|
%
|
&
|
'
|
(
|
)
|
*
|
+
|
,
|
-
|
. | / |
3x | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | : | ;
|
< | =
|
> | ?
|
4x | @
|
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O |
5x | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | [
|
\ | ]
|
^
|
_ |
6x | `
|
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o |
7x | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | {
|
| | }
|
~
|
|
8x | ||||||||||||||||
9x | ||||||||||||||||
Ax | NBSP
|
¡
|
¢
|
£
|
¤
|
¥
|
¦
|
§
|
¨
|
©
|
ª
|
«
|
¬
|
SHY | ®
|
¯
|
Bx | °
|
±
|
²
|
³
|
´
|
µ
|
¶
|
·
|
¸
|
¹
|
º
|
»
|
¼ | ½
|
¾ | ¿
|
Cx | À | Á | Â | Ã | Ä | Å | Æ | Ç | È | É | Ê | Ë | Ì | Í | Î | Ï |
Dx | Ð
|
Ñ | Ò | Ó | Ô
|
Õ | Ö | ×
|
Ø | Ù
|
Ú | Û | Ü | Ý | Þ
|
ß |
Ex | à | á | â | ã | ä | å | æ | ç | è | é | ê | ë | ì | í | î | ï |
Fx | ð
|
ñ | ò | ó | ô
|
õ | ö | ÷
|
ø | ù
|
ú | û | ü | ý | þ
|
ÿ |
Undefined
Symbols and punctuation
Undefined in the first release of ECMA-94 (1985).[15] In the original draft Œ was at 0xD7 and œ was at 0xF7. |
Similar character sets
ISO/IEC 8859-15
ISO-IR-204, a more minor modification, had been registered in 1998, altering ISO-8859-1 by replacing the
Windows-1252
The popular Windows-1252 character set adds all the missing characters provided by ISO/IEC 8859-15, plus a number of typographic symbols, by replacing the rarely used C1 controls in the range 128 to 159 (hex 80 to 9F). It is very common to mislabel Windows-1252 text as being in ISO-8859-1. A common result was that all the quotes and apostrophes (produced by "smart quotes" in word-processing software) were replaced with question marks or boxes on non-Windows operating systems, making text difficult to read. Many Web browsers and e-mail clients will interpret ISO-8859-1 control codes as Windows-1252 characters, and that behavior was later standardized in HTML5.[20]
Mac Roman
The
Other
DOS has code page 850, which has all printable characters that ISO-8859-1 has, albeit in a totally different arrangement, plus the most widely used graphic characters from code page 437.
Between 1989
Several EBCDIC code pages were purposely designed to have the same set of characters as ISO-8859-1, to allow easy conversion between them.
See also
- Latin script in Unicode
- Unicode
- Universal Coded Character Set
- UTF-8
- Windows code pages
- ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2
References
- ^ "Usage Survey of Character Encodings broken down by Ranking". W3Techs. Archived from the original on 4 Apr 2024. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
- ^ "Historical trends in the usage statistics of character encodings for Web sites, December 2023". W3Techs. Archived from the original on 4 Apr 2024. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
- ^ Cowan, John; Soltano, Sam (August 2014). "Source of character encoding statistics?". W3Techs. Archived from the original on 4 Apr 2024.
- ^ "Encoding". WHATWG. 27 January 2015. sec. 5.2 Names and labels. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- ^ "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use Brazil". W3Techs. Archived from the original on 4 Apr 2024. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
- ^ "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use .de". W3Techs. Archived from the original on 4 Apr 2024. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
- ^ "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use German". W3Techs. Archived from the original on 4 Apr 2024. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
- ^ "c++ - What is the native narrow string encoding on Windows?". Stack Overflow. Jan 2011. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
- ^ "Code Page Identifiers". Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
- ^ "Code page 819 information document". Archived from the original on 2017-01-16.
- ^ "CCSID 819 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-27.
- ^ Code Page CPGID 00819 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
- ^ Code Page CPGID 00819 (txt), IBM
- ^ Baird, Cathy; Chiba, Dan; Chu, Winson; Fan, Jessica; Ho, Claire; Law, Simon; Lee, Geoff; Linsley, Peter; Matsuda, Keni; Oscroft, Tamzin; Takeda, Shige; Tanaka, Linus; Tozawa, Makoto; Trute, Barry; Tsujimoto, Mayumi; Wu, Ying; Yau, Michael; Yu, Tim; Wang, Chao; Wong, Simon; Zhang, Weiran; Zheng, Lei; Zhu, Yan; Moore, Valarie (2002) [1996]. "Appendix A: Locale Data". Oracle9i Database Globalization Support Guide (PDF) (Release 2 (9.2) ed.). Oracle Corporation. Oracle A96529-01. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-14. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
- ^ a b Standard ECMA-94: 8-bit Single-Byte Coded Graphic Character Set (PDF) (1 ed.). European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA). March 1985 [1984-12-14]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
[…] Since 1982 the urgency of the need for an 8-bit single-byte coded character set was recognized in ECMA as well as in ANSI/X3L2 and numerous working papers were exchanged between the two groups. In February 1984 ECMA TC1 submitted to ISO/TC97/SC2 a proposal for such a coded character set. At its meeting of April 1984 SC decided to submit to TC97 a proposal for a new item of work for this topic. Technical discussions during and after this meeting led TC1 to adopt the coding scheme proposed by X3L2. Part 1 of Draft International Standard DTS 8859 is based on this joint ANSI/ECMA proposal. […] Adopted as an ECMA Standard by the General Assembly of Dec. 13–14, 1984. […]
- ^ "Second edition of ECMA-94 (June 1986)" (PDF).
- ^ Jacques, André (1996). "ISO Latin-1, norme de codage des caractères européens? Trois caractères français en sont absents!" (PDF). Cahiers GUTenberg (25): 65–77.
- ^ Malyshev, Michael (2003-01-10). "Registration of new charset [Amiga-1251]". ATO-RU (Amiga Translation Organization - Russian Department). Archived from the original on 2016-12-05. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
- ISO-IR-204.
- ^ van Kesteren, Anne (27 January 2015). "5.2 Names and labels". Encoding Standard. WHATWG. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- ^ a b HP 82240B Infrared Printer (1 ed.). Corvallis, OR, USA: Hewlett-Packard. August 1989. HP reorder number 82240-90014. Retrieved 2016-08-01.
- ^ "Code Page 1053" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-21.
External links
- ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998
- ISO/IEC FDIS 8859-1:1998 — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets, Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1 (draft dated February 12, 1998, published April 15, 1998)
- Standard ECMA-94: 8-Bit Single Byte Coded Graphic Character Sets — Latin Alphabets No. 1 to No. 4 2nd edition (June 1986)
- ISO-IR 100 Right-Hand Part of Latin Alphabet No.1 (February 1, 1986)
- The Letter Database
- Czyborra, Roman (1998-12-01). "The ISO 8859 Alphabet Soup". Archived from the original on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-12-01. [1] [2]