Ibiza
This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2021) |
Ibiza Town (pop. 51,872) | |
---|---|
Government | Island Council of Ibiza |
President | Vicente Marí (PP) |
Demographics | |
Population | 159,180 (1 January 2023) |
Pop. density | 278.0/km2 (720/sq mi) |
Languages | Catalan, Spanish |
Official name | Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture |
Type | Mixed |
Criteria | ii, iii, iv, ix, x |
Designated | 1999 (23rd session) |
Reference no. | 417 |
Region | Southern Europe |
Ibiza (Spanish:
Ibiza is well known for its nightlife and electronic dance music club scene in the summer, which attract large numbers of tourists. The island's government and the Spanish Tourist Office have worked toward promoting more family-oriented tourism.[1][2]
Ibiza is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[3] Ibiza and the nearby island of Formentera to its south are called the Pine Islands, or "Pityuses".
Names
In British English, the name is usually pronounced in an approximation of the Peninsular Spanish variant (/ɪˈbiːθə/ ib-EE-thə).[4] In American English the pronunciation is closer to the Latin American Spanish variant (/ɪˈbiːzə/ ib-EE-zə,[5] /iːˈbiːsə/ ee-BEE-sə,[6][7][8] and so forth) and never pronounces the first syllable as a homophone of “eye”.
Phoenician colonists called the island Ibossim or Iboshim (cf. Hebrew אִי־בּוֹשֵׂם, "Fragrance Island), likely due the abundance of aromatic plants on the island. Other speculation is (Phoenician: 𐤀𐤉𐤁𐤔𐤌, ʾYBŠM,[9] "Dedicated to Bes").[10][11] It was later known to Romans as Ebusus.
Its name in Spanish is Ibiza (pronounced [iˈβiθa]). The Catalan name is Eivissa (locally [əjˈvisə]).
The Greeks called the two islands of Ibiza and Formentera the Pityoûssai (Πιτυοῦσσαι, probably meaning "Pine-Covered Islands").[12] The Catalan name Pitiüses and the Spanish name Pitiusas retain this Greek root.
In the 18th and 19th centuries the island was known to the British and especially to the Royal Navy as Ivica, possibly from an older Spanish orthography with ⟨ç⟩.[13]
History
In 654 BC, Phoenician settlers founded a port on Ibiza. With the decline of Phoenicia after the Assyrian invasions, Ibiza came under the control of Carthage, also a former Phoenician colony. The island produced dye, salt, fish sauce (garum) and wool.
A shrine with offerings to the goddess
During the Second Punic War, the island was assaulted by the two Scipio brothers (Publius and Gnaeus) in 217 BC but remained loyal to Carthage. With the Carthaginian military failing on the Iberian mainland, Ibiza was last used, 205 B.C, by the fleeing Carthaginian general Mago to gather supplies and men before sailing to Menorca and then to Liguria. Ibiza negotiated a favorable treaty (Foedus) with the Romans, which spared Ibiza from further destruction and allowed it to continue its Carthaginian-Punic institutions, traditions and even coinage well into the Empire days, when it became an official Roman municipality.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and a brief period of first
Ibiza, together with the islands of
The island was
World Heritage Site
Though primarily known for its party scene, large portions of the island are registered as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[17]
A notable example includes the Renaissance walls of the old town of Ibiza City, which were awarded UNESCO World Heritage Status in 1999. They are one of the world's few Renaissance walls that were not demolished, and part of the medieval wall is still visible. There are some Ibizan cultural sites, such as the remains of the first Phoenician settlement at Sa Caleta. Other sites are still under threat from the developers, such as Ses Feixes Wetlands, but this site has now been recognised as a threatened environment, and it is expected that steps will be taken to preserve this wetland. The oceanic plant Posidonia oceanica is also part of UNESCO's World Heritage.
Geography
-
Penjats Island is the southernmost islet of Ibiza
Ibiza is a rock island covering an area of 572.56 square kilometres (221.07 sq mi), almost one-sixth the size of
Ibiza is the larger of a group of the western Balearic archipelago called the Pityusic Islands (Pitiusas) or "Pine Islands" composed of itself and Formentera. The Balearic island chain includes over 50 islands, many of which are uninhabited. The highest point of the island is Sa Talaiassa, also known as Sa Talaia or Sa Talaia de Sant Josep at 475 metres (1,558 ft).
Administration
Ibiza is administratively part of the
Map | Municipality | Area in square km |
Population 1 Nov 2011 |
Population 1 Jan 2021 |
Population 1 Jan 2023[18] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sant Josep de sa Talaia (Spanish: San José) | 159.4 | 24,079 | 29,015 | 30,340 | |
Sant Antoni de Portmany (San Antonio Abad) | 126.8 | 21,915 | 27,582 | 28,551 | |
Sant Joan de Labritja (San Juan Bautista) | 121.7 | 5,351 | 6,610 | 6,809 | |
Santa Eulària des Riu (Santa Eulalia del Río) | 153.6 | 33,699 | 40,413 | 41,608 | |
Vila d'Eivissa (Ibiza)
|
11.1 | 48,550 | 50,566 | 51,872 | |
Totals | 572.6 | 133,594 | 154,186 | 159,180 |
At the
The island's self-government institution is the Ibiza Island Council (Consell Insular d'Eivissa). Prior to its split in 2007, Formentera was part of the council.[20]
Insular government
Elections are held every four years concurrently with local elections. From 1983 to 2007, councilors were indirectly elected from the results of the election to Parliament of the Balearic Islands for the constituencies of Ibiza and Formentera (then forming a single Island council, with Ibiza sending 12 councilors and Formentera a single one). Since 2007, however, separate direct elections are held to elect the Island Council of Ibiza, which has kept 13 as the number of seats (despite sending 12 to the Balearic Parliament).
Results of the elections to the former Island Council of Ibiza and Formentera
Island Councilors of the Island Council of Ibiza and Formentera between 1978 and 2007 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Election | Distribution | President | ||||
1979[21] |
|
Cosme Vidal Juan (ICIF–CD, CP) | ||||
1983 |
|
|||||
1987 |
|
Antoni Marí (PP) | ||||
1991 |
| |||||
1995 |
| |||||
1999 |
|
Pilar Costa (Pacte Progressista) | ||||
2003 |
|
Pere Palau (PP) | ||||
Split into the Island Councils of Ibiza and Formentera respectively, with the 2007 Amendment of the Statue of Autonomy coming into effect. |
Results of the elections to the Island Council of Ibiza
Island Councilors of the Island Council of Ibiza since 2007 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Election | Distribution | President | |||||
2007 |
|
Xico Tarrés (PSOE–ExC) | |||||
2011 |
|
Vicent Serra (PP) | |||||
2015 |
|
Vicente Torres (PSIB–PSOE) | |||||
2019 |
|
Vicente Marí (PP) | |||||
2023 |
|
Climate
Ibiza has a
Climate data for Eivissa Airport 6 metres (20 feet) (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 24.7 (76.5) |
23.5 (74.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
27.8 (82.0) |
31.0 (87.8) |
36.5 (97.7) |
36.6 (97.9) |
36.6 (97.9) |
38.4 (101.1) |
32.0 (89.6) |
28.4 (83.1) |
23.8 (74.8) |
38.4 (101.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.7 (60.3) |
15.9 (60.6) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.7 (67.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
26.8 (80.2) |
29.7 (85.5) |
30.3 (86.5) |
27.7 (81.9) |
24.0 (75.2) |
19.6 (67.3) |
16.7 (62.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.9 (53.4) |
12.1 (53.8) |
13.7 (56.7) |
15.6 (60.1) |
18.6 (65.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.6 (78.1) |
26.3 (79.3) |
23.8 (74.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
15.9 (60.6) |
13.1 (55.6) |
18.3 (64.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.1 (46.6) |
8.3 (46.9) |
9.6 (49.3) |
11.4 (52.5) |
14.6 (58.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
22.2 (72.0) |
19.9 (67.8) |
16.5 (61.7) |
12.3 (54.1) |
9.5 (49.1) |
14.3 (57.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −1.2 (29.8) |
0.2 (32.4) |
1.0 (33.8) |
3.4 (38.1) |
7.6 (45.7) |
10.0 (50.0) |
15.9 (60.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
12.1 (53.8) |
8.5 (47.3) |
2.4 (36.3) |
1.1 (34.0) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 37 (1.5) |
36 (1.4) |
27 (1.1) |
31 (1.2) |
27 (1.1) |
11 (0.4) |
5 (0.2) |
18 (0.7) |
57 (2.2) |
58 (2.3) |
53 (2.1) |
52 (2.0) |
413 (16.3) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 5 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 45 |
Average snowy days | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 162 | 166 | 211 | 246 | 272 | 299 | 334 | 305 | 236 | 205 | 157 | 151 | 2,744 |
Percent possible sunshine | 52 | 54 | 57 | 63 | 63 | 67 | 72 | 70 | 66 | 60 | 52 | 54 | 61 |
Source 1: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[23]
| |||||||||||||
Source 2: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología,[24]
|
Climate data for Ibiza | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average sea temperature °C (°F) | 14.7 (58.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
14.5 (58.0) |
16.3 (61.4) |
19.1 (66.3) |
22.5 (72.6) |
25.1 (77.1) |
26.2 (79.1) |
25.2 (77.4) |
22.7 (72.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
16.6 (61.8) |
19.7 (67.5) |
Mean daily daylight hours | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 14.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 12.2 |
Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 5.4 |
Source #1: seatemperature.org[25] | |||||||||||||
Source #2: Weather Atlas[26] |
People
Demographically, Ibiza displays a very peculiar configuration, as census agencies diverge on exact figures. According to the 2001 national census, Ibiza had 88,076 inhabitants (against 76,000 in 1991, 64,000 in 1981, 45,000 in 1971, and 38,000 in 1961). However, by the 2011 national census, this had grown to 133,594, and at the Census of 2021 had reached 154,186. This rapid growth stems from the amnesty which incorporated a number of unregistered foreign migrants. In terms of origin, about 55 percent of island residents were born in Ibiza; 35 percent are domestic migrants from mainland Spain (mostly working-class families from Andalusia, and the remainder from Catalonia, Valencia and Castile); and the remaining 10 to 15 per cent are foreign, dual and multi-national citizens of the EU and abroad (Govern de les Illes Balears – IBAE 1996). In decreasing order, the most commonly visiting foreigners are German, British, Latin American, French, Italian and Dutch.
The Spanish composer and music theorist Miguel Roig-Francolí was born in Ibiza,[27] as was the politician and Spain's former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Abel Matutes.[28] Notable former residents of Ibiza include: Spandau Ballet's Steve Norman, English punk musician Sid Vicious,[29] comic actor Terry-Thomas,[30] Hungarian master forger Elmyr de Hory,[31] American authors Cormac McCarthy and Clifford Irving.[32]
Language
Tourism
Nightlife
Ibiza is considered to be a popular tourist destination, especially due to its well-known and at times riotous
During the 1970s, a decade that saw the emergence of the contemporary nightclub, several venues opened and made a lasting impact on Ibiza's nightlife.[citation needed] Three of these original clubs are still in operation today: Pacha, Amnesia and Es Paradís.[clarification needed] These four clubs mainly defined nightlife on the White Island, which has evolved and developed from several distinctive elements: open-air parties (Es Paradis, Privilege, Amnesia), held in isolated places, eventually old fincas (Pacha, Amnesia), that mixed in nudity and costume party (Es Paradis, Privilege, Pacha) and enabled people from various backgrounds to blend (all). The hippie ethos served as a common factor that infused all these venues and catalyzed the experience of a certain kind of freedom, accentuated by the holiday nature of most of the stays on the White Island.[citation needed]
During the 1980s, the music played in these clubs gained in reputation and became known as Balearic beat, a precursor of the British acid house scene. As rave parties blossomed all over Europe, a DJ-driven club culture took hold of Ibizenca nightlife. It was at that time that Space opened, thanks to Pepe Rosello, which found a niche in the after-hour parties.[37] The club would close at 18:00 and open again at 07:00, when all the other clubs were still closed, enabling party-goers to flock from the other clubs to Space and continue dancing in broad daylight.[37]
At the end of the 1990s, the after-hour parties took firm root on the island. In 1999, the Circoloco parties made their debut at DC10, with some of the original elements of Ibiza nightlife at the forefront.[citation needed]
In recent years, during the summer, top producers and
Since 2005, the live music event
The season now traditionally begins at the end of April, where Opening Parties take place at Ibiza's clubs over the course of a three-week period. Opening Parties normally coincide with the culmination of the International Music Summit, a three-day conference which has taken place on the island every year since 2008. The first clubs that host opening parties are normally Ushuaïa, Hï, Amnesia, and Pacha.[40] The very first parties take place at the end of April, starting with the Hï and Ushuaïa Opening Parties, and the last parties occur around mid-October, usually being the Amnesia and Pacha Closing Parties. [41]
Other
The island's government is in the process of making policy changes[when?] to encourage a more family-friendly and quieter tourism scene. These include rules such as the closing of all nightclubs by 06:00 at the latest and requiring all new hotels to be 5-star.[42] The administration wants to attract a more international mixture of tourists.[43][clarification needed][needs update]
The island's tourism is not always characterized by its nightlife. Visitors can take a hot-air balloon ride, surf, visit the Cave Can Mark, or go to Cap Blanc's Aquarium.[44]
Development
Since the early days of mass tourism on the island, there have been a large number of development projects ranging from successful ventures, such as the super clubs at Space and Privilege, to failed development projects, such as Josep Lluís Sert's abandoned hotel complex at Cala D'en Serra,[45] the half-completed and now demolished "Idea" nightclub in Sant Antoni,[46]
and the ruins of a huge restaurant/nightclub in the hills near Sant Josep called "Festival Club" that only operated for three summer seasons in the early 1970s.[47] The transient nature of club-oriented tourism is most obvious in these ruins scattered all over the island. Local artist Irene de Andrès has tackled the difficult issue of the impact of mass tourism on the island local landscapes, both natural and cultural, in an ongoing project called "Donde nada ocurre" (Where nothing happens).[48] In 2013, Ibiza property prices generally remained above market value, and many of the development projects on the island have now been completed or continue, as well as some new projects announced at the end of 2012. Since 2009, Ibiza has received an increase in the number of tourists every year, with nearly 6 million people travelling through Ibiza Airport in 2012. The summer season has become concentrated between June and September, focusing on the "clubbing calendar"[49] which is currently booming. In recent years, the luxury market has dramatically improved, with new restaurants, clubs, and improvements to the marina in Ibiza Town.[50]
Ibiza's increased popularity has led to problems with potable water shortages and overrun infrastructure.[51] This has led to the imposition of a "Sustainable Tourism Tax" which went into effect on 1 July 2016.[52] Minister of Tourism Vincente Torres stated in an interview in 2016 that the government has instituted a moratorium on building in certain areas. He said that with almost 100,000 legal tourist beds and about 132,000 inhabitants on the island's 572 square kilometres (221 sq mi) not much more tourism can be supported.[52]
Transport
Ibiza has its own airport, which has many international flights during the summer tourist season, especially from the European Union and the United Kingdom.
There are also
Several public buses also travel between Sant Antoni and Ibiza Town, every 15 minutes in summer and every half-hour in winter. In addition, there are buses from Sant Antoni to Cala Bassa, Cala Conta and Cala Tarida, and to the airport. From Ibiza there are buses to the Platja d'en Bossa, Ses Salines, the airport and Santa Eulària.[54]
In popular culture
A number of novels and other books have been written using Ibiza as the setting, including "The White Island" by Stephen Armstrong,
The third track on
In Monty Python's Flying Circus, the opening sketch of Episode 33 features the pilot Biggles. His secretary teasingly calls him "Señor Biggles", and Biggles protests, saying, "I've never even been to Spain." The secretary responds, " You went to Ibiza last year." Biggles counters, "That's still not grounds for calling me señor, or Don Beeg-les for that matter."[63]
Vengaboys' 1999 single "We're Going to Ibiza" reached number one on the singles chart in United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The song saw a resurgence in Austria in 2019 due to the Ibiza affair.
The island is shown as the home of notorious art forger, Elmyr de Hory, in the 1973 docudrama F for Fake by Orson Welles.
The fourth track off of The Prodigy’s sixth studio album The Day Is My Enemy is titled Ibiza. The song has fast rapping and electronic beats. The rapping is performed by the band’s frontman Keith Flint (died 2019).
In popular music, American singer-songwriter
Gallery
-
Las Puertas de Can Soleil
-
Cala d'en Serra
-
Platges de Comte
-
Cova de Can Marçà
-
Time and Space sculpture
-
Pukka Up boat party
-
Ushuaïa Ibiza
-
Ibiza Rocks day club
Explanatory notes
- Latin: Iam cui Tlepolemus sator, et cui Lindus origo, Funda bella ferens Balearis et alite plumbo.)[14]
References
Citations
- ^ Ibiza renews its party spirit Archived 3 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Luke Bainbridge, 27 June 2010 (The Guardian)
- ^ Inside the police crackdown on Ibizas endless party culture Archived 16 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine Michelle Lhooqe, 13 November 2015 (Vice TV website)
- ^ "Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture". UNESCO. United Nations. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
- ^ "Ibiza". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Random House dictionary
- ^ American Heritage Dictionary
- ^ Jones, Daniel; Peter Roach; et al. (2003). English Pronouncing Dictionary (16th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Wells, John C. (2000). Longman Pronunuciation Dictionary (2nd ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
- ^ Head & al. (1911), p. 3.
- ^ "Ibiza Literature, Literature in Ibiza". Liveibiza.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ISBN 978-90-6193-105-8.
- ^ Antoni Ordinas Garau, Jaume Binimelis Sebastián: Singularidades toponímicas de las islas Pitiusas Archived 1 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine(In Spanish)
- ^ "Ivica". Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, Or, Universal Dictionary of Knowledge. Vol. 21. London. 1845. p. 167.
- ^ Strab. xiv. p. 654; Plin. l. c. Sil. Ital. iii. 364, 365.
- from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^ Abulafia, David. The rise of Aragon-Catalonia. na, 1999. pp. 5
- ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture". Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid.
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid, 2024.
- ^ Vila, Ester (29 June 2018). "39 años de democracia con el Consell d'Eivissa". Diario de Ibiza. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- .
- ^ Ltd, Copyright Global Sea Temperatures - A-Connect. "Ibiza Water Temperature - Spain - Sea Temperatures". World Sea Temperatures. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "Valores climatológicos normales. Ibiza, Aeropuerto". March 2016. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ "Valores extremos. Ibiza, Aeropuerto". March 2016. Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ "Ibiza Sea Temperature". seatemperature.org. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
- ^ "Ibiza, Spain - Climate data". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
- ^ Enciclopèdia d'Eivissa i Formentera. "Roig-Francoli Costa, Miguel Angel" Archived 28 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Who's Who at NATO. "Abel Matutes" Archived 26 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Sid Vicious - Life History Part 1". www.punk77.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
- ^ Bounder! The Biography of Terry-Thomas Archived 25 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine by Graham McCann, serialised in The Times
- ^ Clark, Thomas G. (18 May 2011). "Sant Agustí". Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
- ^ "Ibiza Literature, Literature in Ibiza". Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
- ^ "Le guide touristique IBIZA du Petit Futé : Population et langues (français)". 13 August 2017. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
- ^ Levy, Dantelle (15 June 2022). "Crash Course: The History Of Ibiza, The Party Capital Of The World". Edm Maniac. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
- ^ Levine, Maya Kachroo (26 May 2021). "How Ibiza Became the Most Sought-after Party Capital in the World". Travel and Leisure. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
- ^ "Bares y cafés de la Marina". Diario de Ibiza. 23 December 2016. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
- ^ a b "Space Ibiza's Odyssey History". Space Ibiza. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
- ^ Cooke, Emma. "How Ibiza's party really started". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- ^ "About Ibiza Rocks". Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
- ^ "Ibiza Opening Parties". Tickets Ibiza. 2024. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
- ^ "Ibiza 2023 closing party guide". Ibiza Spotlight. 2023. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
- ^ Robbins, Tom (18 November 2007). "Is the party over in Ibiza?". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- ^ "Is Ibiza changing??". Bbs.clubplanet.com. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "Las Islas Baleares, un destino familiar ideal". Vipealo. 4 December 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ^ Clark, Thomas G. (7 July 2011). "Josep Lluís Sert's abandoned hotel at Cala D'en Serra". Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
- ^ Clark, Thomas G. (29 May 2011). "An abandoned Idea". Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
- ^ "Ibiza Party". TravelnTourism. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
- ^ "Irene de Andrès website". 24 December 2016. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
- ^ "Vakantie Ibiza 2017 " De beste tips voor op vakantie!". Europa Vakanties (in Dutch). 4 January 2015. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
- ^ "Ibiza – a hedonist's paradise whatever your poison". Ibiza Traveller. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
- ^ Berry, Katherine (2015). "Ibiza's Water Shortage". Ibicasa Magazine. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021.
- ^ a b Shortlidge, Chadler (17 July 2016). "Ibiza "Cannot Support Much More Increase in Tourism" Says Govt". Pulse. Archived from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
- ^ "Ibiza ferry, compare prices, times and book tickets". www.directferries.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ "Ibiza Bus Routes and Bus guide & information". www.resortsinspain.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ISBN 0-312-86273-3.
- ISBN 1-56163-377-1.
- ISBN 0-9652778-4-4.
- ISBN 1-57441-042-3.
- ^ Canning, Victor (1967). The Python Project. London, UK: Heinemann. p. 284.
- ^ Boyd, Maya (2017). Ibiza Bohemia. New York, US: Assouline. p. 300.
- ^ "Machine Gun Ibiza". Genius. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ Matless, David (2015). In the Nature of Landscape Cultural Geography on the Norfolk Broads. Wiley.
- ^ "Monty Python's Flying Circus - Just the words". www.ibras.dk. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ "Mike Posner Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- ^ "Tourism chiefs invite singer of hit drugs song to see other side of Ibiza". the Guardian. 6 April 2016. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
General and cited references
- Head, Barclay; et al. (1911). "Hispania". Historia Numorum (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1–5..