Ibiza

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Ibiza
Ibiza Town (pop. 51,872)
GovernmentIsland Council of Ibiza
PresidentVicente Marí (PP)
Demographics
Population159,180 (1 January 2023)
Pop. density278.0/km2 (720/sq mi)
LanguagesCatalan, Spanish
Map
Official nameIbiza, Biodiversity and Culture
TypeMixed
Criteriaii, iii, iv, ix, x
Designated1999 (23rd session)
Reference no.417
RegionSouthern Europe
Ibiza Insular Council Emblem

Ibiza (Spanish:

above sea level
.

Ibiza is well known for its nightlife and electronic dance music club scene in the summer, which attract large numbers of tourists. The island's government and the Spanish Tourist Office have worked toward promoting more family-oriented tourism.[1][2]

Ibiza is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[3] Ibiza and the nearby island of Formentera to its south are called the Pine Islands, or "Pityuses".

Names

In British English, the name is usually pronounced in an approximation of the Peninsular Spanish variant (/ɪˈbθə/ ib-EE-thə).[4] In American English the pronunciation is closer to the Latin American Spanish variant (/ɪˈbzə/ ib-EE-zə,[5] /ˈbsə/ ee-BEE-sə,[6][7][8] and so forth) and never pronounces the first syllable as a homophone of “eye”.

Phoenician colonists called the island Ibossim or Iboshim (cf. Hebrew אִי־בּוֹשֵׂם, "Fragrance Island), likely due the abundance of aromatic plants on the island. Other speculation is (Phoenician: 𐤀𐤉𐤁𐤔𐤌, ʾYBŠM,[9] "Dedicated to Bes").[10][11] It was later known to Romans as Ebusus.

Its name in Spanish is Ibiza (pronounced [iˈβiθa]). The Catalan name is Eivissa (locally [əjˈvisə]).

The Greeks called the two islands of Ibiza and Formentera the Pityoûssai (Πιτυοῦσσαι, probably meaning "Pine-Covered Islands").[12] The Catalan name Pitiüses and the Spanish name Pitiusas retain this Greek root.

In the 18th and 19th centuries the island was known to the British and especially to the Royal Navy as Ivica, possibly from an older Spanish orthography with ç.[13]

History

Ancient Greek aryballoi found in the necropolis of Puig des Molins. Museu de Puig des Molins, Ibiza

In 654 BC, Phoenician settlers founded a port on Ibiza. With the decline of Phoenicia after the Assyrian invasions, Ibiza came under the control of Carthage, also a former Phoenician colony. The island produced dye, salt, fish sauce (garum) and wool.

A shrine with offerings to the goddess

Majorca, such as Na Guardis, and "Na Galera" where numerous Balearic mercenaries hired on, no doubt as slingers,[a]
to fight for Carthage.

During the Second Punic War, the island was assaulted by the two Scipio brothers (Publius and Gnaeus) in 217 BC but remained loyal to Carthage. With the Carthaginian military failing on the Iberian mainland, Ibiza was last used, 205 B.C, by the fleeing Carthaginian general Mago to gather supplies and men before sailing to Menorca and then to Liguria. Ibiza negotiated a favorable treaty (Foedus) with the Romans, which spared Ibiza from further destruction and allowed it to continue its Carthaginian-Punic institutions, traditions and even coinage well into the Empire days, when it became an official Roman municipality.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and a brief period of first

Byzantine rule, the island was conquered by the Muslims in 902, the few remaining locals converted to Islam and Berber settlers came in. Under Islamic rule, Ibiza (Yabisah) came in close contact with the city of Dénia—the closest port in the nearby Iberian peninsula, located in the Valencian Community—and the two areas were administered jointly by the Taifa of Dénia
for some time (11th century).

View of the Old Town in 1960

Ibiza, together with the islands of

Sigurd I of Norway in the spring of 1110 on his crusade to Jerusalem. The king had previously conquered the cities of Sintra, Lisbon and Alcácer do Sal and given them over to Christian rulers, in an effort to weaken the Muslim grip on the Iberian peninsula. King Sigurd continued to Sicily where he visited King Roger II of Sicily.[15]

The island was

.

World Heritage Site

Though primarily known for its party scene, large portions of the island are registered as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[17]

A notable example includes the Renaissance walls of the old town of Ibiza City, which were awarded UNESCO World Heritage Status in 1999. They are one of the world's few Renaissance walls that were not demolished, and part of the medieval wall is still visible. There are some Ibizan cultural sites, such as the remains of the first Phoenician settlement at Sa Caleta. Other sites are still under threat from the developers, such as Ses Feixes Wetlands, but this site has now been recognised as a threatened environment, and it is expected that steps will be taken to preserve this wetland. The oceanic plant Posidonia oceanica is also part of UNESCO's World Heritage.

Geography

Enlargeable, detailed map of Eivissa and Formentera

Ibiza is a rock island covering an area of 572.56 square kilometres (221.07 sq mi), almost one-sixth the size of

Greek Isles, or 10 times larger than Manhattan
in New York City.

Ibiza is the larger of a group of the western Balearic archipelago called the Pityusic Islands (Pitiusas) or "Pine Islands" composed of itself and Formentera. The Balearic island chain includes over 50 islands, many of which are uninhabited. The highest point of the island is Sa Talaiassa, also known as Sa Talaia or Sa Talaia de Sant Josep at 475 metres (1,558 ft).

Administration

Ibiza is administratively part of the

Majorca. Ibiza comprises five of the region's 67 municipalities
:

Map Municipality Area in
square km
Population
1 Nov 2011
Population
1 Jan 2021
Population
1 Jan 2023[18]
Sant Josep de sa Talaia (Spanish: San José) 159.4 24,079 29,015 30,340
Sant Antoni de Portmany (San Antonio Abad) 126.8 21,915 27,582 28,551
Sant Joan de Labritja (San Juan Bautista) 121.7 5,351 6,610 6,809
Santa Eulària des Riu (Santa Eulalia del Río) 153.6 33,699 40,413 41,608
Vila d'Eivissa
(Ibiza)
11.1 48,550 50,566 51,872
Totals 572.6 133,594 154,186 159,180

At the

2001 census these municipalities had a total population of 88,076 inhabitants, which had risen to an officially estimated total of 159,180 at the start of 2023,[19]
and have a land area of 572.56 km2 (221.07 sq mi).

The island's self-government institution is the Ibiza Island Council (Consell Insular d'Eivissa). Prior to its split in 2007, Formentera was part of the council.[20]

Insular government

Elections are held every four years concurrently with local elections. From 1983 to 2007, councilors were indirectly elected from the results of the election to Parliament of the Balearic Islands for the constituencies of Ibiza and Formentera (then forming a single Island council, with Ibiza sending 12 councilors and Formentera a single one). Since 2007, however, separate direct elections are held to elect the Island Council of Ibiza, which has kept 13 as the number of seats (despite sending 12 to the Balearic Parliament).

Results of the elections to the former Island Council of Ibiza and Formentera


Island Councilors of the Island Council of Ibiza and Formentera between 1978 and 2007
Key to parties
  EVIB
  COP
  Pacte
  FIEF
  CDS
  PDL
  UCD
  AIPF
  PP
  ICIFCD
  CP
  APPL
Election Distribution President
1979[21]
2 4 6
Cosme Vidal Juan (ICIF–CD, CP)
1983
5 1 6
1987
5 1 7
Antoni Marí (PP)
1991
5 1 7
1995
1 4 1 7
1999
1 6 6
Pilar Costa (Pacte Progressista)
2003
5 1 7
Pere Palau (PP)
Split into the Island Councils of Ibiza and Formentera respectively, with the 2007 Amendment of the Statue of Autonomy coming into effect.

Results of the elections to the Island Council of Ibiza


Island Councilors of the Island Council of Ibiza since 2007
Key to parties
  PSOEExC
  PSOEPxE
  Cs
  PP
  Vox
Election Distribution President
2007
7 6
Xico Tarrés (PSOEExC)
2011
5 8
Vicent Serra (PP)
2015
3 4 6
Vicente Torres (PSIB–PSOE)
2019
2 4 1 6
Vicente Marí (PP)
2023
1 3 8 1

Climate

Ibiza has a

Atlantic City, yet it is much warmer for its location in the Mediterranean Basin. The climate of Ibiza is typically warm, sunny and dry, with low variation between highs and lows. The sunshine hours of Ibiza are 2700-2800 per year, while the yearly rain amount goes from 400 to 450 millimetres (16 to 18 in). The average high temperature is 22.2 °C (72 °F), while the average low is 14.3 °C (58 °F). Winters are slightly rainy and mild, from November to April normally the whole island turns green for the seasonal rains. Summers are hot and fairly humid, but with very little rainfall. The few rainy days are often accompanied by thunderstorms. During the coldest month, January, the average high temperature is 15.7 °C (60 °F), while the average low is 8.1 °C (47 °F). In the warmest month, August, the average high temperature is 30.3 °C (87 °F), while the low is 22.2 °C (72 °F). Extreme temperatures are rare for the influence of the sea. The average temperature of the sea in Ibiza is 19.7 °C (67 °F)[22]
and beach weather usually lasts 7 months, from May to November. The highest temperature ever recorded on Ibiza Airport is 40.7 °C (105 °F) on 13 August 2022.

Climate data for Eivissa Airport 6 metres (20 feet) (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.7
(76.5)
23.5
(74.3)
26.5
(79.7)
27.8
(82.0)
31.0
(87.8)
36.5
(97.7)
36.6
(97.9)
36.6
(97.9)
38.4
(101.1)
32.0
(89.6)
28.4
(83.1)
23.8
(74.8)
38.4
(101.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.7
(60.3)
15.9
(60.6)
17.7
(63.9)
19.7
(67.5)
22.7
(72.9)
26.8
(80.2)
29.7
(85.5)
30.3
(86.5)
27.7
(81.9)
24.0
(75.2)
19.6
(67.3)
16.7
(62.1)
22.2
(72.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.9
(53.4)
12.1
(53.8)
13.7
(56.7)
15.6
(60.1)
18.6
(65.5)
22.6
(72.7)
25.6
(78.1)
26.3
(79.3)
23.8
(74.8)
20.2
(68.4)
15.9
(60.6)
13.1
(55.6)
18.3
(64.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.1
(46.6)
8.3
(46.9)
9.6
(49.3)
11.4
(52.5)
14.6
(58.3)
18.4
(65.1)
21.4
(70.5)
22.2
(72.0)
19.9
(67.8)
16.5
(61.7)
12.3
(54.1)
9.5
(49.1)
14.3
(57.7)
Record low °C (°F) −1.2
(29.8)
0.2
(32.4)
1.0
(33.8)
3.4
(38.1)
7.6
(45.7)
10.0
(50.0)
15.9
(60.6)
16.5
(61.7)
12.1
(53.8)
8.5
(47.3)
2.4
(36.3)
1.1
(34.0)
−1.2
(29.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 37
(1.5)
36
(1.4)
27
(1.1)
31
(1.2)
27
(1.1)
11
(0.4)
5
(0.2)
18
(0.7)
57
(2.2)
58
(2.3)
53
(2.1)
52
(2.0)
413
(16.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 5 5 3 4 3 1 1 2 4 6 6 5 45
Average snowy days 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 162 166 211 246 272 299 334 305 236 205 157 151 2,744
Percent possible sunshine 52 54 57 63 63 67 72 70 66 60 52 54 61
Source 1:
Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[23]
Source 2:
Agencia Estatal de Meteorología,[24]
Climate data for Ibiza
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 14.7
(58.5)
14.3
(57.7)
14.5
(58.0)
16.3
(61.4)
19.1
(66.3)
22.5
(72.6)
25.1
(77.1)
26.2
(79.1)
25.2
(77.4)
22.7
(72.9)
19.6
(67.3)
16.6
(61.8)
19.7
(67.5)
Mean daily daylight hours 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 12.2
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 5 6 8 9 9 8 6 4 3 2 5.4
Source #1: seatemperature.org[25]
Source #2: Weather Atlas[26]

People

Demographically, Ibiza displays a very peculiar configuration, as census agencies diverge on exact figures. According to the 2001 national census, Ibiza had 88,076 inhabitants (against 76,000 in 1991, 64,000 in 1981, 45,000 in 1971, and 38,000 in 1961). However, by the 2011 national census, this had grown to 133,594, and at the Census of 2021 had reached 154,186. This rapid growth stems from the amnesty which incorporated a number of unregistered foreign migrants. In terms of origin, about 55 percent of island residents were born in Ibiza; 35 percent are domestic migrants from mainland Spain (mostly working-class families from Andalusia, and the remainder from Catalonia, Valencia and Castile); and the remaining 10 to 15 per cent are foreign, dual and multi-national citizens of the EU and abroad (Govern de les Illes Balears – IBAE 1996). In decreasing order, the most commonly visiting foreigners are German, British, Latin American, French, Italian and Dutch.

The Spanish composer and music theorist Miguel Roig-Francolí was born in Ibiza,[27] as was the politician and Spain's former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Abel Matutes.[28] Notable former residents of Ibiza include: Spandau Ballet's Steve Norman, English punk musician Sid Vicious,[29] comic actor Terry-Thomas,[30] Hungarian master forger Elmyr de Hory,[31] American authors Cormac McCarthy and Clifford Irving.[32]

Language

immigrants living in or maintaining residences on the island, other languages, like English, French, German and Italian, are widely spoken.[33]

Tourism

Nightlife

Sant Antoni, West End
Sunset at Café del Mar, Sant Antoni de Portmany
The nightclubs of Ibiza are internationally renowned
O Beach Ibiza is popular day club for pool parties

Ibiza is considered to be a popular tourist destination, especially due to its well-known and at times riotous

Ibiza Town, the island's capital on the southern shore and Sant Antoni to the west. Ibiza has garnered the reputation as the "Party Capital of the world".[34][35]

recreational drugs. These would most often happen on beaches during the day, with nude bathing a common sight, and in rented country estates in the evenings or at nights. Apart from this confidential scene, which nevertheless attracted many foreigners to the island, local venues during the 1960s consisted mostly of bars, which would be the meeting points for Ibicencos, ex-pats, seafarers and tourists. The Estrella bar on the port and La Tierra in the old city of Eivissa were favourites.[36]

During the 1970s, a decade that saw the emergence of the contemporary nightclub, several venues opened and made a lasting impact on Ibiza's nightlife.[citation needed] Three of these original clubs are still in operation today: Pacha, Amnesia and Es Paradís.[clarification needed] These four clubs mainly defined nightlife on the White Island, which has evolved and developed from several distinctive elements: open-air parties (Es Paradis, Privilege, Amnesia), held in isolated places, eventually old fincas (Pacha, Amnesia), that mixed in nudity and costume party (Es Paradis, Privilege, Pacha) and enabled people from various backgrounds to blend (all). The hippie ethos served as a common factor that infused all these venues and catalyzed the experience of a certain kind of freedom, accentuated by the holiday nature of most of the stays on the White Island.[citation needed]

During the 1980s, the music played in these clubs gained in reputation and became known as Balearic beat, a precursor of the British acid house scene. As rave parties blossomed all over Europe, a DJ-driven club culture took hold of Ibizenca nightlife. It was at that time that Space opened, thanks to Pepe Rosello, which found a niche in the after-hour parties.[37] The club would close at 18:00 and open again at 07:00, when all the other clubs were still closed, enabling party-goers to flock from the other clubs to Space and continue dancing in broad daylight.[37]

At the end of the 1990s, the after-hour parties took firm root on the island. In 1999, the Circoloco parties made their debut at DC10, with some of the original elements of Ibiza nightlife at the forefront.[citation needed]

In recent years, during the summer, top producers and

metonym for the particular flavour of electronic music originating there, much like Goa in India.[citation needed
]

Since 2005, the live music event

Ibiza Rocks has changed perceptions of the Ibiza party landscape.[38] Bands such as Arctic Monkeys, Kasabian, The Prodigy and the Kaiser Chiefs have played in the courtyard of the Ibiza Rocks Hotel.[39]

The season now traditionally begins at the end of April, where Opening Parties take place at Ibiza's clubs over the course of a three-week period. Opening Parties normally coincide with the culmination of the International Music Summit, a three-day conference which has taken place on the island every year since 2008. The first clubs that host opening parties are normally Ushuaïa, Hï, Amnesia, and Pacha.[40] The very first parties take place at the end of April, starting with the Hï and Ushuaïa Opening Parties, and the last parties occur around mid-October, usually being the Amnesia and Pacha Closing Parties. [41]

Other

The island's government is in the process of making policy changes[when?] to encourage a more family-friendly and quieter tourism scene. These include rules such as the closing of all nightclubs by 06:00 at the latest and requiring all new hotels to be 5-star.[42] The administration wants to attract a more international mixture of tourists.[43][clarification needed][needs update]

The island's tourism is not always characterized by its nightlife. Visitors can take a hot-air balloon ride, surf, visit the Cave Can Mark, or go to Cap Blanc's Aquarium.[44]

Development

Since the early days of mass tourism on the island, there have been a large number of development projects ranging from successful ventures, such as the super clubs at Space and Privilege, to failed development projects, such as Josep Lluís Sert's abandoned hotel complex at Cala D'en Serra,[45] the half-completed and now demolished "Idea" nightclub in Sant Antoni,[46]

Abandoned Festival Club lies in the hills above San José

and the ruins of a huge restaurant/nightclub in the hills near Sant Josep called "Festival Club" that only operated for three summer seasons in the early 1970s.[47] The transient nature of club-oriented tourism is most obvious in these ruins scattered all over the island. Local artist Irene de Andrès has tackled the difficult issue of the impact of mass tourism on the island local landscapes, both natural and cultural, in an ongoing project called "Donde nada ocurre" (Where nothing happens).[48] In 2013, Ibiza property prices generally remained above market value, and many of the development projects on the island have now been completed or continue, as well as some new projects announced at the end of 2012. Since 2009, Ibiza has received an increase in the number of tourists every year, with nearly 6 million people travelling through Ibiza Airport in 2012. The summer season has become concentrated between June and September, focusing on the "clubbing calendar"[49] which is currently booming. In recent years, the luxury market has dramatically improved, with new restaurants, clubs, and improvements to the marina in Ibiza Town.[50]

Ibiza's increased popularity has led to problems with potable water shortages and overrun infrastructure.[51] This has led to the imposition of a "Sustainable Tourism Tax" which went into effect on 1 July 2016.[52] Minister of Tourism Vincente Torres stated in an interview in 2016 that the government has instituted a moratorium on building in certain areas. He said that with almost 100,000 legal tourist beds and about 132,000 inhabitants on the island's 572 square kilometres (221 sq mi) not much more tourism can be supported.[52]

Transport

Map of roads and Ibiza Airport (on southern point) and water routes (click map to enlarge).

Ibiza has its own airport, which has many international flights during the summer tourist season, especially from the European Union and the United Kingdom.

There are also

Majorca, Dénia, and Valencia. There are also ferries to Formentera leaving Sant Antoni Harbour (normally every Wednesday), and daily from Ibiza Town, Santa Eulària, and Figueretes–Platja d'en Bossa.[53]

Several public buses also travel between Sant Antoni and Ibiza Town, every 15 minutes in summer and every half-hour in winter. In addition, there are buses from Sant Antoni to Cala Bassa, Cala Conta and Cala Tarida, and to the airport. From Ibiza there are buses to the Platja d'en Bossa, Ses Salines, the airport and Santa Eulària.[54]

In popular culture

A number of novels and other books have been written using Ibiza as the setting, including "The White Island" by Stephen Armstrong,

Assouline
, have explored the island itself with both photography and text, while other such as Memes Eivissencs have registered the traditions of their residents and their history in social media.

The third track on

Norfolk Broads."[62]

In Monty Python's Flying Circus, the opening sketch of Episode 33 features the pilot Biggles. His secretary teasingly calls him "Señor Biggles", and Biggles protests, saying, "I've never even been to Spain." The secretary responds, " You went to Ibiza last year." Biggles counters, "That's still not grounds for calling me señor, or Don Beeg-les for that matter."[63]

Vengaboys' 1999 single "We're Going to Ibiza" reached number one on the singles chart in United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The song saw a resurgence in Austria in 2019 due to the Ibiza affair.

The island is shown as the home of notorious art forger, Elmyr de Hory, in the 1973 docudrama F for Fake by Orson Welles.

The fourth track off of The Prodigy’s sixth studio album The Day Is My Enemy is titled Ibiza. The song has fast rapping and electronic beats. The rapping is performed by the band’s frontman Keith Flint (died 2019).

In popular music, American singer-songwriter

dance pop song, and released digitally as a single in the United States on 24 July 2015. "I Took a Pill in Ibiza" peaked at #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S.,[64] and reached #1 on seventeen other charts. Tourism officials in Ibiza were reportedly "annoyed" by the song's apparent reinforcement of drug culture associated with Ibiza in the past, and Tourism Director Vicent Ferrer subsequently invited Posner to witness the island's culture and how it contrasts with the party "typecast".[65]

Gallery

  • Las Puertas de Can Soleil
    Las Puertas de Can Soleil
  • Cala d'en Serra
    Cala d'en Serra
  • Platges de Comte
    Platges de Comte
  • Cova de Can Marçà
    Cova de Can Marçà
  • Time and Space sculpture
    Time and Space sculpture
  • Pukka Up boat party
    Pukka Up boat party
  • Ushuaïa Ibiza
    Ushuaïa Ibiza
  • Ibiza Rocks day club
    Ibiza Rocks day club

Explanatory notes

  1. Latin: Iam cui Tlepolemus sator, et cui Lindus origo, Funda bella ferens Balearis et alite plumbo.)[14]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Ibiza renews its party spirit Archived 3 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Luke Bainbridge, 27 June 2010 (The Guardian)
  2. ^ Inside the police crackdown on Ibizas endless party culture Archived 16 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine Michelle Lhooqe, 13 November 2015 (Vice TV website)
  3. ^ "Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture". UNESCO. United Nations. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  4. ^ "Ibiza". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  5. ^ Random House dictionary
  6. ^ American Heritage Dictionary
  7. ^ Jones, Daniel; Peter Roach; et al. (2003). English Pronouncing Dictionary (16th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  8. ^ Wells, John C. (2000). Longman Pronunuciation Dictionary (2nd ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
  9. ^ Head & al. (1911), p. 3.
  10. ^ "Ibiza Literature, Literature in Ibiza". Liveibiza.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  11. .
  12. ^ Antoni Ordinas Garau, Jaume Binimelis Sebastián: Singularidades toponímicas de las islas Pitiusas Archived 1 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine(In Spanish)
  13. ^ "Ivica". Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, Or, Universal Dictionary of Knowledge. Vol. 21. London. 1845. p. 167.
  14. ^ Strab. xiv. p. 654; Plin. l. c. Sil. Ital. iii. 364, 365.
  15. from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  16. ^ Abulafia, David. The rise of Aragon-Catalonia. na, 1999. pp. 5
  17. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture". Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  18. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid.
  19. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid, 2024.
  20. ^ Vila, Ester (29 June 2018). "39 años de democracia con el Consell d'Eivissa". Diario de Ibiza. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  21. .
  22. ^ Ltd, Copyright Global Sea Temperatures - A-Connect. "Ibiza Water Temperature - Spain - Sea Temperatures". World Sea Temperatures. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  23. ^ "Valores climatológicos normales. Ibiza, Aeropuerto". March 2016. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  24. ^ "Valores extremos. Ibiza, Aeropuerto". March 2016. Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  25. ^ "Ibiza Sea Temperature". seatemperature.org. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
  26. ^ "Ibiza, Spain - Climate data". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
  27. ^ Enciclopèdia d'Eivissa i Formentera. "Roig-Francoli Costa, Miguel Angel" Archived 28 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ Who's Who at NATO. "Abel Matutes" Archived 26 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ "Sid Vicious - Life History Part 1". www.punk77.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  30. ^ Bounder! The Biography of Terry-Thomas Archived 25 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine by Graham McCann, serialised in The Times
  31. ^ Clark, Thomas G. (18 May 2011). "Sant Agustí". Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  32. ^ "Ibiza Literature, Literature in Ibiza". Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  33. ^ "Le guide touristique IBIZA du Petit Futé : Population et langues (français)". 13 August 2017. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  34. ^ Levy, Dantelle (15 June 2022). "Crash Course: The History Of Ibiza, The Party Capital Of The World". Edm Maniac. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
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General and cited references

External links

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