Ibnu Sutowo
Ibnu Sutowo | |
---|---|
Born | |
Died | 12 January 2001 | (aged 86)
Resting place | Kalibata Heroes Cemetery, Jakarta |
Nationality | Indonesian |
Education | Nederlandsch-Indische Artsen School (Dutch Medical College), Surabaya |
Occupation(s) | Military officer and President Director of state-owned oil company Pertamina |
Known for | Role as a senior military officer and President Director of Pertamina |
Title | Lt. General |
Partner | Zaleha Binti Sjafe'ie |
Children | Seven (five sons, two daughters, including Adiguna Sutowo) |
Parent(s) | Soewondo Sastrodiredjo (father) and Siti Komariah (mother) |
Ibnu Sutowo (23 September 1914 – 12 January 2001) was an Indonesian army officer, Cabinet Minister and former head of the Indonesian oil and gas producer Pertamina.
Early life
Ibnu was born near the
Education and early career
Upon graduation, Ibnu was assigned to a colony of Javanese transmigrants in Belitung in South Sumatra.[1] During the Japanese occupation in World War II, Ibnu, like many indigenous Indonesians filling in for imprisoned Europeans, assumed many local administrative powers. By the time of Japan's surrender, he was a leader in irregular forces backing the Indonesian Republic in its fight for independence.[1] On 12 September 1943, he married Zaleha, the daughter of a wealthy family.[2]
In 1945, Ibnu was appointed a combined staff and medical officer of the republican army fighting the Dutch for the Palembang region's oil fields and plantations, and once Indonesia's independence was secured in 1949, he worked in the region's civilian health service whilst remaining in active army duty.
He was appointed head of the South Sumatra's Sriwijaya Division in 1955, a division which earned much revenue for the army during the independence struggle by smuggling vast quantities of rubber, tea, pepper and coffee to Singapore.[3] Although the independence struggle was over by late 1949, the lucrative trade continued, and Ibnu benefited through his wife, Zaleha, who later succeeded in business in her own right.[3]
Military activities
The Army commander,
Head of Pertamina
In 1957, Dutch assets in petroleum were
1965 activities
Through 1962, Sutowo continued to eagerly support Sukarno's policy of self-reliance and nationalization, even though this was driving away major American, British, and Australian investors.
Using the proceeds from the 1970s oil price rises, he expanded the state run oil monopoly's interests far beyond oil production to include investments in oil tankers, steel and construction.[8] Bruce Rappaport, an oil tanker broker, was accused of price gouging, and corruption, in a World Bank investigation of Ibnu and Pertamina.[9] Rappaport settled more than $1 billion in claims against Indonesia for several hundred million dollars. The dispute included a $2.5 million loan from Rappaport's bank to Ibnu that had not been repaid.[10] In 1976, Pertamina had built up debts of US$10.5 billion[11] (equivalent to 30% of Indonesia's gross domestic product at the time) and was unable to service them.[8] Ibnu was placed under house arrest pending an investigation, before being "dismissed with honour", and in 1978 the attorney general announced he had been found "not involved" in criminal activity. He continued to manage 37 private companies.[12] Ibnu argued the Pertamina's financial "crisis" had been "manufactured" solely as a means to oust him.[13]
Death
Ibnu died on 12 January 2001 at
See also
References
- ^ a b c McDonald (1980), p. 144.
- ^ "Zaleha Ibnu Sutowo di Mata Titiek Puspa". Liputan6. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ a b c McDonald (1980), p. 145.
- ^ ISBN 1107624452.
- ^ ISBN 9781350063921.
- ISSN 0030-851X.
- ISBN 1107624452.
- ^ a b Schwarz (1994), p. 55
- ^ "World Bank Cracks Down On Indonesian Oilmen" (PDF). EIR News Service Inc. 5 April 1977. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ Gerth, Jeff (6 March 1988). "Seeking Testimony in Pipeline Case: Immunity Given to a Secretive Swiss". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2013-10-01. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ McDonald (1980), p. 163; Schwarz (1994), p. 55; Ricklefs (1991), p. 301
- ^ Friend (2003), p. 168
- ISBN 978-90-411-1387-0.
- ^ 'Konseptor Pertamina Ibnu Sutowo Meninggal' [Founder of Pertamina Dies], Liputan6, 12 January 2001.
Sources
- Friend, Theodore (2003), Indonesian Destinies, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01834-6
- McDonald, Hamish (1980), Suharto's Indonesia, Melbourne: Fontana Books, ISBN 0-00-635721-0
- Roeder, O.G. (1971), Who's Who in Indonesia, Djakarta: P.T. Gunung Agung
- Schwarz, A. (1994), A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s, Westview Press, ISBN 1-86373-635-2
- Vickers, Adrian. 2005. A History of Modern Indonesia, Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press