Ichthyocentaurs
In late
The term ichthyocentaur is of late coinage, attributable to the
Nomenclature
Origin
"Ichthyocentaur" is not a term in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity at all. The word's earliest known use occurs in the 12th century by Ioannes Tzetzes in his commentary On Lycophron, 34 and may have been coined by him.[2][3][4]
Meaning
Ichthyocentaur is a Triton represented as having the fore-legs of a horse, rather than just having a fish-like lower-body.[5]
Ichthyocentaur comes from two different words, ichthyo- and centaur. Ichthyo- is an adjective stem from Greek ikhthis (ιχθύς) "fish"; centaur, from Greek kentauros (κένταυρος), a creature from classical mythology that has a man's upper body attached to a horse's body and legs.
Synonyms
The term or its equivalent in other European languages (German: Ichthyokentaur, plural: Ichthyokentauren; French: Ichthyocentaure, Ichtyocentaures) has been used in classical art commentary in the modern age, and vernacular terms such as "sea-centaur" (German: Seekentauren, Fischkentauren; French: centaures marins) have also been interchangeably applied.[6][7] Henri van de Waal (1976) placed "ichthyocentaur", "centaurotriton", and "sea-centaur" in the same iconographic group or iconclass[8] synonymous treatment of these terms are also seen in archaeological papers.[4][9]
Centaur-Tritons is another name for ichthyocentaurs, noted in a 19th-century reference.[1]
Greek art
The earliest datable depiction of an ichthyocentaur is found in the relief sculptures of the Pergamon Altar (2nd century, B. C.), although the inscription labels the figure as a "Triton".[10][4] The ichthyocentaur in this relief sculpture has wings on its back; these wings are of a peculiar type which are lined with either seaweed or sea creature parts instead of feathers.[6]
Ichthyocentaurs are sometimes portrayed with a pair of pincered arms (similar to a lobster's clawed arms) emerging out of their heads.[11][a]
Aphros and Bythos
Zeugma mosaics
A "
The Aphros is shown with a pair of lobster-like appendages growing out of his head,[14][b] as is Bythos (see images).[16][17][18]
In the Zeugma mosaic, the elder-looking triton is labeled Aphros and the youthful-looking one is called Bythos, which is contrary to convention seen in other examples.[19]
This mosaic dates to the 3rd century CE, and is now part of the Gaziantep Museum of Archaeology's collection,[16] now housed in the annex named the Zeugma Mosaic Museum.[20]
Apamea, Paphos and others
In the marine procession mosaic found underneath a cathedral at Apamea, Syria (c. 362-363 CE), there is an Aphros in ichthyocentaur form.[21][22] This Aphros (identified by inscription) is depicted as a youthful triton with lobster-like antennae on its head and hair of seaweed.[15] Bythos also appears in the same group; he evidently appears old-aged and the commentator remarks this is none other than the "Old Man of the Sea".[23]
The Paphos mosaic depicts Bythos alone carrying the nereid Thetis along with two other nereids, Doris and Galateia.
The two sea gods also appear in a pair of matching sculptures (belonging to the
Aphros in glosses
Aphros is glossed as a king of
The Suda also states this Aphros was the son of Cronos and Philyra.
Other examples
The monochrome
A pair of
Literary examples
One late literary example that has been noted is the poem by Claudian (d. 404), the Epithalamium for the wedding of Honorius and Maria, in which Venus rides Triton on her back as her whole procession heads for the wedding. Here Triton is described as follows "The dread monster uprose from the abyss; his billowing hair swept his shoulders; hoofs of cloven horn grown round with bristles sprang from where his fishy tail joined his man's body".[32] Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher observed that this Triton (with cloven hooves) is being described as an ichthyocentaur subtype with a bull's forelegs.[6]
Renaissance period
Conrad Gessner's "sea-satyr" or "sea-Pan" was also described as an "ichthyocentaur" or "sea-devil" in his chapter on tritons in his Historia animalium IV (1558).[33][34][35] In the German translated edition, this creature is called "Meerteuffel [sic]" or "sea devil".[36]
This "marine daemon" (
See also
Explanatory notes
- ^ Cf. Oceanus conventionally depicted with crab or lobster claws ("pinces de crabe/homard") on their heads, including Zeugma.[12] Cf. also Pauline (1972) on both "antennae (antennes)" and "pincers (pinces)" present on mosaic heads of Oceanus/sea deities.[13]
- ^ Abadie-Reynal actually states "crowned with the antennae of lobsters (couronné d'antennes de homards)", but these terminate in what look like pincers (or pinces, used by other French scholars to describe such appendages), and differs from the straight "antennae" described on the Apamea mosaic Aphros described below.[15]
- ^ The second triton, bearded, has twin fish-tails, and bears an oar.
References
- Citation
- ^ Perseus Project: Triton (1).
- ^ Tzetzes,ad Lycophron 34, 886, 892.[1]
- ^ Packard (1980), p. 329, note 7
- ^ a b c Litvinskij & Pičikian (1995), p. 142.
- ^ "Triton". Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity. Vol. 14. Brill. 2009. p. 101.
- ^ a b c Roscher, Wilhelm Heinrich (1890), "Ichthyokentauren", Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie (in German), vol. 2, B. G. Teubner, pp. 91–94 Alt URL
- ^ Brulet, Raymond (1990). Le sarcophage Gallo-Romain de Tournai. Université catholique de Louvain, Départemant d'archéologie et d'histoire de l'art. p. 68.
- ISBN 9-780-72048-264-5
- ^ Lattimore (1976), p. 44, where "ichthyocentaur" and "sea centaur" are equated.
- ^ Rumpf 1939, p. 105 and note 140, cited by Lattimore (1976), p. 44, note 84.
- ^ Collignon, Maxime (1890). Manual of Mythology: In Relation to Greek Art. Translated by Harrison, Jane E. H. Grevel & Co. pp. 197–199.
then come, in late days, the Centaurs of the sea, beating the water with their mighty fins, with their heads sometimes surmounted by lobsters' claws.
- ^ Voute, Pauline (1972), "Notes sur l'iconographie d'Océan. À propos d'une fontaine à mosaïques découverte à Nole (Campanie)", Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Antiquité (in French), 81 (1): 660–664; fig. 11–14
- ^ a b c Abadie-Reynal (2002), p. 760.
- ^ a b Balty (1972), p. 115.
- ^ )
- ^ a b c d e Aaron J. Atsma (2010–2017). "Ikhthyokentauroi". Theoi Project.
- ^ "Eserleri: Zeugma ve Diğer Buluntular. Aphrodithe'in Doğuşu" [Works: Zeugma and Other Finds: Birth of Aphrodite]. zeugma.org.tr (in Turkish). 2014. Retrieved 2019-09-12.; Cf. gallery photo.
- ^ Abadie-Reynal (2002), p. 760; Wardle, Marianne Eileen (2010). Naked and Unashamed: A Study of the Aphrodite Anadyomene in the Greco-Roman World (PDF) (Ph. D.). Duke University, Department of Art, Art History and Visual Studies. p. 233.
- ^ "Venüs'ün Doğuşu Mozaiği" [A 20 The Birth of Venus Mosaic]. Zeugma Mozaik Müzesi. Müze Kat Plani [Zeugma Mosaic Museum: Floor Plan] (in Turkish). 2014. Archived from the original on 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2019-09-12.
- ^ "Objet14827". Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (France). 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
- ^ Balty (1972), p. 115. Fig. 5; Fig. 7
- ^ Balty (1972), pp. 118, 120. Fig. 9
- ^ a b "Ἄφροι", Suda On Line", tr. Jennifer Benedict. 5 June 2001.
- ISBN 9-781-60384-052-1.
- ^ Packard (1980), p. 344.
- ^ Packard (1980), pp. 328–329 and Plates 97–99
- ^ Reinhard, Jayne Huntington (2005). The Roman Bath at Isthmia: Decoration, Cult, and Herodes Atticus. University of Minnesota. p. 46.
- ^ "Lifting the Monochrome Mosaic". OSU Excavations at Isthmia. College of Arts and Sciences The Ohio State University. 2019. Retrieved 2019-09-10.
- ^ Maréchal, Sylvain (1789), "Planche CLV", Antiquités d'Herculanum (in French), vol. 5, François-Anne David (engravings), Chez David, pp. 76–77; Pl. CLV
- ^ Barré, Louis [in French] (1840), "Planche 16", Herculanum et Pompéi: recueil général des peintures, bronzes, mosaïques, etc. (in French), vol. 5, François-Henri Roux, aîné (engravings), F. Didot, pp. 36–38
- ^ Claudian. Epithalamium of Honorius and Maria. Loeb Classical Library 135. Translated by M. Platnauer. Harvard University Press. pp. 252–253.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (help) - ^ Gesner, Konrad (1558) Historiae animalium [1237} Liber IIII], p. 1197; (1604 ed.) p. 1001.
- ^ Hendrikx, Sophia. "Monstrosities from the Sea. Taxonomy and tradition in Conrad Gessner's (1516-1565) discussion of cetaceans and sea-monsters". Anthropozoologica. 53 (11): 132–135.
- )
- ^ Gesner, Konrad (1558) Gesnerus redivivus auctus & emendatus, oder: Allgemeines Thier-Buch: Gesneri redivivi aucti et emendati ... oder Vollkommenes Fisch-Buch, Tomus IV, p. 153
- EEBO
- Bibliography
- Abadie-Reynal, Catherine (2002), "Les maisons à décors mosaïqués de Zeugma", Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (in French), 146 (2): 743–771
- Balty, Jean-Charles (1972), "Nouvelles mosaïques païennes et groupe épiscopal dit "cathédrale de l'Est" à Apamée de Syrie", Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (in French), 116 (1): 112
- Lattimore, Steven (1976). The Marine Thiasos in Greek Sculpture. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. ISBN 9780917956027.
- Litvinskij, B. A.; Pičikian, I. R. (1995). Invernizzi, Antonio (ed.). River-Deities of Greece Salute the God of the River Oxus-Vaksh: Achelous and the Hippocampess. Monografie di Mesopotamia 5. )
- Packard, Pamela M. (1980), "A Monochrome Mosaic at Isthmia" (PDF), Hesperia, 49 (4), The American School of Classical Studies at Athens: 326–346 JSTOR 147913
- Rumpf, Andreas (1939), Die Meerwesen auf den antiken Sarkophagreliefs, vol. 5, pt. 1, Deutsches Archaologisches Institut. Reprint (1969), L'Erma di Bretschneider.