Konya

Coordinates: 37°52′N 32°29′E / 37.867°N 32.483°E / 37.867; 32.483
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Iconium
)
"Iconium" redirects here. For other uses, see Iconium (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Konya (disambiguation).
Konya
Mevlana Museum
Licence plate
42
Websitewww.konya.bel.tr

Konya (Turkish pronunciation:

Seljuk Turks' Sultanate of Rum
, from where they ruled over Anatolia.

As of 2023, the population of the Metropolitan Province was just over 2.3 million, making it the

Izmir
are offered few times a week.

Name

Konya is believed to correspond to the

Greek (with regular Medieval Greek apheresis Kónio(n)) and as Iconium in Latin. [6][7]

A

Gorgon Medusa's head" before founding the city.[8]

Konya was known as Dârülmülk to the Rum Seljuks.[9]

History

Overview

The Konya region has been inhabited since the third millennium BC and fell at different times under the rule of

Byzantine Greek) inhabitants, making Konya the capital of their new Sultanate of Rum. Under the Seljuks, the city reached the height of its wealth and influence. Following their demise, Konya came under the rule of the Karamanids, before being taken over by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century. After the Turkish War of Independence
the city became part of the modern Republic of Turkey.

Ancient history

Hercules Sarcophagus (ca. 250–260 AD) in the Konya Archaeological Museum
A marble statue of Nike, the Ancient Greek goddess located in Konya Archaeological Museum.
Marble Sarcophagus, typical of Pamphylia. Roman period, 3rd century AD, in the Konya Archaeological Museum

Excavations have shown that the region was inhabited during the Late

Copper Age, around 3000 BC.[8]

The Phrygians established their kingdom in central Anatolia in the eighth century BC and Xenophon describes Iconium (as the city was originally called) as the last city of Phrygia. The region was overwhelmed by Cimmerian invaders c. 690 BC. Later it formed part of the Persian Empire, until Darius III was defeated by Alexander the Great in 333 BC. Alexander's empire broke up shortly after his death and the town came under the rule of Seleucus I Nicator.

During the Hellenistic period the town was ruled by the kings of Pergamon. As Attalus III, the last king of Pergamon, was about to die without an heir, he bequeathed his kingdom to the Roman Republic. Once incorporated into the Roman Empire, under emperor Claudius, the city's name was changed to Claudiconium. During the reign of emperor Hadrianus it was known as Colonia Aelia Hadriana.

St Paul and Iconium

According to the

Third Missionary Journey several years later.[18][19]

According to the

Isaurians in 354.[20]

Byzantine Era

Under the

Saint Chariton, another local from Iconium, was located a few miles away in Sylata.[24]

The

in 1069, but a period of chaos overwhelmed Anatolia after the Seljuk victory in the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, and the Norman mercenary leader Roussel de Bailleul rose in revolt at Iconium. The city was finally conquered by the Seljuks in 1084.[20]

Seljuk and Karamanid eras

Main articles:
Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate and Karamanids
Late evening view of Mevlana Fountain opposite the Selimiye Mosque, Konya. Turkey.
Ince Minaret Medrese
(1279) in Konya

Iconium became the second capital of the

Seljuk Sultanate of Rum after the fall of Nicaea until 1243.[25] It was briefly occupied by the army of the First Crusade (August 1097) and Frederick Barbarossa (May 18, 1190) after the Battle of Iconium (1190)
. The area was reoccupied by the Turks after the Crusaders left.

Established in 1273, the Sufi Mevlevi Order and its Whirling Dervishes are renowned symbols of Konya and Turkey.

Konya reached the height of its wealth and influence in the second half of the 12th century when the Seljuk sultans of Rum also subdued the

Danishmends, thus establishing their rule over virtually all of eastern Anatolia,. They also acquired several port towns along the Mediterranean (including Alanya) and the Black Sea (including Sinop) and even gained a brief foothold in Sudak, Crimea. This golden age lasted until the first decades of the 13th century.[citation needed
]

Many

invading Mongols or to benefit from the opportunities for educated Muslims in a newly established kingdom.[26]

Mevlana Museum (1274) is the last resting place of the Sufi mystic and poet Rumi in Konya, the capital of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate
.

Following the fall of the

Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate in 1307, Konya became the capital of the Karamanids, a Turkish beylik, which lasted until 1322 when the city was captured by the neighbouring Beylik of Karamanoğlu. In 1420, the Beylik of Karamanoğlu fell to the Ottoman Empire and, in 1453, Konya was made the provincial capital of the Karaman Eyalet
.

Ottoman Empire

Main articles:
Vilayet of Konya

Under

Şehzade Cem (the sons of Sultan Mehmed II), and continuing with the future Sultan Selim II
.

Between 1483 and 1864, Konya was the administrative capital of the

Vilayet of Konya which replaced the Karaman Eyalet, as part of the new vilayet
system introduced in 1864.

In 1832 Anatolia was invaded by Mehmed Ali Paşa of Kavala whose son, İbrahim Paşa, occupied Konya. Although he was driven out with the help of the European powers, Konya went into a decline after this, as described by the British traveller, William Hamilton, who visited in 1837 and found a scene 'of destruction and decay', as he recorded in his Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia, published in 1842.[27]

Konya's textile and mining industries flourished under the Ottomans.[28]

Turkish Republic

Greeks from nearby village of Sille in 19th century

During the Turkish War of Independence (1919–22) Konya was a major air base. In 1922, the air force, renamed as the Inspectorate of Air Forces,[a] was headquartered in Konya.[29][30] Before 1923, 4,000 Orthodox, Turkish-speaking and Greek-speaking Christians lived there. The Greek community numbered approximately 2,500 people who maintained, at their own expense, a church, a boys' school and a girls' school. In 1923 during the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the Greeks of the nearby village of Sille were forced to leave as refugees and resettle in Greece.[31]

Government

Konya Metropolitan Governor's Office

The first local administration in Konya was founded in 1830 and converted into a municipality in 1876.[b] In March 1989, the municipality became a Metropolitan Municipality. As of that date, Konya had three central district municipalities (Meram, Selçuklu, Karatay) and a Metropolitan Municipality.

Economy

Home to several industrial parks. The city ranks among the Anatolian Tigers.[32][33][34][35] In 2012 exports from Konya reached 130 countries.[35] A number of Turkish industrial conglomerates, such as Bera (ex Kombassan) Holding, have their headquarters in Konya.[36]

While agriculture-based industries play a role, the city's economy has evolved into a center for the manufacturing of components for the automotive industry; machinery manufacturing; agricultural tools; casting; plastic paints and chemicals; construction materials; paper and packaging; processed foods; textiles; and leather.[35]

Turkey's largest solar farm is located 20 miles East of the city near Karapınar.[37]

Geography

Konya sits in the center of the largest province, in the largest plain (Konya Plain), and is the seventh most heavily populated city in Turkey.[38]

Lake Meke, a large crater lake in Konya Province

The city is in the southern part of the Central Anatolia Region with the southernmost side of the province hemmed in by the Taurus Mountains.

Climate

Konya has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk) under the Köppen classification[39] and a temperate continental (Dc) climate under the Trewartha classification.

Summer daytime temperatures average 30 °C (86 °F), although summer nights are cool. The highest temperature recorded in Konya was 40.9 °C (106 °F) on 14 August 2023, closely beating the former record of 40.6 °C (105 °F) on 30 July 2000. Winters average −4.2 °C (24 °F), and the lowest temperature recorded was −26.5 °C (−16 °F) on 6 February 1972. Precipitation levels are low and happen mainly in winter and spring.

Climate data for Konya (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2023)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.3
(66.7) 		23.8
(74.8) 		28.9
(84.0) 		34.6
(94.3) 		34.4
(93.9) 		36.7
(98.1) 		40.6
(105.1) 		40.9
(105.6) 		38.8
(101.8) 		32.3
(90.1) 		25.4
(77.7) 		21.8
(71.2) 		40.6
(105.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.6
(40.3) 		6.9
(44.4) 		12.5
(54.5) 		17.6
(63.7) 		22.8
(73.0) 		27.4
(81.3) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.9
(87.6) 		26.7
(80.1) 		20.4
(68.7) 		12.7
(54.9) 		6.3
(43.3) 		18.3
(64.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5) 		1.3
(34.3) 		6.0
(42.8) 		10.9
(51.6) 		15.9
(60.6) 		20.5
(68.9) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.0
(75.2) 		19.4
(66.9) 		13.4
(56.1) 		6.2
(43.2) 		1.5
(34.7) 		11.9
(53.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.9
(25.0) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		0.2
(32.4) 		4.4
(39.9) 		9.0
(48.2) 		13.6
(56.5) 		17.1
(62.8) 		17.2
(63.0) 		12.3
(54.1) 		7.0
(44.6) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		6.0
(42.8)
Record low °C (°F) −28.2
(−18.8) 		−26.5
(−15.7) 		−16.4
(2.5) 		−8.6
(16.5) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		1.8
(35.2) 		6.0
(42.8) 		5.3
(41.5) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		−20.0
(−4.0) 		−26.0
(−14.8) 		−28.2
(−18.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35.9
(1.41) 		23.1
(0.91) 		27.4
(1.08) 		34.2
(1.35) 		38.2
(1.50) 		27.8
(1.09) 		6.5
(0.26) 		6.5
(0.26) 		15.9
(0.63) 		29.7
(1.17) 		34.5
(1.36) 		45.6
(1.80) 		325.3
(12.81)
Average precipitation days 10.53 8.97 9.80 10.83 12.47 8.10 3.00 2.63 4.40 7.27 7.13 10.10 95.2
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		79.8 73.3 63.4 58.7 56.1 47.5 38.9 39.4 44.2 57.6 70.1 79.9 59.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 105.4 138.4 195.3 216.0 269.7 309.0 344.1 334.8 291.0 235.6 159.0 102.3 2,700.6
Mean daily sunshine hours 3.4 4.9 6.3 7.2 8.7 10.3 11.1 10.8 9.7 7.6 5.3 3.3 7.4
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[40]
Source 2:
NOAA (humidity)[41]

Culture

Mevlana Cultural Centre in Konya

Konya has a reputation for being one of the more religiously conservative metropolitan centres in Turkey.[42]

Konya was the final home of

Sufi order of Islam and became known as the Whirling Dervishes
.

Every Saturday, there are Whirling Dervish performances (semas) at the Mevlana Cultural Centre. Unlike some of the commercial performances staged in cities like Istanbul, these are genuinely spiritual sessions.

Expensive, richly patterned Konya

carpets were exported to Europe during the Renaissance[43] and were draped over furniture to show off the wealth and status of their owners. They often crop up in contemporary oil paintings as symbols of the wealth of the painter's clients.[44]

Attractions

Alaaddin Mosque (1235) on Alaaddin Hill (Alaaddin Tepesi) in central Konya
Taşköprü, Beyşehir
.

Food

One of the city's best-known dishes,

etli ekmek consists of slices of lamb served on flaps of soft white bread.[48] Konya is also known for unfeasibly long pides (Turkish pizzas) intended to be shared, and tirit
, a traditional rice dish made from meat and assorted vegetables.

Tirit

Konya is also known for its sweets, including cezerye, an old Turkish sweet made from carrots, and pişmaniye, which is similar to American cotton candy.

Sports

Konya Metropolitan Stadium
in Konya

The city's football team Konyaspor is part of the Turkish Professional Football League. On May 31, 2017, they won their first national trophy, beating İstanbul Başakşehir to the Türkiye Kupası in a penalty shootout. They repeated this success on August 6, 2017, defeating Beşiktaş to win the Türkiye Süper Kupası (Turkish Super Bowl).

Konya Metropolitan Stadium
(Konya Büyükşehir Stadyumu) is in the Selçuklu neighbourhood and can seat up to 42,000 spectators.

The city hosted the

2022 Islamic Solidarity Games
in August 2022.

Education

Founded in 1975,

better source needed
]

A view from KTO Karatay University

Private colleges in Konya include the KTO Karatay University.

better source needed
]

Konya hosts the

better source needed
]

Transportation

Ankara–Konya line of the Turkish State Railways
A Škoda 28 T tram produced for the upcoming Konya Metro

Intercity buses

The central bus station has connections to a range of destinations, including Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir. It is connected to the town centre by a tram.

Inner-city public transport

The Konya Tram network is 41 km (25 mi) long and has two lines with 41 stations. Opened in 1992, it was expanded in 1996 and 2015. The Konya Tram uses Škoda 28 T vehicles.[53]

Work began on building a Konya Metro in 2020 and is expected to be completed in 2024 and will have 22 stations.[54]

Konya also has an extensive inner-city bus network.

Railway

Konya is connected to Ankara, Eskişehir, Istanbul and Karaman via the high-speed railway services of the Turkish State Railways.[55][56]

Airport and airbase

Boeing 737 AEW&C Peace Eagle aircraft of the Turkish Air Force.[57][58]

Notable people

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey

Konya is twinned with:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Turkic:Kuva-yı Havaiye Müfettişliği
  2. ^ "İhtisab Agalıgi" (Islamic-Ottoman office for public regularity)
  3. ^ Ana Jet Üssü or AJÜ
  4. ^ Hava Kuvvet Komutanlığı

References

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  2. ^ "Statistics by Theme > National Accounts > Regional Accounts". www.turkstat.gov.tr. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  3. doi:10.1163/9789004349391_022
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  9. TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
    , Centre for Islamic Studies. 1988–2016.
  10. ^ Acts 13:51
  11. ^ Acts 14:1–5
  12. ^ Acts 14:21)
  13. ^ 2 Timothy 3:10–13
  14. ^ "Acts 14 Barnes' Notes". Bible Hub. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
  15. ^ Acts 16:2
  16. ^ Ramsay, William Mitchell (1908). The Cities of St. Paul. A.C. Armstrong. pp. 315–384.
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  30. ^ Kocatürk, Utkan (1983). Atatürk ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi kronolojisi, 1918–1938 (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. p. 634.
  31. ^ "IFMSA Exchange Portal". Exchange.ifmsa.org. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
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  56. ^ "Invensys commissions ERTMS solution on Turkish High Speed Line". European Railway Review. 7 September 2011. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
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  58. ^ "Turkey takes delivery of military aircraft". TodaysZaman. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
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  60. S2CID 162127197
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  61. ^ Savramis, Demosthenes (1968). Die soziale Stellung des Priesters in Griechenland [Social position of the priest in Greece] (in German). E. J. Brill.
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  65. ^ Kyoto İle Kardeş Şehir Protokolü İmzalandı, Heyet Japon Parkı'nı Gezdi Archived 2014-10-16 at the Wayback Machine, Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2010)

General

Further reading

Published in the 19th century

Published in the 20th century

Published in the 21st century

  • C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Konya". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden:
    Koninklijke Brill
    .
  • "Konya". Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Konya.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Konia".
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