Iconodulism
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Iconodulism (also iconoduly or iconodulia) designates the religious service to
Neoclassical Greek εἰκονόδουλος (eikonodoulos) (from Greek: εἰκόνα – icon (image) + Greek: δοῦλος – servant), meaning "one who serves images (icons)". It is also referred to as iconophilism (also iconophily or iconophilia from Greek: εἰκόνα – icon (image) + Greek: φιλέω – love) designating a positive attitude towards the religious use of icons. In the history of Christianity, iconodulism (or iconophilism) was manifested as a moderate position, between two extremes: iconoclasm (radical opposition to the use of icons) and iconolatry (idolatric veritable (full) adoration of icons).[1][2]
History
In contrast to moderate or respectful adoration, various forms of latria of icons (iconolatry) were also starting to appear,[when?] mainly in popular worship. Since veritable (full) adoration was reserved for God alone, such an attitude towards icons as objects was seen as a form of idolatry. In reaction to that, the idolatrous misuse of icons was criticized and by the beginning of the 8th century some radical forms of criticism (iconoclasm) were also starting to emerge, arguing not only against adoration of icons, but also against any form of adoration and use of icons in religious life.[1]
The
Jesus Christ
.
Kissing and respected worship (
Frankish kingdom, resulting in the creation of Libri Carolini.[10] The last outburst of iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire was overcome at the Council of Constantinople (843), which reaffirmed the adoration of icons in an event celebrated as the Feast of Orthodoxy.[11]
The
Latin: «ita ut per imagines, quas osculamur, et coram quibus caput aperimus, et procumbimus, Christum adoremus, et Sanctos quorum illae similitudinem gerunt, veneremur»).[12][13]
See also
- Byzantine iconoclasm
- Iconoclasm
- Iconography
- Idolatry
- Iconolatry
- Council of Constantinople (843)
References
- ^ a b Ostrogorsky 1956.
- ^ Mendham 1850, p. LIX.
- ^ Ostrogorsky 1956, p. 143.
- ISBN 0714831689
- ^ Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. Tomus 13 col. 378
- ^ "The Nicene Council nullified the decrees of the iconoclastic Synod of Constantinople, and solemnly sanctioned a limited worship (proskynesis) of images." – Philip Schaff. «History of the christian church» / Volume III / FOURTH PERIOD: THE CHURCH AMONG THE BARBARIANS. From Gregory I. To Gregory VII. A. D. 590–1049 (1073). / CHAPTER X. WORSHIP AND CEREMONIES. / § 102. The Restoration of Image-Worship by the Seventh Oecumenical Council, 787.
- ^ Mendham 1850, p. 440.
- ^ "true worship of faith", – The Seven ecumenical councils of the undivided church : their canons and dogmatic decrees, together with the canons of all the local synods which have received ecumenical acceptance / by Percival, Henry R, / 1900 / p. 550
- ^ Ostrogorsky 1956, p. 158.
- ^ Ostrogorsky 1956, pp. 163–165.
- ^ Ostrogorsky 1956, p. 189.
- ^ Sacrosanctum Concilium Tridentinum / p. 579
- ^ The Council of Trent. The Twenty-Fifth Session. On the invocation, veneration, and relics of saints and of sacred images./ The canons and decrees of the sacred and oecumenical Council of Trent, / Ed. and trans. J. Waterworth (London: Dolman, 1848), 232–289.
Sources
- ISBN 9780881410563.
- Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Barnard, Leslie William (1974). The Graeco-Roman and oriental background of the iconoclastic controversy. Vol. 5. Brill. ISBN 90-04-03944-9.
- Mendham, John (1850). The Seventh General Council, the Second of Nicaea, Held A.D. 787, in which the Worship of Images was Established: With Copious Notes from the "Caroline Books", Compiled by Order of Charlemagne for Its Confutation. London: W.E. Painter.