Icterid
Icterids | |
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Adult male Bullock's oriole | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Superfamily: | Emberizoidea |
Family: | Icteridae Vigors, 1825 |
Type genus | |
Icterus Brisson, 1760
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Genera | |
30, See text |
Icterids (.
Despite the similar names, the first groups are only distantly related to the Old World common blackbird (a thrush) or the Old World orioles.
The Icteridae are not to be confused with the
Characteristics
Most icterid species live in the tropics, although many species also occur in temperate regions, such as the red-winged blackbird and the long-tailed meadowlark. The highest densities of breeding species are found in Colombia and southern Mexico.[2] They inhabit a range of habitats, including scrub, swamp, forest, and savanna.[3] Temperate species are migratory, with many species that nest in the United States and Canada moving south into Mexico and Central America.
Icterids are variable in size, and often display considerable
Icterids have adapted to taking a wide range of foods. Oropendolas and caciques use their gaping motion to open the skins of fruit to obtain the soft insides, and have long bills adapted to the process. Others such as cowbirds and the bobolink have shorter, stubbier bills for crushing seeds. The Jamaican blackbird uses its bill to pry amongst tree bark and epiphytes, and has adopted the evolutionary niche filled elsewhere in the Neotropics by woodcreepers. Orioles drink nectar.
The nesting habits of these birds are also variable, including pendulous woven
Some species of icterid have become agricultural
Folklore
Cacique and oropendola species are called paucar or similar names in Peru.[6][7] As paucares are considered very intelligent, Native Americans feed the brains to their children to make them fast learners.[8] As the male plays no part in nesting and care of the young, a man who does not work may be called a "male paucar".[9]
Taxonomy
The family group was introduced in 1825 as a
A phylogenetic analysis of the
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The genus level
Icteridae |
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Genera
Image | Genus | Living Species |
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Xanthocephalus Bonaparte, 1850 |
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Dolichonyx Swainson, 1827 |
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Sturnella Vieillot, 1816 |
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Leistes Vigors, 1825 |
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Amblycercus Cabanis, 1851 |
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Cassiculus Swainson, 1827 |
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Psarocolius Wagler, 1827 |
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Cacicus Lacepede, 1799 |
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Icterus Brisson, 1760 |
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Nesopsar P.L. Sclater, 1859 |
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Agelaius Vieillot, 1816 |
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Molothrus Swainson, 1832 |
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Dives Cassin, 1867 |
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Ptiloxena Chapman , 1892
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Euphagus Cassin, 1867 |
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Quiscalus Vieillot, 1816 |
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Hypopyrrhus Bonaparte, 1850 |
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Lampropsar Cabanis, 1847 |
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Gymnomystax Reichenbach, 1850 |
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Macroagelaius Cassin, 1866 |
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Curaeus PL Sclater, 1862 |
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Amblyramphus Leach, 1814 |
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Anumara Powell et al., 2014 |
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Gnorimopsar Richmond, 1908 |
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Oreopsar WL Sclater, 1939 |
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Agelaioides Cassin, 1866 |
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Agelasticus Cabanis, 1851 |
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Chrysomus Swainson, 1837 |
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Xanthopsar Ridgway, 1901 |
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Pseudoleistes P.L. Sclater, 1862 |
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Prehistoric icterid genera that have been described from
.References
- .
- ^ Lowther P (1975) "Geographic and Ecological Variation in the Family Icteridae" Wilson Bulletin 87 (4): 481-495
- ^ ISBN 1-85391-186-0
- ISBN 1-55297-777-3
- ^ Dolbeer, R & S Ickes (1994) "Red-winged Blackbird feeding preferences and response to wild rice treated with Portland cement or plaster" Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings collection Proceedings of the Sixteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1994) (W.S. Halverson& A.C. Crabb, Eds.) Univ. of Calif.:Davis.
- ^ Manu Peru Manu - Aves, Enjoy Corporation S. A., 2007, archived from the original on 2006-02-25, retrieved 2007-09-28
- ^ Muyuna Amazon Lodge, Iquitos - Peru, retrieved 2007-09-28. Click the link to Fauna and scroll forward one page.
- ^ Moyobamba - Peru, 2007, archived from the original on 2008-01-06, retrieved 2007-09-28. The source given is Moyobamba, apuntes turísticos y geográficos by Pedro Vargas Roja.
- ^ Aves en Soritor - Distrito de soritor Moyobamba - Alto Mayo - San Martín - Peru, 2006, retrieved 2007-09-28
- ^ Vigors, Nicholas Aylward (1825). "Sketches in ornithology ; or, observations on the leading affinities of some of the more extensive groups of birds (continued)". Zoological Journal. 2 (6): 182–197 [184].
- PMID 30936315.
- PMID 24291659.
- PMID 27394496.
- Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Oropendolas, orioles, blackbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
External links
- New World Blackbirds (Icteridae) - videos, photos and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection
- Icteridae - Tree of Life Web Project