Idaho
Idaho | |
---|---|
PDT) | |
USPS abbreviation | ID |
ISO 3166 code | US-ID |
Latitude | 42° N to 49° N |
Longitude | 111°03′ W to 117°15′ W |
Website | idaho |
Star garnet | |
---|---|
Soil | Threebear |
State route marker | |
Lists of United States state symbols |
Idaho (
For thousands of years, and prior to European colonization, Idaho has been inhabited by native peoples. In the early 19th century, Idaho was considered part of the Oregon Country, an area of dispute between the U.S. and the British Empire. It officially became a U.S. territory with the signing of the Oregon Treaty of 1846, but a separate Idaho Territory was not organized until 1863, instead being included for periods in Oregon Territory and Washington Territory. Idaho was eventually admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, becoming the 43rd state.
Forming part of the Pacific Northwest (and the associated
Industries significant for the state economy include manufacturing, agriculture, mining, forestry, and tourism. Several science and technology firms are either headquartered in Idaho or have factories there, and the state also contains the
Etymology
The name's origin remains a mystery.
The same year Congress created Colorado Territory, a county called Idaho County was created in eastern Washington Territory. The county was named after a steamship named Idaho, which was launched on the Columbia River in 1860. It is unclear whether the steamship was named before or after Willing's claim was revealed. Regardless, part of Washington Territory, including Idaho County, was used to create Idaho Territory in 1863.[13] Idaho Territory would later change its boundaries to the area that became the U.S. state.[14]
History
Humans may have been present in the Idaho area as long as 14,500 years ago. Excavations at
A Late Upper Paleolithic site was identified at Cooper's Ferry in western Idaho near the town of Cottonwood by archaeologists in 2019. Based on evidence found at the site, first people lived in this area 15,300 to 16,600 years ago, predating the Beringia land bridge by about a thousand years. The discoverers emphasized that they possess similarities with tools and artifacts discovered in Japan that date from 16,000 to 13,000 years ago.[15][16] The discovery also showed that the first people might not have come to North America by land, as previously theorized. On the contrary, they probably came through the water, using a Pacific coastal route.[17]
The most parsimonious explanation we think is that people came down the Pacific Coast, and as they encountered the mouth of the Columbia River, they essentially found an off-ramp from this coastal migration and also found their first viable interior route to the areas that are south of the ice sheet.[16]
An early presence of French-Canadian trappers is visible in names and
Idaho, as part of the Oregon Country, was claimed by both the United States and Great Britain until the United States gained undisputed jurisdiction in 1846. From 1843 to 1859, present-day Idaho was under the de facto jurisdiction of the Provisional Government of Oregon. When Oregon became a state in 1859, what is now Idaho was situated in what remained of the original Oregon Territory, designated as the Washington Territory.
Between 1849 and the creation of the
Idaho achieved statehood in 1890, following a difficult start as a territory, including the chaotic transfer of the territorial capital from
Idaho was one of the hardest hit of the Pacific Northwest states during the Great Depression.[28] Prices plummeted for Idaho's major crops: in 1932 a bushel of potatoes brought only ten cents compared to 1919 for $1.51, while Idaho farmers saw their annual income of $686 in 1929 drop to $250 by 1932.[29]
In recent years, Idaho has expanded its commercial base as a tourism and agricultural state to include science and technology industries. Science and technology have become the largest single economic center (over 25% of the state's total revenue) within the state and are greater than agriculture, forestry and mining combined.[30]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Idaho enacted statewide crisis standards of care as COVID-19 patients overwhelmed hospitals.[31] The state had one of the lowest vaccination rates in the country as of mid-October 2021.[32]
Geography
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2022) |
Idaho shares a border with six U.S. states and one Canadian province. The states of Washington and Oregon are to the west, Nevada and Utah are to the south, and Montana and Wyoming are to the east. Idaho also shares a short border with the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north.[33]
The landscape is rugged, with some of the largest unspoiled natural areas in the United States. For example, at 2.3 million acres (930,010 ha), the
By far, the most important river in Idaho is the Snake River, a major tributary of the Columbia River. The Snake River flows from
The vast majority of Idaho's population lives in the Snake River Plain, a valley running from across the entirety of southern Idaho from east to west. The valley contains the major cities of
Idaho's highest point is Borah Peak, 12,662 ft (3,859 m), in the Lost River Range north of Mackay. Idaho's lowest point, 710 ft (216 m), is in Lewiston, where the Clearwater River joins the Snake River and continues into Washington. The Sawtooth Range is often considered Idaho's most famous mountain range.[36] Other mountain ranges in Idaho include the Bitterroot Range, the White Cloud Mountains, the Lost River Range, the Clearwater Mountains, and the Salmon River Mountains.
Idaho has two time zones, with the dividing line approximately midway between Canada and Nevada. Southern Idaho, including the Boise metropolitan area, Idaho Falls, Pocatello, and Twin Falls, are in the Mountain Time Zone. A legislative error (15 U.S.C. ch. 6 §264) theoretically placed this region in the Central Time Zone, but this was corrected with a 2007 amendment.[38] Areas north of the Salmon River, including Coeur d'Alene, Moscow, Lewiston, and Sandpoint, are in the Pacific Time Zone, which contains less than a quarter of the state's population and land area.[citation needed]
Climate
Idaho's
Idaho can be hot, although extended periods over 98 °F (37 °C) are rare, except for the lowest point in elevation, Lewiston, which correspondingly sees little snow. Hot summer days are tempered by the low relative humidity and cooler evenings during summer months since, for most of the state, the highest diurnal difference in temperature is often in the summer.[42] Winters can be cold, although extended periods of bitter cold weather below zero are unusual. Idaho's all-time highest temperature of 118 °F (48 °C) was recorded at Orofino on July 28, 1934; the all-time lowest temperature of −60 °F (−51 °C) was recorded at Island Park Dam on January 18, 1943.
Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Idaho cities. (°F) | ||||||||||||
City | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boise | 38/24 | 45/27 | 55/33 | 62/38 | 72/46 | 81/53 | 91/59 | 90/59 | 79/50 | 65/40 | 48/31 | 38/23 |
Lewiston | 42/30 | 47/32 | 55/36 | 62/41 | 72/48 | 79/54 | 91/61 | 90/60 | 80/52 | 63/42 | 49/35 | 41/30 |
Pocatello | 33/16 | 38/19 | 49/27 | 59/33 | 68/40 | 78/46 | 88/52 | 88/51 | 76/42 | 62/33 | 45/24 | 33/16 |
Orofino | 38/25 | 46/28 | 55/32 | 64/38 | 72/44 | 80/50 | 89/54 | 90/53 | 79/45 | 63/36 | 46/31 | 37/26 |
[43] |
Lakes and rivers
- Clark Fork River
- Alturas Lake
- Bear River
- Bear Lake (Idaho–Utah)
- Boise River
- Clearwater River
- Hayden Lake
- Henry's Lake
- Kootenai River
- Lake Cascade
- Lake Cleveland
- Lake Coeur d'Alene
- Lake Lowell
- Lake Walcott
- Pend Oreille - Largest in Idaho
- Little Redfish Lake
- Lucky Peak Lake
- Moyie River
- North Fork Clearwater River
- Pack River
- Payette Lake, (McCall)
- Pettit Lake
- Priest Lake
- Perkins Lake
- Portneuf River
- Redfish Lake
- Salmon River
- Sawtooth Lake
- Snake River - Longest
- Stanley Lake
- St. Joe River
- Warm Lake
Protected areas
As of 2018:[44]
National parks, reserves, monuments and historic sites
- Salmon-Challis National Forest
- California National Historic Trail
- City of Rocks National Reserve
- Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve
- Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument
- Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail
- Minidoka National Historic Site
- Nez Perce National Historical Park
- Oregon National Historic Trail
- Yellowstone National Park
- Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail
National recreation areas
National wildlife refuges and Wilderness Areas
National conservation areas
- Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area
State parks
- Bear Lake State Park
- Bruneau Dunes State Park
- Castle Rocks State Park
- City of Rocks National Reserve
- Coeur d'Alene Parkway State Park
- Dworshak State Park
- Eagle Island State Park
- Farragut State Park
- Harriman State Park
- Hells Gate State Park
- Henrys Lake State Park
- Heyburn State Park
- Lake Cascade State Park
- Lake Walcott State Park
- Land of the Yankee Fork State Park
- Lucky Peak State Park
- Massacre Rocks State Park
- McCroskey State Park
- Old Mission State Park
- Ponderosa State Park
- Priest Lake State Park
- Round Lake State Park
- Thousand Springs State Park
- Three Island Crossing State Park
- Trail of the Coeur d'Alenes
- Winchester Lake State Park
Demographics
Population
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1870 | 14,999 | — | |
1880 | 32,610 | 117.4% | |
1890 | 88,548 | 171.5% | |
1900 | 161,772 | 82.7% | |
1910 | 325,594 | 101.3% | |
1920 | 431,866 | 32.6% | |
1930 | 445,032 | 3.0% | |
1940 | 524,873 | 17.9% | |
1950 | 588,637 | 12.1% | |
1960 | 667,191 | 13.3% | |
1970 | 712,567 | 6.8% | |
1980 | 943,935 | 32.5% | |
1990 | 1,006,749 | 6.7% | |
2000 | 1,293,953 | 28.5% | |
2010 | 1,567,582 | 21.1% | |
2020 | 1,839,106 | 17.3% | |
2023 (est.) | 1,964,726 | 6.8% | |
Source: 1910–2020[45]
2023[46] |
The United States Census Bureau determined Idaho's population was 1,900,923 on July 1, 2021, a 21% increase since the 2010 U.S. census.[47]
Idaho had an estimated population of 1,754,208 in 2018, which was an increase of 37,265, from the prior year and an increase of 186,626, or 11.91%, since 2010. This included a natural increase since the last census of 58,884 (111,131 births minus 52,247 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 75,795 people into the state. There are large numbers of Americans of English and German ancestry in Idaho. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 14,522 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 61,273 people.
According to the American Immigration Council, in 2018, the top countries of origin for Idaho's immigrants were Mexico, Canada, the Philippines, China and Germany.[48]
Idaho's population increased by 17.3% from 2010 to 2020, the second fastest state growth rate in the decade.[49]
Nampa, about 20 miles (30 km) west of downtown Boise, became the state's second largest city in the late 1990s, passing Pocatello and Idaho Falls. Nampa's population was under 29,000 in 1990 and grew to over 81,000 by 2010. Located between Nampa and Boise, Meridian also experienced high growth, from fewer than 10,000 residents in 1990 to more than 75,000 in 2010 and is now Idaho's third largest city. Growth of 5% or more over the same period has also been observed in Caldwell, Coeur d'Alene, Post Falls, and Twin Falls.[50]
From 1990 to 2010, Idaho's population increased by over 560,000 (55%). The Boise metropolitan area (officially known as the Boise City-Nampa, ID Metropolitan Statistical Area) is Idaho's largest metropolitan area. Other metropolitan areas in order of size are Coeur d'Alene, Idaho Falls, Pocatello and Lewiston.[51]
According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 1,998 homeless people in Idaho.[52][53]
Racial composition | 1970[54] | 1990[54] | 2000[55] | 2010[56] | 2020[57] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
White or European American | 98.1% | 94.4% | 90.1% | 89.1% | 82.1% |
Indigenous | 0.9% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.4% |
Asian |
0.5% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 1.5% |
Black |
0.3% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% |
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander |
— | — | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.2% |
Other race |
0.2% | 3.0% | 4.2% | 5.1% | 5.6% |
Two or more races |
— | — | 2.0% | 2.5% | 8.3% |
According to the 2017 American Community Survey, 12.2% of Idaho's population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican (10.6%), Puerto Rican (0.2%), Cuban (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (1.3%).[58] The five largest ancestry groups were: German (17.5%), English (16.4%), Irish (9.3%), American (8.1%), and Scottish (3.2%).[59]
The majority of Idaho's population is of European (white) descent. Most Idaho's white population trace their ancestry to the United Kingdom, Germany, Ireland, France, Italy, or Poland. Latinos constitute around one-tenth of the population. There are also small numbers of Native Americans, Asians, and African Americans in the state.[60]
In 2018, The top countries of origin for Idaho's immigrants were Mexico, Canada, the Philippines, China and Germany.[61]
There are 5 federally recognized Native American tribes in the state. These tribes include the Shoshone-Bannock, the Shoshone-Paiute, the Coeur d’Alene, the Kootenai and the Nez Perce.[62]
- Birth data
Non-Hispanic White 50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90%90%+
Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.
Race
|
2013[63] | 2014[64] | 2015[65] | 2016[66] | 2017[67] | 2018[68] | 2019[69] | 2020[70] | 2021[71] | 2022[72] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White :
|
21,246 (94.9%) | 21,696 (94.8%) | 21,618 (94.7%) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
> Non-Hispanic White | 17,951 (80.2%) | 18,188 (79.5%) | 18,087 (79.2%) | 17,543 (78.0%) | 17,151 (77.3%) | 16,574 (77.4%) | 16,959 (76.9%) | 16,463 (76.4%) | 17,039 (76.0%) | 16,894 (75.4%) |
Asian | 491 (2.2%) | 501 (2.2%) | 516 (2.3%) | 363 (1.6%) | 366 (1.7%) | 348 (1.6%) | 350 (1.6%) | 327 (1.5%) | 380 (1.7%) | 378 (1.7%) |
Black | 225 (1.0%) | 250 (1.1%) | 287 (1.2%) | 217 (1.0%) | 243 (1.1%) | 233 (1.1%) | 261 (1.2%) | 265 (1.2%) | 271 (1.2%) | 258 (1.2%) |
American Indian | 421 (1.9%) | 429 (1.9%) | 406 (1.8%) | 261 (1.2%) | 337 (1.5%) | 285 (1.3%) | 291 (1.3%) | 206 (0.9%) | 232 (1.0%) | 260 (1.2%) |
Hispanic (of any race) | 3,422 (15.3%) | 3,651 (16.0%) | 3,645 (16.0%) | 3,614 (16.1%) | 3,598 (16.2%) | 3,549 (16.6%) | 3,702 (16.8%) | 3,687 (17.1%) | 3,887 (17.3%) | 4,002 (17.9%) |
Total Idaho | 22,383 (100%) | 22,876 (100%) | 22,827 (100%) | 22,482 (100%) | 22,181 (100%) | 21,403 (100%) | 22,063 (100%) | 21,533 (100%) | 22,427 (100%) | 22,391 (100%) |
- Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Religion
According to the Pew Research Center on Religion & Public Life, the self-identified religious affiliations of Idahoans over the age of 18 in 2008 and 2014 were:
Denomination | 2008[74] | 2014[75][76] |
---|---|---|
Christian, including: | 81% | 67% |
* Evangelical Protestant
|
22% | 21% |
* Mainline Protestant | 16% | 16% |
* Catholic | 18% | 10% |
* Eastern Orthodox
|
< 0.5% | 1% |
* Historically Black Protestant | < 0.5% | < 1% |
* The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 23% | 19% |
* Jehovah's Witnesses | 1% | < 1% |
* Other Christian | < 0.5% | < 1% |
Unaffiliated, including: | 18% | 27% |
* Nothing in particular | n/d | 22% |
* Agnostic
|
n/d | 3% |
* Atheist
|
n/d | 2% |
Non-Christian faiths, including: | n/d | 4% |
* Muslim | < 0.5% | 1% |
* Jewish | < 0.5% | < 1% |
* Buddhist
|
< 0.5% | < 1% |
* Hindu
|
< 0.5% | < 1% |
* Other world religions | < 0.5% | < 1% |
* Other faiths ( Native American , etc.)
|
n/d | 2% |
Don't know/refused | < 0.5% | 1% |
According to the Association of Religion Data Archives, the largest denominations by number of members in 2010 were The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 409,265; the Catholic Church with 123,400; the non-denominational Protestants with 62,637; and the Assemblies of God with 22,183.[77] In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives revealed Mormons remained the largest with 462,069, followed by Catholics (203,790), and non-denominational Protestantism (98,996).[78]
In 2022, the Public Religion Research Institute's American Values Survey estimated altogether, 72% of the population was Christian, 26% were religiously unaffiliated, and 3% were New Agers. Of its Christian population, 37% were Protestant, 24% Mormon, 9% Catholic, and 2% Jehovah's Witnesses.
Language
English is the state's predominant language. Minority languages include Spanish[79] and various Native American languages.
Economy
Important industries in Idaho are food processing, lumber and wood products, machinery, chemical products, paper products, electronics manufacturing, silver and other mining, and tourism. The world's largest factory for barrel cheese, the raw product for processed cheese, is in Gooding, Idaho. It has a capacity of 120,000 metric tons per year of barrel cheese and belongs to the Glanbia group.[83]
Hewlett-Packard has operated a large plant in Boise since the 1970s, which is devoted primarily to LaserJet printers production.[84]
Idaho has a state gambling lottery, which contributed $333.5 million in payments to all Idaho public schools and Idaho higher education from 1990 to 2006.[85]
-
Wheat harvest on the Palouse
Taxation
Tax is collected by the
The state personal income tax is a flat 5.8%. Idahoans may apply for state tax credits for taxes paid to other states, as well as for donations to Idaho state educational entities and some nonprofit youth and rehabilitation facilities.[citation needed]
The state
The sales tax was introduced at 3% in 1965, easily approved by voters,[88] where it remained at 3% until 1983.[89]
Energy
Idaho has a regulated electricity market, with the Idaho Public Utilities Commission regulating the three major utilities of Avista Utilities, Idaho Power, and Rocky Mountain Power.[90]
Idaho consumes almost four times more energy than it produces. In 2022, renewable energy sources accounted for 75% of the total electricity generated in the state, the fourth-highest share of renewable electricity for any state.[91] In 2022, half of Idaho's utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) electricity generating capacity is at hydroelectric power plants, 25% from natural gas, 17% of the state's total in-state electricity net generation came from wind facilities, 4% from solar and 1% from geothermal.[92] Washington State provides most of the natural gas used in Idaho through one of the two major pipeline systems supplying the state.[citation needed]
Idaho has an upper-boundary estimate of development potential to generate 44,320 GWh/year from 18,076 MW of wind power, and 7,467,000 GWh/year from solar power using 2,061,000 MW of photovoltaics (PV), including 3,224 MW of rooftop photovoltaics, and 1,267,000 MW of concentrated solar power.[93] Idaho had 973 MW of installed wind power as of 2020.[94]
Transportation
The
Highways
Major federal aid highways in Idaho:
Airports
Major airports include the
Railroads
Idaho is served by three transcontinental railroads. The
The Union Pacific Railroad also crosses southern Idaho traveling between Portland, Oregon, Green River, Wyoming, and Ogden, Utah, and serves Boise, Nampa, Twin Falls, and Pocatello.
Ports
The Port of Lewiston is the farthest inland Pacific port on the west coast. A series of dams and locks on the Snake River and Columbia River facilitate barge travel from Lewiston to Portland, where goods are loaded on ocean-going vessels.[97]
Law and government
State constitution
The constitution of Idaho is roughly modeled on the national constitution, with several additions. The constitution defines the form and functions of the state government, and may be amended through
Idaho Code and Statutes
All of Idaho's state laws are contained in the Idaho Code and Statutes. The code is amended through the legislature with the approval of the governor. Idaho still operates under its original (1889) state constitution.[98]
Idaho has one of the strictest abortion laws in the nation.[99] In April 2023, the Idaho became the first state to restrict interstate travel for abortion services.[100][101] Nearly all abortions are banned and private citizens can sue abortion providers. The Idaho Supreme Court has ruled there is no constitutional right to abortion. A federal judge ruled in 2022 that doctors cannot be punished for performing an abortion to protect a patient's health.[102] The state abortion laws have led to an outmigration of physicians who specialize in maternal/fetal care.[103]
State government
The constitution of Idaho provides for three branches of government: the executive, legislative and judicial branches. Idaho has a
Since 1946, statewide elected constitutional officers have been elected to four-year terms. They include:
Last contested in 1966, Inspector of Mines was an originally elected constitutional office. Afterward it was an appointed position and ultimately done away with entirely in 1974.
Idaho's government has an alcohol monopoly; the Idaho State Liquor Division.
Executive branch
The governor of Idaho serves a four-year term and is elected during what is nationally referred to as midterm elections. As such, the governor is not elected in the same election year as the president of the United States. The current governor is Republican Brad Little, who was first elected in 2018 and re-elected in 2022. Idaho is 1 of 13 states with no term limits for Governor.[104]
Legislative branch
Idaho's legislature is part-time. Because of this, Idaho's legislators are considered "citizen legislators", meaning their position as a legislator is not their main occupation. However, the session may be extended if necessary, and often is.
Terms for both the Senate and House of Representatives are two years. Legislative elections occur every even numbered year.
Both of Idaho's state legislative chambers have been continuously controlled by Republicans since 1960, although Democratic legislators are routinely elected from Boise, Pocatello, Blaine County and the northern Panhandle.
Judicial branch
The highest court in Idaho is the Idaho Supreme Court. There is also an intermediate appellate court, the Idaho Court of Appeals, which hears cases assigned to it from the Supreme Court. The state's District Courts serve seven judicial districts.[105]
Politics
This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2020) |
Party | Number of Voters | Percentage | |
---|---|---|---|
Republican | 584,152 | 58.39% | |
Unaffiliated | 275,286 | 27.52% | |
Democratic | 125,521 | 12.54% | |
Libertarian | 11,254 | 1.12% | |
Constitution | 4,141 | 0.41% | |
Total | 1,000,354 | 100.00% |
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2020 | 554,119 | 63.67% | 287,021 | 32.98% | 29,203 | 3.36% |
2016 | 409,055 | 59.25% | 189,765 | 27.48% | 91,613 | 13.27% |
2012 | 420,911 | 64.09% | 212,787 | 32.40% | 23,044 | 3.51% |
2008 | 403,012 | 61.21% | 236,440 | 35.91% | 19,002 | 2.89% |
2004 | 409,235 | 68.38% | 181,098 | 30.26% | 8,114 | 1.36% |
2000 | 336,937 | 67.17% | 138,637 | 27.64% | 26,047 | 5.19% |
1996 | 256,595 | 52.18% | 165,443 | 33.65% | 69,681 | 14.17% |
1992 | 202,645 | 42.03% | 137,013 | 28.42% | 142,484 | 29.55% |
1988 | 253,881 | 62.08% | 147,272 | 36.01% | 7,815 | 1.91% |
1984 | 297,523 | 72.36% | 108,510 | 26.39% | 5,111 | 1.24% |
1980 | 290,699 | 66.46% | 110,192 | 25.19% | 36,540 | 8.35% |
1976 | 204,151 | 59.88% | 126,549 | 37.12% | 10,232 | 3.00% |
1972 | 199,384 | 64.24% | 80,826 | 26.04% | 30,169 | 9.72% |
1968 | 165,369 | 56.79% | 89,273 | 30.66% | 36,541 | 12.55% |
1964 | 143,557 | 49.08% | 148,920 | 50.92% | 0 | 0.00% |
1960 | 161,597 | 53.78% | 138,853 | 46.22% | 0 | 0.00% |
1956 | 166,979 | 61.17% | 105,868 | 38.78% | 142 | 0.05% |
1952 | 180,707 | 65.41% | 95,081 | 34.42% | 466 | 0.17% |
1948 | 101,514 | 47.26% | 107,370 | 49.98% | 5,932 | 2.76% |
1944 | 100,137 | 48.07% | 107,399 | 51.55% | 785 | 0.38% |
1940 | 106,553 | 45.31% | 127,842 | 54.36% | 773 | 0.33% |
1936 | 66,256 | 33.19% | 125,683 | 62.96% | 7,678 | 3.85% |
1932 | 71,417 | 38.27% | 109,479 | 58.66% | 5,729 | 3.07% |
1928 | 97,322 | 64.22% | 52,926 | 34.93% | 1,293 | 0.85% |
1924 | 69,879 | 47.12% | 24,256 | 16.36% | 54,160 | 36.52% |
1920 | 88,975 | 65.60% | 46,579 | 34.34% | 70 | 0.05% |
1916 | 55,368 | 41.13% | 70,054 | 52.04% | 9,193 | 6.83% |
1912 | 32,810 | 31.02% | 33,921 | 32.08% | 39,023 | 36.90% |
1908 | 52,621 | 54.09% | 36,162 | 37.17% | 8,510 | 8.75% |
1904 | 47,783 | 65.84% | 18,480 | 25.46% | 6,315 | 8.70% |
1900 | 27,198 | 46.96% | 29,414 | 50.79% | 1,302 | 2.25% |
1896 | 6,314 | 21.32% | 23,135 | 78.10% | 172 | 0.58% |
1892 | 8,599 | 44.31% | 0 | 0.00% | 10,808 | 55.69% |
After the
In 1864, Clinton DeWitt Smith removed the territorial seal and the state constitution from a locked safe, and took them to Boise. This effectively moved the capital from where they were stored (Lewiston, Idaho) to the current capital, Boise.[108]
Since statehood, the Republican Party has usually been the dominant party in Idaho. At one time, Idaho had two Democratic parties, one being the mainstream and the other called the Anti-Mormon Democrats, lasting into the early 20th century. In the 1890s and early 1900s, the
Idaho Congressional delegations have also been generally Republican since statehood. Several Idaho Democrats have had electoral success in the
In modern times, Idaho has been a reliably Republican state in presidential politics. It has not supported a Democrat for
In the 2006 elections, Republicans, led by gubernatorial candidate
Republicans lost one of the House seats in 2008 to Minnick, but Republican
Idaho retains the
Education
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2022) |
K–12
As of January 2020, the State of Idaho contains 105 school districts[113] and 62 charter schools.[114] The school districts range in enrollment from two to 39,507 students.[115]
Idaho school districts are governed by elected school boards, which are elected in November of odd-numbered years,[116] except for the Boise School District, whose elections are held in September.[117]
Colleges and universities
The Idaho State Board of Education oversees three comprehensive universities.
Idaho has four regional community colleges:
Private institutions in Idaho are
- Boise Bible College
- Boise State University
- Brigham Young University-Idaho(formerly Ricks College)
- College of Idaho (formerly Albertson College of Idaho)
- College of Southern Idaho
- College of Western Idaho
- College of Eastern Idaho
- Idaho State University
- Lewis-Clark State College
- McCall College
- New Saint Andrews College
- North Idaho College
- Northwest Nazarene University
- University of Idaho
Sports
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2022) |
Central Idaho is home to one of North America's oldest
Club | Sport | League |
---|---|---|
Boise Hawks | Baseball | Pioneer League |
Boise State Broncos | NCAA | Div I FBS, MWC
|
Idaho Vandals | NCAA | Div I FCS, Big Sky
|
Idaho State Bengals | NCAA | Div I FCS, Big Sky
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Idaho Falls Chukars | Baseball | Pioneer League |
Idaho Steelheads | Ice hockey
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ECHL |
Idaho Falls Spud Kings | Ice hockey
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USPHL |
The
High school sports are overseen by the Idaho High School Activities Association (IHSAA).
In 2016, Meridian's Michael Slagowski ran 800 meters in 1:48.70. That is one of the 35 fastest 800-meter times ever run by a high school boy in the United States.[121]
In popular culture
The 1980 film
See also
- Index of Idaho-related articles
- Outline of Idaho
- USS Idaho, five ships
Explanatory notes
- ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
References
- ^ "Facts & Symbols". The Official Website of the State of Idaho. Access Idaho. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
- ^ [1] United States Census Bureau—Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010
- ^ "Beauty Reset". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ "Median Household Income in Idaho".
- ^ "Idaho Statutes (73-121)". State of Idaho. 2017. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
- ^ "Western States Data Public Land Acreage", wildlandfire.com. Archived on July 27, 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
- ^ Wells, Merle W. "Origins of the Name "Idaho" and How Idaho Became a Territory in 1863" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
- ^ Rees, John E (1928) [1868]. "Idaho—its meaning, origin and application". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ "Did Idaho Get Its Name As a Result of a Hoax?". Museum of hoaxes. April 25, 2006. Archived from the original on October 25, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ Idaho. MSN. Archived from the original on October 28, 2009.
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:|work=
ignored (help) - JSTOR 1496073.
- ^ "Origins of the Name "Idaho" and How Idaho Became a Territory in 1863", Idaho Museum of Natural History (PDF), Idaho State University, archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2013, retrieved March 6, 2013.
- ^ "uslaw.link". uslaw.link. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
- ^ a b "15,000-year-old Idaho archaeology site now among America's oldest". Culture & History. August 29, 2019. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
- ^ S2CID 201672463.
- ^ "Idaho artifacts show human presence in Americas 16,600 years ago". news.yahoo.com. August 29, 2019. Archived from the original on September 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
- ^ "David Thompson's Trading Post". Idaho Forts. American Forts Network. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-295-97485-9.
- ^ "Fur Trade Posts in Idaho" (PDF). Idaho State Historical Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2009. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
- ^ "Donald MacKenzie's Post". Idaho Forts. American Forts Network. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
- ^ Bennett, Eldon T. "An Early History of Franklin". Franklin, ID. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
- ^ "Elias Davidson Pierce and the Founding of Pierce" (PDF). Idaho State Historical Society. August 1966. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
- ^ "Significance of Asians and Asian Americans in Idaho History". www.uidaho.edu. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- US: State Historical Society. 1968. Archived from the original(PDF) on October 2, 2013. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
- ^ Tanenhaus, David S. "Mormon" (PDF). The Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States (entry). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 28, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ "Idaho becomes 43rd state—Jul 03, 1890—HISTORY.com". HISTORY.com. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
- ^ Schwantes, Carlos (1991). In Mountain Shadows: a History of Idaho. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
- ISBN 978-0-7618-2842-6.
- ^ "The Power of Idaho" (whitepaper). ID: Economic Development Association. 2004. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved October 7, 2007.
- ^ [email protected], ERIN BANKS RUSBY (September 16, 2021). "Idaho issues crisis standards of care statewide". Idaho Press. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
- ^ "Map of Idaho".
- ^ "2015 Idaho Travel Guide by Visit Idaho - Issuu". issuu.com. February 13, 2015.
- ^ "Port of Lewiston". US history. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ "Sawtooth Range". Idaho climbing guide. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ Michael Holtz (January 24, 2022). "Idaho Is Sitting on One of the Most Important Elements on Earth". The Atlantic.
- ^ "Part of Idaho in fourth zone". U.S. Code. Washington, D.C., U.S.: House of representatives. 264. Archived from the original on January 25, 2006.
- ^ "Climate of Idaho". WRCC. DRI. February 20, 1954. Archived from the original on September 9, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ Woodward, Susan L. (2012–2015). "Inland Rainforests of the Northwest". Radford University. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ^ "Climate of Idaho". Western Regional Climate Center. Archived from the original on November 20, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
- ^ "Climate of Idaho". WRCC—DRI. February 20, 1954. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
- ^ Weather Idaho, US travel weather, archived from the original on July 5, 2007.
- ^ "List of parks in Idaho". www.stateparks.com.
- ^ "Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/ID,adacountyidaho/PST045221. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
- ^ "U.S. Population Trends Return to Pre-Pandemic Norms as More States Gain Population". Census Bureau QuickFacts. December 19, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
- ^ "QuickFacts Idaho; UNITED STATES". 2018 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 10, 2019. Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
- ^ "Immigrants in Idaho" (PDF).
- ^ Idaho: 2020 Census, United States Census Bureau, August 25, 2021.
- ^ "Idaho". QuickFacts. US: Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ "2022 AHAR: Part 1 - PIT Estimates of Homelessness in the U.S. | HUD USER". www.huduser.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
- ^ "2007-2022 PIT Counts by State".
- ^ "The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress" (PDF).
- ^ a b "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Archived from the original on July 25, 2008.
- ^ "Idaho :: Census Viewer :: CensusViewer :: Powered by Moonshadow Mobile". Idaho.us.censusviewer.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
- ^ Center for New Media and Promotions(C2PO). "2010 Census Data". Census.gov. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
- ^ "2017 American Community Survey—Demographic and Housing Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ "2016 American Community Survey—Selected Social Characteristics". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
- ^ "Rocky Mountains, Semi-arid Climate". Encyclopedia Britannica. October 26, 1998.
- ^ "Immigrants in Idaho" (PDF). americanimmigrationcouncil.org.
- ^ "Tribal Lands".
- ^ "Births: Final Data for 2013" (PDF). Cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
- ^ "Births: Final Data for 2014" (PDF). Cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
- ^ "Births: Final Data for 2015" (PDF). Cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
- ^ "National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 67, No. 1" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
- ^ "National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 67, No. 8" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
- ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
- ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
- ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
- ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ Staff (February 24, 2023). "American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition in Idaho". Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ "Religious Landscape Study, february 2008" (PDF). Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
- ^ "Religious Landscape Study". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
- ^ "About the Religious Landscape Study". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
- ^ "State Membership Report". Data Archives. The Arda. 2010. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
- ^ "2020 Congregational Membership". www.thearda.com. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ^ "Languages - Idaho". www.city-data.com.
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Idaho". Archived from the original on November 11, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
- ^ a b "Gross domestic product (GDP) by state (millions of current dollars)". U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
- ^ "QuickFacts Idaho". United States Census Bureau. U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on April 11, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
- ^ Zuivelzicht, April 25, 2007.
- ^ "Today in History: March 4". Memory. Washington, D.C., US: Library of Congress. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ "Facts at a Glance". Idaho Lottery. 2007. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
- ^ "Idaho State Tax Commission - Official Website".
- ^ "Local Option Tax". City of Bonners Ferry. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
- ^ "Conservatism given credit by Samuelson". Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. November 10, 1966. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
- ^ "Sales tax rate history". State of Idaho. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
- ^ "Energy policy in Idaho". Ballotpedia. Archived from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
- ^ "Idaho State Energy Profile, Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total)". U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). April 20, 2023. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
- ^ Idaho, State Profile and Energy Estimates, EIA, Updated April 20, 2023
- ^ "Renewable Energy Technical Potential", GIS, NREL, August 2, 2012, archived from the original on September 15, 2012.
- ^ "State Wind Energy Facts". AWEA. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
- ^ "FAQs". ITD. January 24, 2007. Archived from the original on April 26, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2007.
The transportation department also oversees federal grants to 15 rural and urban public transportation systems, provides state rail planning and rail-project development and supports bicycle and pedestrian projects.
- ^ "Major Airports in Idaho". Traveltips.usatoday.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
- ^ "Who We Are". Port of Lewiston. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
- ^ a b "Constitution of the State of Idaho" (PDF). History.idaho.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
- ^ Bendix, Aria (April 6, 2023). "Idaho becomes one of the most extreme anti-abortion states with law restricting travel for abortions". NBC News. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ^ Brown, Elizabeth Nolan (April 6, 2023). "Idaho takes aim at interstate travel for abortion. Health care providers are suing". Reason.com. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ^ Staff (April 6, 2023). "Idaho governor signs 'abortion trafficking' bill into law". Associated Press. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ^ Tracking the States Where Abortion Is Now Banned, The New York Times, updated May 10, 2023.
- ^ , Idaho’s murky abortion law is driving doctors out of the state, Randi Kaye, Stephen Samaniego, CNN, May 13, 2023
- ^ The other 12 are Washington, Utah, Texas, Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, & New Hampshire. [2]
- ^ "Idaho District Court Websites". ID: ISC. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
- ^ "Voter Registration Totals". Idaho Department of State.
- ^ Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Idaho". US Election Atlas. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
- ^ "Capitol Move or Theft?—Essays—Capitol of Light (Idaho Public Television)". Idahotv.org. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
- ^ General Election Results, ID: Secretary of State Election Division, November 4, 2008, archived from the original on December 15, 2008.
- ^ "ID", Elections 1 998 (profile), NCSL, 2006, archived from the original on May 1, 2009
- ^ "Statewide totals", Election (results), ID: State government, 2008, archived from the original on February 20, 2015
- ^ "Idaho poised to allow firing-squad executions in some cases". Associated Press. March 20, 2023.
- ^ "School Districts". idaho.gov. State of Idaho. Archived from the original on January 21, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
- ^ "Charter School List" (PDF). sde.idaho.gov. Idaho State Department of Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 21, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
- ^ "Enrollment-by-District-and-Charter-School". sde.idaho.gov. Idaho State Department of Education. Archived from the original on January 21, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
- ^ Richert, Kevin (October 31, 2019). "Coming Tuesday: A First-of-its-kind School Election Day". idahoednews.org. Idaho Ed News. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
- ^ Ward, Xavier (January 19, 2019). "Boise School District could align with election calendar, but opts not to". idahopress.com. Idaho Press. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
- ^ "Public Education Institutions | Idaho State Board of Education".
- ^ "History & Overview - Office of the President | Lewis-Clark State". Lewis-Clark State College. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
- ^ Engber, Daniel (February 21, 2014). "Who Made That Ski Lift?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
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- ^ Robb, Brian J (1995). "River Phoenix: A Short Life". Perennial.
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Further reading
- Schwantes, Carlos A. In mountain shadows: A history of Idaho (U of Nebraska Press, 1991). online
- Schwantes, Carlos A. The Pacific Northwest: an interpretive history (U of Nebraska Press, 1996).
- Sims, Robert C.; Hope A. Benedict (1992). Idaho's Governors. Boise, Idaho: College of Social Sciences and Public Affairs, Boise State University. ISBN 0-932129-13-7.
- Stapilus, Randy. Idaho Myths and Legends: The True Stories Behind History's Mysteries (Rowman & Littlefield, 2020) online
External links
- State of Idaho government.
- Idaho State Guide, from the Library of Congress
- Idaho at Curlie
- Energy Profile for Idaho, US: DoE, archived from the originalon November 17, 2010, retrieved December 1, 2018.
- Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation.
- "Idaho Newspapers", US newspapers, archived from the original on June 20, 2012.
- Idaho State Databases, Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association, archived from the original (wiki) on May 15, 2008, retrieved June 12, 2008—Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Idaho state agencies.
- Idaho State Facts, USDA.
- Log Cabins in America: The Finnish Experience (teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan), National Park Service.
- The History of Idaho, State government, archived from the original on May 9, 2008.
- "States", Quick facts, US: Census Bureau, archived from the original on June 11, 2012.
- Real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Idaho, USGS, archived from the original on December 9, 2016, retrieved January 18, 2007.
- Visit Idaho (official state tourism website).
- Idaho population of 2019.
- Geographic data related to Idaho at OpenStreetMap