Idrisid dynasty
Idrisid dynasty الأدارسة | |||||||||||
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788–974 | |||||||||||
Al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim | |||||||||||
Historical era | Medieval | ||||||||||
• Established | 788 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 974 | ||||||||||
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History of Morocco |
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Historical Arab states and dynasties |
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The Idrisid dynasty or Idrisids (
Fleeing the Abbasid Caliphate to the east in the aftermath of the
History
Founders of the Idrisid state: Idris I and Idris II
By the second half of the 8th century the westernmost regions of the Maghreb, including present-day Morocco, had been effectively independent of the Umayyad Caliphate since the Khariji-led Berber revolts that started in 739–40.[4][6] The Abbasid Caliphate after 750 had no more success in re-establishing control over Morocco.[4]: 41 The overthrow of eastern authority meant that Morocco was controlled by various local Berber tribes and principalities which emerged around this time, such as the Barghwata Confederacy on the Atlantic coast and the Midrarid Emirate in Sijilmasa.[4][5]
The founder of the Idrisid dynasty was
The powerful
Even though he had spread his authority across much of northern Morocco, as far west as
The successors of Idris II
The dynasty's power would slowly decline following Idris II's death. Under his son and successor Muhammad (828–836) the kingdom was divided amongst seven of his brothers, whereby eight Idrisid statelets formed in Morocco and western Algeria.[7] Muhammad himself came to rule Fes, with only nominal power over his brothers. His brother Al-Qasim ruled Tangier and its surroundings. 'Umar ruled over the Sanhaja and the Ghumara in the Rif region.[7] Isa was given control of the coastal Tamesna regions near the Bou Regreg, including Shallah (Chellah), and was based at Wazeqqūr (a town near modern-day Khenifra).[7][8] Yahya was given Hiṣn Daī (a site probably near modern Beni Mellal).[7][8][9] Hamza was given Walili. 'Ubayd Allah (or 'Abd Allah) was given the south, including the territory of the Lamta tribes and a town named Tamdult.[7][8] Agadir (later Tlemcen) was left under the control of Muhammad Ibn Sulayman, Idris II's cousin and the son of Sulayman, the brother of Idris I whom the latter had left in charge of the city, constituting the Sulaymanid dynasty.[7][8][10]
Soon after this territorial division Isa revolted against his brother Muhammad. Muhammad entrusted his other brother Umar to punish him. Umar successfully drove Isa from power, who was forced to take refuge in Chellah.
Decline and fall
After the death of Yahya I in 863 he was succeeded by his less competent son, Yahya II, who divided up the Idrisid realm yet again among the extended families. Yahya II died in uncertain circumstances in 866 after fleeing his palace. After an episode of disorder in Fes his cousin Ali ibn Umar took over power.
Yahya III ruled over the entire Idrisid realm and continued to attack the Sufris. In 905 however he died in battle against another family member,
From Fes, the Miknasa began pursuing the Idrisid family across Morocco. The family took refuge at the fortress of
After this Idrisids settled among the
Religion
According to
The Awraba Berbers who welcomed Idris I in Volubilis were
Legacy
Despite having fallen from power, the Idrisids spawned many sharifian families which continued to be present for centuries to come. Some Moroccans today still claim descent from them.[7] In the 11th century, an Idrisid family descended from Umar (son of Idris II), the Hammudids, were able to gain power in several cities of northern Morocco and southern Spain.[7][22]
In Fes and in the town of Moulay Idriss (near Volubilis), the tombs of Idris II and Idris I, respectively, eventually developed into important religious complexes and pilgrimage sites, like the Zawiya of Moulay Idris II.[23][24] Several prominent sharifian families in Fez traced their lineages to Idris I,[25]: 488 and some of these played a role in maintaining or rebuilding the Zawiya of Idris II in the city.[26]
The Idrisid period also played an important role in the
The Idrisid state set a precedent for
The dynasty
Rulers
- Idris I– (788–791)
- Idris II– (791–828)
- Muhammad ibn Idris – (828–836)
- Ali (I) ibn Muhammad – (836–849)
- Yahya (I) ibn Muhammad – (849–863)
- Yahya (II) ibn Yahya – (863–866)
- Ali (II) ibn Umar – (866–?)[12][7]
- Yahya (III) ibn al-Qasim – (?–905)[12][7]
- Yahya (IV) ibn Idris – (905–919 or 921)[12][7][4]: 63
- Miknasa control on behalf of the Fatimids – (919–925)
- Al-Hajjam al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qasim– (925–927), last Idrisid ruler in Fes
Idrisid rule in northern Morocco:
- Al-Qasim Gannun – (938–948)
- Abul-Aish Ahmad– (948–954)
- Al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim – (954–974, 985)[12]
Genealogical chart
denotes ruling emirs, (1) denotes the sequence of rulership
Source: Benchekroun, Chafik T. (2018). "Idrīsids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830 . |
Timeline
See also
- Muhammad al-Idrisi (descendant of the Idrisid dynasty)
- List of Shi'a Muslim dynasties
Notes and references
- ^ OCLC 495469525.
- ISBN 978-1-4744-2151-5.
- ISBN 978-1-000-48184-6.
- ^ ISBN 0521337674.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Rivet, Daniel (2012). Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI. Fayard.
- ISBN 9780791418277.
At this point, the rebels had control of all modern Morocco, most of which was not to see rule by the universal caliphate again.
- ^ OCLC 495469525.
- ^ ISBN 978-84-00-07766-2.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-6511-2.
- ISBN 978-0-521-21592-3.
- ^ "Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum - object_ISL_ma_Mus01_F_2_en". islamicart.museumwnf.org. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
- ^ ISBN 9780748621378.
- ^ "North Africa - The Rustamid state of Tāhart". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
- ^ Al-Bayan Al-Maghreb (Ibn Idhari al-Marrakushi, 13th century), Vol.1, p.118 (Arabic - Dr. Bashar A. Marouf & Mahmoud B. Awad, 2013)
- ^ Tarikh al-Tabari (Al-Tabari, 9th century) – English translation: The History of al-Tabari vol.26, p.37-38
- ^ Meis Al-Kaisi, "The Development of Politico-Religious Movements: A General Overview", Arabic Heritage in the Post-Abbasid Period, ed. Imed Nsiri, (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019), 124.
Ludwig W. Adamec, The Historical Dictionary of Islam, page 145, "Idrisid Dynasty (788-985). First Shi'ite dynasty in Islamic history, founded by Idris ibn Abdullah....".
C.E. BosworthThe New Islamic Dynasties, page 25, "The Idrisids were the first dynasty who attempted to introduce the doctrines of Shi'ism, albeit in a very attenuated form, into the Maghrib...".
Ignác Goldziher and Bernard Lewis, Introduction to Islamic theology and law, Princeton University Press (1981), p. 218
Mara A. Leichtman, Shi'i Cosmopolitanisms in Africa: Lebanese Migration and Religious Conversion in Senegal, page 216;"Senegalese Shi'a also refer to the spread of Shi'i Islam to Senegal through the Idrisid dynasty and evidence of Shi'i roots in Morocco through 'Alaouis (Hydarah 2008:132-135). Cornell writes that Moulay Idris and his successors, descendants of the Prophet's grandson Hasan, brought with them to Morocco from the Arabian Peninsula "a form of archaic Shi'ism that was similar in many respects to Zaydism" (1998:200)." - ISBN 978-0-88706-810-2.
- ^ De Geschiedenis van Marokko & Noord-Afrika (Sofyan al Kandoussi, 2019), p.179 (Dutch history book on Morocco and North-Africa)
- ISBN 9780748646821.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-38159-9.
- ^ "Qantara - The Idrisids (789- 974)". www.qantara-med.org. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
- OCLC 495469525.
- ^ Achouar, Amina (2005). Fès, Meknès. Flammarion.
- ISBN 2723301591.
- ^ Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.
- ^ Mezzine, Mohamed. "Mulay Idris Mausoleum". Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
- ISBN 978-0-292-76192-6.
- ISBN 978-1-135-31213-8.
- ^ ISBN 9782350314907.
- ISBN 978-0-253-00797-1.
Sources
- Ibn Abi Zar, Rawd al-Qirtas (contains a chronicle of the dynasty).
- Charles-André Julien, Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830, Payot 1994.