Banu Ifran

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Ifranid dynasty
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The Banu Ifran (

Berber tribe prominent in the history of pre-Islamic and early Islamic North Africa. In the 8th century, they established a kingdom in the central Maghreb, with Tlemcen
as its capital.

Prior to the 8th century, the Banu Ifran resisted or revolted against foreign occupiers—

Abbasids
.

In the 10th century they founded a dynasty opposed to the

Almoravids and the invading Arabs (the Banu Hilal and the Banu Sulaym)[2]
at the end of the 11th century. The Ifranid dynasty[3] was recognized as the only dynasty that defended the indigenous people of the Maghreb, by the Romans referred to as the Africani.[4] In 11th century Iberia, the Ifranids founded a Taifa of Ronda in 1039[5] at Ronda in Andalusia and governed from Cordoba for several centuries.[6]

Etymology

According to Ibn Khaldun, the Banu Ifran are named after an ancestor, Ifri, whose name in Berber languages meant "cavern".[1]

History

Tlemcen, a capital of the Banu Ifran

Early history

The dynasty of the Ifrinids, Ibn Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères, section Banou Ifran

The oldest mentions concerning the Banu Ifran situate the bulk of their people in the western region of

Gaetulia[8] confederation in the Aurès Mountains , and were known as expert cavalrymen. According to Ibn Khaldun, "Ifrinides" or "Ait Ifren" successfully resisted Romans, Vandals and Byzantines who sought to occupy North Africa before the arrival of the Muslim armies. According to Corippus in his Iohannis,[9] during the reign of Justinian I between 547 and 550, the Banu Ifran challenged the Byzantine armies under John Troglita to war.[10][11][12]

At the time of the Arab-Muslim conquests, they were located in the region of Yafran in Tripolitania (present-day Libya). The conquests most likely caused them to move from there to the Aurès region, and an Abbasid invasion of Ifriqiya in 761 likely made them move further into what is now north-western Algeria.[13] Their chief Abu Qurra founded the city of Tlemcen in this region in 765 (over the site of the former Roman city of Pomaria) and established an emirate based here.[1][13]

In the 10th century the Ifranids were enemies with the

Jawhar, who killed Ya'la, in battle in 954,[14] the Fatimids struck back and destroyed Ifgan, and for some time afterward the Banu Ifran reverted to being scattered nomads in perpetual competition with their Sanhaja neighbours. Some settled in regions of Spain, such as Málaga. Others, led by Hammama, managed to gain control of the Moroccan province of Tadla. Later, led by Abu al-Kamāl, they established a new capital at Salé on the Atlantic coast, though this brought them into conflict with the Barghawata tribes on the seaboard.[citation needed] The Banu Ifran had also founded Tadla and Sale where Tamim ibn Ziri built the Great Mosque of Sale.[15][16][17]

Banu Ifran in the Maghreb al-Aqsa

During the 11th century, the Banu Ifran contested with the Maghrawa tribe for the control of the Maghreb al-Aqsa (present-day Morocco) after the fall of the

Fes by surprise in January 993 and held it for some months until the Maghrawa ruler Ziri ibn Atiyya
returned from Spain and reconquered the region.

In 1029, the Banu Ifran led by Temim conquered Tamesna from the Barghawata, Temim then expulsed half the population and putting the rest to slavery, he managed to then put his residence there.[18][19]

In May or June 1033,

Fes, forcing Tamīm to flee to Salé
.

Soon after that time, the

Almoravids
began their rise to power and effectively conquered both the Banu Ifran and their brother-rivals the Maghrawa.

Banu Ifran in Al-Andalus

Ronda was built by Abu Nour in 1014

The Banu Ifran were influential in al-Andalus (present-day Spain) in the 11th century AD: the Ifran house of Corra ruled the Andalusian city of

better source needed
]

Religion

Before Islam

As of Hadrian (136), representing Africa

Among the Ifran,

Berber deity, and their name may have an origin in their beliefs.[25]
Ifru rites symbolized in caves were held to gain favor or protection for merchants and traders. The myth of this protection is befittingly depicted on Roman coins.[26][27]

Ifru was regarded as a sun goddess, cave goddess and protector of the home.[28][29] Ifru or Ifran was regarded as a Berber version of Vesta.

Dihya, usually referred to as the Kahina, was the Jarawa Berber queen, prophetess, and leader of the non-Muslim response to the advancing Arab armies. Some historians claim Kahina was Christian,[30] or a follower of the Judaic faith,[31][32][33] though few of the Ifran were Christians, even after more than half a millennium of Christianity among the urban populations and the more sedentary tribes. Ibn Khaldun simply states that the Ifran were Berbers, and says nothing of their religion before the advent of Islam.

During Islam

The Banu Ifran were opposed to the Sunnis of the Arab armies. They eventually converted, but joined the Kharidjite movement within Islam. Ibn Khaldun claimed that the "Zenata people say they are Muslims but they still oppose the Arab army".[34][35] After 711, the Berbers were systematically converted to Islam and many became devout members of the faith.

Notes

  1. ^ .
  2. ^ Histoireg des BerbYres et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique ... – ʻAbd al-Raḥman b. Muḥammad Ibn Khaldчn – Google Livres. 1856. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  3. ^ Histoire politique du Maroc: pouvoir, légitimités, et institutions, ʻAbd al-Laṭīf Aknūsh, Abdelatif Agnouche,p.85, Afrique Orient, 1987 book on line
  4. ^ Compleḿent de l'Encycloped́ie moderne: dictionnaire abreǵe ́ des sciences, des ... – Noel̈ Desverges, Lжon Renier, Edouard Carteron, Firmin Didot (Firm). – Google Livres. 1857. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  5. ^ Histoire Des Musulmans D'espagne ,Reinhart Pieter et Anne Dozy, p.238 Book on line
  6. – via Google Books.
  7. ^ Agabi, C. "Ifren (Beni)." Encyclopédie berbère 24 (2001): 3657-3659.
  8. ^ Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archélologique de la province de Constantine (in French). Alessi et Arnolet. 1874. p. 131.
  9. ^ Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1836). Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae (in Latin). impensis E. Weberi. p. 90.
  10. ^ Corripus, la Johannide
  11. ^ Monographie de l'aurès, Delartigue
  12. .
  13. ^ .
  14. Fatimides
    in 958.
  15. ^ ʻAbd al-Laṭīf Aknūsh et Abdelatif Agnouche, Histoire politique du Maroc : pouvoir, légitimités, et institutions, Afrique Orient, 1987
  16. ^ "وزارة الأوقاف و الشؤون الإسلامية" (in Arabic). Islamic Morocco. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  17. ^ Aḥmad ibn Khālid al-Salāwī, Kitāb el-istiqça li akhbār doual el-Maghrib el-Aqça : Histoire du Maroc, vol. 30–31, Paris, Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1923, p. 156.
  18. ^ Bakrī, Abū ʻUbayd ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz (1965). كتاب المغرب في ذكر بلاد افريقية والمغرب: وهو جزء من اجزاء الكتاب المعروف بالمسالك والممالك (in French). Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien-Maisonneuve.
  19. ^ Journal asiatique (in French). Société asiatique. 1859.
  20. ^ Relations judéo-musulmanes au Marocperceptions et réalités , Michel Abitbol [1]
  21. ^ Ibn Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères
  22. ^ Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'a la conquête français (1830), Volume 1 Ernest Mercier Ernest Leroux,
  23. ^ ISRAEL AGAINST ALL ODDS: Anti-Semitism From Its Beginnings to the Holocaust Years Christopher H. K. Persaud Christian Publishing House,
  24. ^ [2] list of leaders in arabic
  25. ^ Archives des missions scientifiques et littéraires , France Commission des missions scientifiques et littéraires, France, [3]
  26. ^ Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique, historique, du département de Constantine , Arnolet, 1878
  27. ^ Recueil des notices et mщmoires de la Sociщtщ archщologique, historique, et ... – Google Livres. 1878. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  28. ^ Les cultes païens dans l'Empire romain , Jules Toutain, page 416, p635 and p636
  29. ^ Toutain, Jules (1920). Les cultes paяens dans l'Empire romain – Jules Toutain – Google Livres. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  30. ^ Moderan, Y. (2005). "Kahena". Encyclopédie berbère [online]. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  31. ^ Relations judéo-musulmanes au Marocperceptions et réalités , Michel Abitbol [4]
  32. ^ The FalashasA Short History of the Ethiopian Jews , David Kessler
  33. ^ Ibn Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale, traduction de William McGuckin de Slane, éd. Paul Geuthner, Paris, 1978, tome 1, pp. 208–209 .
  34. ^ Ibn Khaldun, Histoire des berberes, Traduction Slane, édition Berti
  35. ^ La Berbérie et L'Islam et la France , Eugène Guernier, party 1, édition de l'union française, 1950

References

Preceded by
Umayyad Dynasty
Ifrinid Dynasty
950- 1066
Succeeded by