Banu Ifran
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The Banu Ifran (
Prior to the 8th century, the Banu Ifran resisted or revolted against foreign occupiers—
In the 10th century they founded a dynasty opposed to the
at the end of the 11th century. The Ifranid dynasty[3] was recognized as the only dynasty that defended the indigenous people of the Maghreb, by the Romans referred to as the Africani.[4] In 11th century Iberia, the Ifranids founded a Taifa of Ronda in 1039[5] at Ronda in Andalusia and governed from Cordoba for several centuries.[6]Etymology
According to Ibn Khaldun, the Banu Ifran are named after an ancestor, Ifri, whose name in Berber languages meant "cavern".[1]
History
Early history
The oldest mentions concerning the Banu Ifran situate the bulk of their people in the western region of
At the time of the Arab-Muslim conquests, they were located in the region of Yafran in Tripolitania (present-day Libya). The conquests most likely caused them to move from there to the Aurès region, and an Abbasid invasion of Ifriqiya in 761 likely made them move further into what is now north-western Algeria.[13] Their chief Abu Qurra founded the city of Tlemcen in this region in 765 (over the site of the former Roman city of Pomaria) and established an emirate based here.[1][13]
In the 10th century the Ifranids were enemies with the
Banu Ifran in the Maghreb al-Aqsa
During the 11th century, the Banu Ifran contested with the Maghrawa tribe for the control of the Maghreb al-Aqsa (present-day Morocco) after the fall of the
In 1029, the Banu Ifran led by Temim conquered Tamesna from the Barghawata, Temim then expulsed half the population and putting the rest to slavery, he managed to then put his residence there.[18][19]
In May or June 1033,
Soon after that time, the
Banu Ifran in Al-Andalus
The Banu Ifran were influential in al-Andalus (present-day Spain) in the 11th century AD: the Ifran house of Corra ruled the Andalusian city of
Religion
Before Islam
Among the Ifran,
Ifru was regarded as a sun goddess, cave goddess and protector of the home.[28][29] Ifru or Ifran was regarded as a Berber version of Vesta.
Dihya, usually referred to as the Kahina, was the Jarawa Berber queen, prophetess, and leader of the non-Muslim response to the advancing Arab armies. Some historians claim Kahina was Christian,[30] or a follower of the Judaic faith,[31][32][33] though few of the Ifran were Christians, even after more than half a millennium of Christianity among the urban populations and the more sedentary tribes. Ibn Khaldun simply states that the Ifran were Berbers, and says nothing of their religion before the advent of Islam.
During Islam
The Banu Ifran were opposed to the Sunnis of the Arab armies. They eventually converted, but joined the Kharidjite movement within Islam. Ibn Khaldun claimed that the "Zenata people say they are Muslims but they still oppose the Arab army".[34][35] After 711, the Berbers were systematically converted to Islam and many became devout members of the faith.
Notes
- ^ ISBN 9789004161214.
- ^ Histoireg des BerbYres et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique ... – ʻAbd al-Raḥman b. Muḥammad Ibn Khaldчn – Google Livres. 1856. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ Histoire politique du Maroc: pouvoir, légitimités, et institutions, ʻAbd al-Laṭīf Aknūsh, Abdelatif Agnouche,p.85, Afrique Orient, 1987 book on line
- ^ Compleḿent de l'Encycloped́ie moderne: dictionnaire abreǵe ́ des sciences, des ... – Noel̈ Desverges, Lжon Renier, Edouard Carteron, Firmin Didot (Firm). – Google Livres. 1857. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ Histoire Des Musulmans D'espagne ,Reinhart Pieter et Anne Dozy, p.238 Book on line
- ISBN 90-04-09116-5– via Google Books.
- ^ Agabi, C. "Ifren (Beni)." Encyclopédie berbère 24 (2001): 3657-3659.
- ^ Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archélologique de la province de Constantine (in French). Alessi et Arnolet. 1874. p. 131.
- ^ Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1836). Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae (in Latin). impensis E. Weberi. p. 90.
- ^ Corripus, la Johannide
- ^ Monographie de l'aurès, Delartigue
- ISBN 978-90-429-1344-8.
- ^ ISBN 0521337674.
- Fatimidesin 958.
- ^ ʻAbd al-Laṭīf Aknūsh et Abdelatif Agnouche, Histoire politique du Maroc : pouvoir, légitimités, et institutions, Afrique Orient, 1987
- ^ "وزارة الأوقاف و الشؤون الإسلامية" (in Arabic). Islamic Morocco. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ^ Aḥmad ibn Khālid al-Salāwī, Kitāb el-istiqça li akhbār doual el-Maghrib el-Aqça : Histoire du Maroc, vol. 30–31, Paris, Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1923, p. 156.
- ^ Bakrī, Abū ʻUbayd ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz (1965). كتاب المغرب في ذكر بلاد افريقية والمغرب: وهو جزء من اجزاء الكتاب المعروف بالمسالك والممالك (in French). Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien-Maisonneuve.
- ^ Journal asiatique (in French). Société asiatique. 1859.
- ^ Relations judéo-musulmanes au Marocperceptions et réalités , Michel Abitbol [1]
- ^ Ibn Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères
- ^ Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'a la conquête français (1830), Volume 1 Ernest Mercier Ernest Leroux,
- ^ ISRAEL AGAINST ALL ODDS: Anti-Semitism From Its Beginnings to the Holocaust Years Christopher H. K. Persaud Christian Publishing House,
- ^ [2] list of leaders in arabic
- ^ Archives des missions scientifiques et littéraires , France Commission des missions scientifiques et littéraires, France, [3]
- ^ Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique, historique, du département de Constantine , Arnolet, 1878
- ^ Recueil des notices et mщmoires de la Sociщtщ archщologique, historique, et ... – Google Livres. 1878. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ Les cultes païens dans l'Empire romain , Jules Toutain, page 416, p635 and p636
- ^ Toutain, Jules (1920). Les cultes paяens dans l'Empire romain – Jules Toutain – Google Livres. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ Moderan, Y. (2005). "Kahena". Encyclopédie berbère [online]. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ Relations judéo-musulmanes au Marocperceptions et réalités , Michel Abitbol [4]
- ^ The FalashasA Short History of the Ethiopian Jews , David Kessler
- ^ Ibn Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale, traduction de William McGuckin de Slane, éd. Paul Geuthner, Paris, 1978, tome 1, pp. 208–209 .
- ^ Ibn Khaldun, Histoire des berberes, Traduction Slane, édition Berti
- ^ La Berbérie et L'Islam et la France , Eugène Guernier, party 1, édition de l'union française, 1950
References
History of Algeria |
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- ISBN 84-7013-007-2.
- C. Agabi (2001), article "Ifren" in Encyclopédie Berbère vol. 24, p. 3657–3659 (Édisud, Aix-en-Provence, ISBN 2-85744-201-7)
- ISBN 2-7053-3638-9)
- Le passé de l'Afrique du Nord. Écrit par E.F. Gautier. Édition Payot, Paris
- KITAB EL-ISTIQÇA. TRADUCTION A. GRAULLE. Auteur AHMED BEN KHALED EN-NACIRI ES-SLAOUI
- Ibn Khaldoun Les prolégomènes El Mokadima
- Gisèle Halimi. Title: La Kahina.