Ignace Tonené

Ignace Tonené (1840 or 1841 – 15 March 1916), also known as Nias or by his

Tonené was the elected deputy chief before being the lead chief and later the life chief of his community. In his role as deputy, he negotiated with the Canadian federal government and the Ontario provincial government, advocating for his community to receive annual financial support from both. His attempts to secure land reserves for his community were thwarted by the Ontario premier Oliver Mowat.

Tonené's prospecting triggered a 1906 gold rush and the creation of

Tonené died in 1916 at the age of 74 or 75. He is buried near Mount Kanasuta in Quebec.

Early life

Maiagizis was most commonly known by his French name Ignace Tonené, often shortened to Nias. He was born in 1840 or 1841 near Lake Temagami in the Temagami First Nation in Upper Canada. He was the eldest son of François Kabimigwune and Marian^[1] and grandson of Temagami chief White Bear (Wabimakwa).^[2] His brother was Frank White Bear (died 1930).^[2]

Career and community leadership

Tonené worked for the Hudson's Bay Company from 1857, delivering mail between its trading posts at Lake Timiskaming and Lake Temagami. He also worked at Fort Témiscamingue where he likely learned French.^[1]

Leadership

Around 1889, Tonené was elected as deputy chief (anike ogima) taking over the role from his father.^[1] In 1877, Tonené filed a land claim concerning the Temagami region with the Parry Sound federal Indian Agent.^[3] In 1878, Tonené took over as head chief.^[1] He oversaw the adoption of potato farming and cattle raising.^[2] As chief, Tonené was noted for his principles, advocating to the community that debts must be paid, including to the Hudson's Bay Company.^[2] Unlike other First Nations surrounding Lake Huron, Tonené's community was not a party to the Robinson Treaties.^[1] The treaties were two 1850 formal agreements between Ojibwa chiefs and the Crown in which chiefs relinquished land in exchange for immediate and ongoing financial payments.^[4] Tonené advocated for redress and support for his people.^[1] Tonené was concerned about the impact of lumberjacks and their impact on the natural resources of the area. He advocated to federal Indian agent Charles Skene for the provision of an annuity payment and the creation of reserve.^[1][5]

During a speech in January 1889, Tonené warned his community: "The white men were coming closer and closer every year and the deer and furs were becoming scarcer and scarcer ... so that in a few years more

In 1889, after Oliver Mowat's refusal to create the reserve and as his chiefdom ended, Tonené moved his family to land between Lake Opasatica and Lake Dasserat near Abitibi, Quebec. In 1889, he travelled to Bear Island to meet Indian agent Thomas Walton and ask for seeds and farming equipment for his community.^[1][2] Tonené hunted and trapped to feed his family, and in 1903 starting prospecting, motivated by the recent silver discovery at Cobalt, Ontario.^[1] His successful finds of gold instigated the Larder Lake gold rush of 1906, according to the Canadian Mining Journal.^[6] The gold that he discovered at McGarry later became the Kerr-Addison mine, and he staked at least one claim there which was subsequently stolen from him by white settlers.^[1][6]: 43 The Tonene Old Indian Mining Company issued a prospectus just prior to the start of World War I, but sources do not indicate if Tonené benefited from the company.^[1]

Tonené was succeeded as head chief by John Paul, though Tonené continued to hunt and trap in Abitibi country. Following the 1893 death of John Paul, Tonené once again became head chief, and from 1910 he was the honorary or life chief and the primary advisor to the new head chief, his younger brother Frank White Bear.^[1]

Personal life

In 1860, Tonené married Angèle, the daughter of former Temagami band chief Nebenegwune. They had two sons and two daughters, and Angèle died in childbirth in 1869. In 1871, Tonené married Elisabeth Pikossekat of the Timiskaming band and they had three daughters.^[1]

Both of Tonené's sons died before adulthood, although his five daughters all lived into adulthood, married, and had children.^[1]

Death and legacy

Tonené died on 15 March 1916, near Lake Abitibi, Quebec.^[1] He was buried close to Mount Kanasuta, Quebec, near the Quebec–Ontario border.^[1] The location of his burial was later turned into a gravel pit and then a community dump.^[6]: 43

In 2016, Tournene Lake, south of Bear Lake and north of Larder Lake, was officially renamed Chief Tonene Lake.^[8][9]

References