Ignacio Martín-Baró

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Ignacio Martín-Baró

Jesuit priest. He was one of the victims of the 1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador.

Ignacio Martín-Baró.

Academic career

Martín-Baró entered the

Orduña, Spain, on September 28, 1959. Shortly after, he was transferred to the novitiate of Villagarcía and then sent to Central America
, where he completed his second year in the novitiate of the Society of Jesus.

At the end of September 1961, he began his studies in classical

Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas"
(UCA).

He travelled to Frankfurt in 1967 to study theology. Returning to San Salvador to continue his studies, he obtained his bachelor's degree from St John Berchmans University College, Heverlee, Belgium, in 1970. He then began studying psychology at UCA, where he was also lecturer. In 1975 he completed his licentiate in psychology.

In 1971 and 1972 he taught psychology in the National Nursing Academy in Santa Ana. Later he was dean of Students between 1972 and 1975, and a member of the University Board, at UCA. From 1971 until 1974 he was head of the editorial board of the academic journal Estudios Centroamericanos (ECA).

In 1977 he earned a

Ph.D. in social and organisational psychology from the same institution. In his master's thesis, he discussed social attitudes and group conflict in El Salvador, a theme which he continued in his doctoral dissertation which focused on population density of the lowest social classes
in El Salvador.

On completing his studies he returned to San Salvador, where he lectured in psychology at UCA. By 1981 he was Academic Vice-Rector and member of the board of directors. In 1982 he became head of the psychology department. In 1986 he founded and directed the University Institute of Public Opinion, IUDOP. In 1989, the academic vice-rector's office was split in two and Martín-Baró became director of post-graduate studies and research.

He was a member of the editorial board of

Mesoamerican division of the Interamerican Psychological Society
.

Martín-Baró published eleven books and a long list of cultural and scientific articles, in various Latin American and North American academic journals and magazines.[1]

Ignacio Martín-Baró's Social Psychology

Martín Baró argued that psychology should be developed to address the historical context, the social conditions and aspirations of the people. He believed that students of psychology should learn to analyse human

behaviour
in the location of their practice, bearing in mind the criteria outlined for that location.

In his writings and lectures he rejected the idea of universal, impartial psychology, and developed a psychology that was critically committed with the projects for alternative societies that existed in Latin America. For him, the psychological situation of individuals could either be an abnormal reaction to normal circumstances, or a normal reaction to abnormal conditions.

For Martín-Baró, the solution to mental health problems in societies characterised by oppression, where "normal abnormality" prevails, is the transformation of society to transcend the historical reality of oppression. Psychologists cannot ignore the influence that difficult contexts have on mental health. Furthermore, if they do, then they become accomplices to the social injustices (or abnormalities) that may have caused these mental health problems.

He integrated diverse

models of mainstream psychology. He considered the latter inadequate to address the effects of the structural violence
that prevailed in El Salvador.

Continuing impact

His work inspired the development of liberation psychology in Latin America and influenced community psychology and some strands of social psychology.[2][3][4] His work has also had an influence on some feminist psychology[5] and critical health psychology[6]

Through grant-making and education, the Martín-Baró Fund for Mental Health and Human Rights fosters psychological well-being, social consciousness, active resistance, and progressive social change in communities affected by institutional violence, repression and social injustice.[7]

Quotes by Martín-Baró

Explaining why reparations are a crucial part of the national reconciliation processes:

"It is clear that no one is going to return to the imprisoned dissident his youth; to the young woman who has been raped her innocence; to the person who has been tortured his or her integrity. Nobody is going to return the dead and the disappeared to their families. What can and must be publicly restored [are] the victims' names and their dignity, through a formal recognition of the injustice of what has occurred, and, wherever possible, material reparation.... Those who clamour for social reparation are not asking for vengeance. Nor are they blindly adding difficulties to a historical process that is already by no means easy. On the contrary, they are promoting the personal and social viability of a new society, truly democratic."[8]

Quotes on Martín-Baró

"... a mind that was probing and humane, wide-ranging in interests and passionate in concerns, and dedicated with a rare combination of intelligence and heroism to the challenge his work sets forth to construct a new person in a new society."

MIT

"... the major dimensions along which Martín-Baró's work developed: political psychology, war and trauma, and 'de-ideologizing' reality ... his contributions to social psychology as well as his intense involvement in the social reality of his adoptive country, El Salvador ... is required reading for psychologists seeking a more critical psychology—one that takes responsibility for its social position and privilege, and challenges the status quo. It is an equally important resource for those who seek ideas and examples for developing 'indigenous psychology' from the base of marginalized people's lives, in coalition with them." M. Brinton Lykes, World Psychology

Complete Bibliography (Mostly in Spanish)

1966
  • La muerte como problema filosófico (a). ECA 21, 212, 7–12.
  • Miguel A. Sholojov, Premio Nobel de Literatura (b). ECA 21, 212, 15–16.
  • Un extraño remedio para la homosexualidad: su legalización (c). ECA 21, 213, 54.
  • Pablo Antonio Cuadra, tierra y luz nicaragüense (d). ECA 21, 215, 93–95.
  • La forja de rebeldes (e). ECA 21, 221, 287–88.
1967
  • La figura del año (a). ECA 22,224, 369–70.
  • Rubén Darío, entrevisto (b). ECA 22, 226, 444–45.
  • ¿Quién le teme a James Bond? (c). ECA 22, 227, 511–12.
1968
  • El pulso del tiempo; guerrilleros y hippies, blow up (a). ECA 23, 234. 25–26.
  • El complejo de macho o el "machismo" (b). ECA 23, 235, 38–42. Rpt. 1970, ECA 25, 267, 677–683.
  • Propaganda: deseducación social (c). ECA 23, 243, 367–373.
1970
  • Psicología de la caricia. ECA, 25, 264, 496–498.
1971
  • Problemas actuales en psicopedagogía escolar. ECA 26, 273, 401–413.
1972
  • Una nueva pedagogía para una universidad nueva (a). ECA 27, 281–282, 129–145.
  • Del alcohol a la marihuana (b). ECA 27, 283, 225–242.
  • Peluqueros institucionales (c). ECA 27, 283, 297–301.
  • Munich 72: el ocaso de una mitología (d). ECA 27, 288–289, 697–701.
  • Presupuestos psicosociales de una caracteriología para nuestros países (e). ECA 27, 290, 763–786. En A. Blanco (Ed.), Psicología de la Liberación. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "Presupuestos psico-sociales del carácter", Capítulo I, pp. 39–71.
  • Del futuro, la técnica y el planeta de los simios (f). ECA 27, 290, 795–799.
  • Hacia una docencia liberadora (g). Universidades (México), 50, 9-26.
  • Psicodiagnóstico de América Latina (h). San Salvador: UCA editores.
  • La desatención social del poder oppressor (i). En 1972 (h) pp. 121–140. Rpt. 1976, pp. 98–109.
1973
  • Algunas repercusiones psico-sociales de la densidad demográfica en El Salvador (a). ECA 28, 293–294, 123–132. Rpt. 1977(a), pp. 429–442.
  • Antipsiquiatría y psicoanálisis (b). ECA 28, 293–94, 203–206.
  • Cartas al presidente: reflexiones psicosociales sobre un caso del personalismo político en El Salvador (c). ECA, 28, 296, 345–57.
  • Psicología del campesino salvadoreño (c). ECA 28, 297–298, 476–495.
1974
  • ¿Quién es pueblo?: reflexiones para una definición del concepto de pueblo (a). ECA 29, 303–4, 11–20. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), Writings for a Liberation Psychology. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 10, pp. 173–185.
  • Elementos de conscientización socio-política en los curricula de las universidades (c). ECA 29, 313–314, 765–783. En A. Blanco (Ed.), Psicología de la Liberación. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "Concientización y currículos universitarios", Capítulo II, pp. 131–159. Traducción al inglés en John Hasset y Hugh Lacey (Eds.), Toward a Society that Serves its People: The Intellectual Contributions of El Salvador's Murdered Jesuits. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1991, pp. 138–140.
  • De la evasión a la invasión (b). ABRA (El Salvador), 0, 19–24.
1975
1976
  • Problemas de psicología social en América Latina (compilación de textos). San Salvador: UCA editores.
1977
  • Psicología, ciencia y conciencia (compilación de textos) (a). San Salvador: UCA editores.
  • Del cociente intellectual al cociente racial (b). ECA 32, 345, 485–494.
  • Social Attitudes and Group Conflict in El Salvador (a). Tesina de Master en Ciencias Sociales. Universidad de Chicago (inédito).
1978
  • Vivienda mínima: obra máxima (a). ECA 33, 359, 732–33.
  • Ley y orden en la vida del mesón (Con M. Herrera) (b). ECA 33, 360, 803–828.
1979
  • Cien años de psicología (a). ECA 34, 368, 432–433.
  • Household Density and Crowding in Lower-Class Salvadorans (b). Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Chicago (inédito).
  • Haciendo la universidad (compilación de textos) (c). Guatemala: FUPAC.
1980
  • Monseñor: una voz para un pueblo pisoteado (a). En John Sobrino, Ignacio Martín-Baró y R. Cardenal (eds.), La voz de los sin voz: la palabra viva de Monseñor Oscar Arnulfo Romero. San Salvador: UCA editores, pp. 13–34. Rpt. 1990, Christus, 55, 632, 28–38.
  • Fantasmas sobre un gobierno popular en El Salvador (b). ECA 35, 377–378, 277–290.
  • Ocupación juvenil: reflexiones psicosociales de un rehén por 24 horas (c). ECA 35, 379, 463–474.
  • Desde Cuba y sin amor (d). ECA 35, 379, 485–486.
  • La imagen de la mujer en El Salvador (e). ECA 35, 380, 557–568.
  • A la muerte de Piaget (f). ECA 35, 383, 869–871.
  • El psicólogo en el proceso revolucionario (g). San Salvador (inédito).
  • Genocidio en El Salvador (h). San Salvador (inédito).
  • Household density and crowding in lower-class Salvadorans (i). Dissertation Abstracts International 40, 10-B, 5077–5078.
1981
  • La guerra civil en El Salvador (a). ECA 36, 387–388, 17–32.
  • El liderazgo del Monseñor Romero: un análisis psicosocial (b). ECA 36, 389, 152–172.
  • Actitudes en El Salvador ante una solución política a la guerra civil (c). ECA 36, 390–91, 325–348.
  • Aspiraciones del pequeño burgués salvadoreño (e). ECA 36, 394, 773–788.
  • Las raíces psicosociales de la guerra en El Salvador (a). San Salvador (inédito).
1982
1983
  • Acción e ideología: psicología social desde Centroamérica (a). San Salvador: UCA editores.
  • Los rasgos femeninos según la cultura dominante en El Salvador (b). Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador 2, 8, 3–7.
  • Polarización social en El Salvador (c). ECA 38, 412, 129–142.
  • Los sectores medios ante el plan Reagan: una perspectiva sombría (d). ECA 38, 415-416 517–522.
  • Estacazo imperial: abuso y mentira en Granada (e). ECA 39, 421–22, 1018–21.
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
  • La encuesta de opinión pública como instrumento desideologizador (a). Revista de Psicología de El Salvador 9, 35, pp. 9–22.
  • El hacinamiento residencial: ideologización y verdad de un problema real (b). Revista de Psicología de El Salvador 9, 35, pp. 23–51.
  • La violencia en Centroamérica: una visión psicosocial (c). Revista de Psicología de El Salvador 35, pp. 123–146
  • ¿Trabajador alegre o trabajador explotado? La identidad nacional del salvadoreño (d). Revista de Psicología de El Salvador 9, 35, 147–172. En A. Blanco (Ed.), Psicología de la Liberación. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "El Latino explotado", Capítulo I, pp. 103–128.
  • Religion as an Instrument of Psychological Warfare (e). Journal of Social Issues 46, 93–107. Traducción al español en A. Blanco (Ed.), Psicología de la Liberación. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "Religión y guerra psicológica", Capítulo III, pp. 227–244.
  • Psicología social de la guerra: trauma y terapia (compilación de textos)(f). San Salvador: UCA editores.
  • Guerra y trauma psicosocial del niño salvadoreño (g). En I. Martín-Baró (ed.), Psicología social de la guerra: trauma y terapia. San Salvador: UCA editores.
  • La familia, puerta y cárcel para la mujer salvadoreña (h). Revista de Psicología de El Salvador 9, 37, pp. 265–277.
  • Entrevista con Ignacio Martín-Baró (i). En E. Cabrera, Revista de Psicología de El Salvador 9, 37, pp. 299–308.
  • Reparations: Attention Must be Paid (j). Commonweal, 23 de Marzo.
  • Psicología social de la liberación para América Latina. Ignacio Martín-Baró (1942–1989) (k). Gerardo Pacheco y Bernardo Jiménez (comps.). Guadalajara: ITESO/Universidad de Guadalajara.
1992
  • Los grupos con historia: un modelo psicosocial (a). Revista de Psicología de El Salvador, 43, 1992, pp. 7–29.
  • Conflicto social e ideología científica: De Chile a El Salvador (b). Revista de Psicología de El Salvador, 46, 1992, pp. 317–338.
1993
  • Prólogo en Emperatriz Arreaza Camero, La iglesia—institución de dominación o liberación? Caso Venezuela: ensayo exploratorio hacia una teoría crítica del control social. Maracaibo: La Universidad del Zulia, Instituto de Criminología, Consejo de Desarrollo Científico y Humanístico.
1994
1995
  • Procesos psíquicos y poder. En M. Montero (ed.), Psicología de la acción política. Barcelona: Paidós.
1998

References

  1. Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas"
    . November 16, 1992. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  2. . Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  3. ^ Dykstra, W. (2014). Liberation psychology – a history for the future. The Psychologist, 27, 888-891
  4. ^ Burton, M. & Kagan, C. (2005). Liberation social psychology: Learning from Latin America. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 15, 63–78
  5. ^ Lykes, M. B. & Moane, G. (2009).Whither feminist liberation psychology? Critical exploration of feminist and liberation psychologies for a globalizing world. Feminism & Psychology, 19(3), 283-298
  6. ^ Murray, M. (2012). Critical health psychology and the scholar-activist tradition. In C. Horrocks & S.E. Johnson (Ed), Advances in health psychology: Critical approaches (pp. 29-43). London: Palgrave
  7. ^ "the Martín-Baró Fund for Mental Health and Human Rights". Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  8. ^ Ignacio Martin-Baro, "Reparations: Attention Must be Paid", in Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes, ed. Neil Kritz (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1995), 570. (original -posthumously; Ignacio Martin-Baro, "Reperations: Attention Must be Paid" Commonweal, March 23, 1990, pp. 184-186).

External Sources on Martín-Baró