Igorot people
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The indigenous peoples of the Cordillera in northern
Their languages belong to the northern Luzon subgroup of Philippine languages, which in turn belongs to the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) family.
These ethnic groups keep or have kept until recently[timeframe?] their traditional religion and way of life.[vague] Some live in the tropical forests of the foothills, but most live in rugged grassland and pine forest zones higher up.[according to whom?]
Etymology
From the root word golot, which means "mountain," Igolot means "people from the mountains", a reference to any of various ethnic groups in the mountains of northern Luzon. During the
The
Cordillera ethnic groups
The Igorots may be roughly divided into two general subgroups: the larger group lives in the south, central and western areas, and is very adept at
Bontoc
The Bontok ethnolinguistic group can be found in the central and east portions of the Mountain Province. It mainly consists of the Balangaos and Gaddangs, with a significant portion who identify as part of the Kalinga group. The Bontok live in a mountainous territory, particularly close to the Chico River and its tributaries. Mineral resources (gold, copper, limestone, gypsum) can be found in the mountain areas. Gold, in particular, has been traditionally extracted from the Bontoc municipality. The Chico River provides sand, gravel, and white clay, while the forests of Barlig and Sadanga within the area have rattan, bamboo and pine trees.[6] They are the second largest group in the Mountain Province.[6] The Bontoc live on the banks of the Chico River. They speak Bontoc and Ilocano. They formerly practiced head-hunting and had distinctive body tattoos. The Bontoc describe three types of tattoos: The chak-lag′, the tattooed chest of the head taker; pong′-o, the tattooed arms of men and women; and fa′-tĕk, for all other tattoos of both sexes. Women were tattooed on the arms only.
Ibaloi
The Ibaloi (also Ibaloy, Ibaluy, Nabaloi, Inavidoy, Inibaloi, Ivadoy) and Kalanguya (also Kallahan and Ikalahan) are one of the indigenous peoples of the Philippines who live mostly in the southern part of Benguet, located in the Cordillera of northern Luzon, and Nueva Vizcaya in the Cagayan Valley region. They were traditionally an agrarian society. Many of the Ibaloi and Kalanguya people continue with their agriculture and rice cultivation.
Their native language belongs to the
Baguio, the major city of the Cordillera, dubbed the "Summer Capital of the Philippines," is located in southern Benguet.
The largest feast of the Ibaloi is the Peshit or Pedit, a public feast mainly sponsored by people of prestige and wealth. Peshit can last for weeks and involves the killing and sacrifice of dozens of animals.
One of the more popular dances of the Ibaloi is the bendian, a mass dance participated in by hundreds of male and female dancers. Originally a victory dance in time of war, it evolved into a celebratory dance. It is used as entertainment (ad-adivay) in the cañao feasts, hosted by the wealthy class (baknang).[7]
Ifugao
Ifugaos are the people inhabiting
The term "Ifugao" is derived from "ipugo" which means "earth people", "mortals" or "humans", as distinguished from spirits and deities. It also means "from the hill", as pugo means hill.[8] The term Igorot or Ygolote was the term used by the Spanish colonial officials for mountain people. The Ifugaos, however, prefer the name Ifugao.
As of 1995, the population of the Ifugaos was counted to be 131,635. Although the majority of them are still in Ifugao province, some of them already transferred to Baguio, where they worked as woodcarvers, and to other parts of the Cordillera region.[8] They are divided into subgroups based on the differences in dialects, traditions, and design/color of costumes. The main subgroups are Ayangan, Kalangaya, and Tuwali. Furthermore, the Ifugao society is divided into 3 social classes: the kadangyans or the aristocrats, the tagus or the middle class, and the nawotwots or the poor ones. The kadangyans sponsor the prestige rituals called hagabi and uyauy and this separates them from the tagus who cannot sponsor feasts but are economically well off. The nawotwots are those who have limited land properties and are usually hired by the upper classes to do work in the fields and other services.[8]
Kalanguya/Ikalahan
The Kalanguya or Ikalahan people are a small group distributed amongst the mountain ranges of
They are among the least studied ethnic groups, thus their early history is unknown. However, Felix M. Keesing suggests that, like other groups in the mountains, they fled from the lowlands to escape Spanish persecution.[9]
Isneg
The Isnag, also Isneg or Apayao, live at the northwesterly end of northern Luzon, in the upper half of the Cordillera province of
Jars of basi are half-buried in the ground within a small shed, abulor, constructed of 4 posts and a shed. This abulor is found within the open space, linong or sidong, below their houses (balay). They grow upland rice, while also practicing swidden farming and fishing.[10]: 99–100, 102
Say-am was an important ceremony after a successful headhunting, or other important occasions, hosted by the wealthy, and lasting one to five days or more. Dancing, singing, eating, and drinking mark the feast, and Isnegs wear their finest clothes. The shaman, Anituwan, prays to the spirit Gatan, before the first dog is sacrificed, if a human head had not been taken, and offered at the sacred tree, ammadingan. On the last day, a coconut is split in honor of the headhunter guardian, Anglabbang.The Pildap is an equivalent say-am but hosted by the poor. Conversion to Christianity grew after 1920, and today, the Isnegs are divided in their religious beliefs, with some still being animistic.[10]: 107–108, 110–111, 113
Itneg/Tingguian
The Itneg people, also known as Tingguian people, live in the mountainous area of Abra in northwestern Luzon who descended from immigrants from Kalinga, Apayao, and the Northern Kankana-ey. They refer to themselves as Itneg, though the Spaniards called them Tingguian when they came to the Philippines because they are mountain dwellers. The Tingguians are further divided into 11 distinct subgroups which are the Adasen, Balatok, Banao, Belwang, Binongan, Gobang, Inlaud, Mabaka, Maeng, Masadiit and Moyadan. Wealth and material possessions (such as Chinese jars, copper gongs called gangsa, beads, rice fields, and livestock) determine the social standing of a family or person, as well as the hosting of feasts and ceremonies. Despite the divide of social status, there is no sharp distinction between rich (baknang) and poor. Wealth is inherited but the society is open for social mobility of the citizens by virtue of hard work. Medium are the only distinct group in their society, but even then it is only during ceremonial periods.[11]
Ilongot
- Main article: Bugkalot
The Ilongot (or Ibilao) are a tribe who inhabit the southern
Kalinga
The Kalingas are mainly found in
Kalinga territory includes floodplains of
The name Kalinga came from the Ibanag and Gaddang term kalinga, which means headhunter. Edward Dozier divided Kalinga geographically into three sub-cultures and geographical position: Balbalan (north); Pasil, Lubuagan, and Tinglayan (south); and Tanudan (east). Teodoro Llamzon divided the Kalinga based on their dialects: Guinaang, Lubuagan, Punukpuk, Tabuk, Tinglayan, and Tanudan.[12]
Kankanaey
The Kankanaey domain includes Western Mountain Province, northern Benguet and southeastern Ilocos Sur. Like most Igorot ethnic groups, the Kankanaey built sloping terraces to maximize farm space in the rugged terrain of the Cordilleras.
Kankanaey houses include the two-story innagamang, the larger binangi, the cheaper tinokbob, and the elevated tinabla. Their granaries (agamang) are elevated to avoid rats. Two other institutions of the Kankanaey of Mountain Province are the dap-ay, or the men's dormitory and civic center, and the ebgan, or the girls' dormitory.[14][15]
Kankanaey's major dances include tayaw, pat-tong, takik (a wedding dance), and balangbang. The tayaw is a community dance that is usually done in weddings it maybe also danced by the Ibaloi but has a different style. Pattong, also a community dance from Mountain Province which every municipality has its own style, while Balangbang is the dance's modern term. There are also some other dances like the sakkuting, pinanyuan (another wedding dance) and bogi-bogi (courtship dance).
Ethnic groups by linguistic classification
Below is a list of northern Luzon ethnic groups organized by linguistic classification.
- Northern Luzon languages
- )
- Northern Cordilleran
- Central Cordilleran
- Isinai (northern Nueva Vizcaya, north Nueva Ecija, northwest Aurora)
- Kalinga–Itneg
- Nuclear
- Ifugao (Ifugao)
- Balangao (eastern Mountain Province)
- Bontok (central Mountain Province)
- Kankanaey (western Mountain Province, northern Benguet)
- Southern Cordilleran
- Ibaloi (southern Benguet, east La Union, west Nueva Vizcaya)
- Kalanguya/
- Karao (Karao, Bokod, Benguet)
- )
- Pangasinan (Pangasinan)
Igorot diaspora
There are Igorot minorities outside their homeland. Outside the Cordillera Administrative Region, they reside in neighboring provinces of Ilocos region, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon (particularly Nueva Ecija & Aurora), Metro Manila and Calabarzon, (where Igorot Village is located in Cainta, Rizal)[20] and Bicol Region.[21]
In Visayas, Igorots also form minority communities in Aklan, Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Cebu, Siquijor, Bohol, Biliran and Leyte.[21]
Igorots are also found as a minority in several areas Mindanao, setting communities in Agusan del Norte, Tagum City, Davao City, Digos City (Igorot Village is also found in the mountainous area in the city),[21] few other parts of Davao del Sur, Davao de Oro, North Cotabato, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Lanao del Norte[21] and Bukidnon.[22] Most of them are soldiers, policemen and government officials who are temporarily deployed in the area, but many have settled permanently as civilians retired from their posts and intermarried with the Mindanaoans of various ethnicities. There is an organization for Igorot residents of Mindanao.
Igorots can also be found in other countries, mostly as overseas workers.[23]
History
Spanish colonial era
The gold found in the land of the Igorot was an attraction for the Spanish.
American colonial era
Samuel E. Kane wrote about his life amongst the Bontoc, Ifugao, and Kalinga after the Philippine–American War in his book Thirty Years with the Philippine Head-Hunters (1933).
In 1903, Missionary Bishop Charles Brent traveled through northern Luzon, in hopes of directing missionary efforts to convert the pagan Igorot populace. A mission church was established for the Bontoc Tribe of the Igorots in the Bontoc, Mountain Province. The Bontoc missionaries wrote the first Igorot grammars, which were published by the government.[35]
In 1904, a group of Igorot people were brought to
On February 12, 1912, a Mountain Province Igorot chief named Gagaban became the first Filipino to fly in an airplane, riding as a passenger in a biplane called the "Red Devil" with Lee Hammond as the pilot.[38]
World War II
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During the
Postwar era
On June 18, 1966,
Martial law
After the declaration of
Empowered by Martial Law to conduct warrantless arrests, the 60th PC Brigade had arrested at least 150 locals by April 1977, accusing them of supposed subversion and of obstructing government projects, and various other offenses such as boycotting the October 1976 Constitutional Referendum. Individuals arrested included tribal papangat (leaders/elders), young couples, and in at least one case, a 12-year-old child.[48]: 9 By December 1978, parts of the Chico IV area had been declared "free fire zones", no-man's-land areas where the army could freely fire on any animals or permit-less humans at will.[48]
On April 24, 1980, Marcos-controlled military forces assassinated Macli-ing Dulag, a pangat (leader) of the Butbut tribe of Kalinga.[50] The assassination became a watershed moment, marking the first time the mainstream Philippine press could be openly critical against Marcos and the military, and building up a sense of Igorot identity.[51]
Mount Data Peace Accord
After the end of the Marcos administration due to the 1986 People Power Revolution, the succeeding government under President Corazon Aquino secured a ceasefire with the main indigenous armed group in the Cordilleras, the Cordillera People's Liberation Army (CPLA) led by Conrado Balweg. The Aquino government made a sipat or indigenous treaty, which would be known as the Mount Data Peace Accord, with the CPLA on September 13, 1986, ending hostilities.[52]
See also
References
- ^ a b "Igorot | people". Philippine Statistics Authority. March 26, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
- ^ S2CID 147472482.
- S2CID 161839778. Archived from the original(PDF) on November 7, 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-306-47770-6.
- ^ "Ibaloys "Reclaiming" Baguio: The Role of Intellectuals". Plaridel Journal. UP College of Mass Communication.
- ^ ISBN 9789711011093.
- ISBN 9789711011093.
- ^ ISBN 9789711011093.
- ^ ISBN 9789711011093.
- ^ ISBN 9789711011093.
- ISBN 9789711011093.
- ^ ISBN 9789711011093.
- ^ Scott, William Henry (1996). On the Cordilleras: A look at the peoples and cultures of the Mountain Province. MCS Enterprises, Inc. p. 16.
- ISBN 9789711011093.
- ISBN 9789711011093.
- ^ "Kalanguya Archives – Intercontinental Cry".
- ^ "Kallahan, Keley-i".
- ^ "Kalanguya".
- ^ Project, Joshua. "Kalanguya, Tinoc in Philippines".
- ^ Saksi: Midnight Express: Mga Igorot, nagsimulang dumami sa isang village sa Cainta, retrieved September 11, 2023
- ^ a b c d "The Kankanaey People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Indigenous People | Cordillera Ethnic Tribes]". yodisphere.com. Retrieved September 11, 2023.
- ^ Balagtey, Ezra L. (May 15, 2019). "Davao Igorots show solidarity with Igorot Palaro Contingents". Baguio Herald Express. Retrieved September 11, 2023.
- ^ https://mabikas-foundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Recreating_Igorot_Identity_in_Diaspora_Ruth_Molintas_Tindaan.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7.
- ^ "Ifugao – Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life – Encyclopedia.com".
- ISBN 978-0-8248-3272-8.
- ^ "Benguet mines, forever in resistance by the Igorots – Amianan Balita Ngayon". Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
- ^ "Ethnic History (Cordillera) – National Commission for Culture and the Arts". ncca.gov.ph. Archived from the original on December 20, 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-88920-222-1.
igorot gold spanish.
- ^ The Igorot struggle for independence: William Henry Scott. 2005.
- JSTOR 42634423.
- ^ The Philippines in the 19th Century by Rudolf Lietz, "With the Insurgents in the Philippines – A company of Igorrote spearmen drilling in Caloocan, 1899"
- ^ Limos, Mario Alvaro. "The Untold Story of the Igorots' Revolt". Esquire. October 23, 2020
- ^ a b c d Kane, S.E., 1933, Life and Death in Luzon or Thirty Years with the Philippine Head-Hunters, New York: Grosset & Dunlap
- ^ George E. DeMille, The Episcopal Church Since 1900: a Brief History (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1955), 6-7. and Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 166. and James Kiefer, "Biographical Sketch of Brent." Retrieved October 24, 2016.
- ^ Narita, Tatsushi. "How Far is T. S. Eliot from Here?: The Young Poet's Imagined World of Polynesian Matahiva," In How Far is America from Here?, ed. Theo D'haen, Paul Giles, Djelal Kadir and Lois Parkinson Zamora. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2005, pp .271-282.
- ISBN 978-0-544-26228-7.
- ^ PNA Features (March 2, 1987). "The first Filipino to fly". Manila Standard. Standard Publications, Inc. p. 10. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
- ^ Harkins, P., 1956, Blackburn's Headhunters, London: Cassell & Co. LTD
- ^ Hartendorp, A.V.H. (1967), The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines, Volume 2, Bookmark: Manila, pages 589-593
- ISBN 978-1-4728-1629-0.
- ^ Agoot, Liza (September 4, 2019). "PVAO to correct erroneous Yamashita 'surrender' story". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
- ^ "Republic Act No. 4695: An Act Creating the Provinces of Benguet, Mountain Province, Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
- ^ "Facts & Figures: Ifugao Province". Philippine Statistics Authority – National Statistical Coordination Board. Department of the Interior and Local Government – Cordillera Administrative Region. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
- ^ "Historical Background". Provincial Government of Apayao. April 15, 2013. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
- ^ "DULAG, Macli-ing – Bantayog ng mga Bayani". Bantayog ng mga Bayani. Bantayog Memorial Center. October 15, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
- ISBN 978-971-542-772-2.
- ^ a b c d Cariño, Joanna K. (April 22–27, 1980). "The Chico River Basin Development Project: A Case Study of National Development Policy". Paper Presented at the Third Annual Conference of the Anthropological Association of the Philippines. Manila. Archived from the original on April 14, 2018.
- ^ Marcos, Ferdinand E. (December 12, 1975). "Presidential Decree No 848 ONSTITUTING CERTAIN MUNICIPALITIES WITHIN THE PROVINCE OF KALINGA-APAYAO INTO A SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT REGION TO BE KNOWN AS KALINGA SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT REGION". CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
- ^ Catajan, Maria Elena (April 22, 2017). "Chico hydro project opposed". SunStar. Archived from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
- ^ Aureus, Leonor J., ed. (1985). The Philippine Press Under Siege II.
- ^ "This time, The Cordillera is a battleground of ideas between those who are for autonomy and those who are for regionalization". Philippine Development. 14–16. Office of the Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority: 4. 1987. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
Further reading
- Boeger, Astrid. 'St. Louis 1904'. In Encyclopedia of World's Fairs and Expositions, ed. John E. Findling and Kimberly D. Pelle. McFarland, 2008.
- Conklin, Harold C.; Pugguwon Lupaih; Miklos Pinther (1980). American Geographical Society of New York (ed.). Ethnographic Atlas of Ifugao: A Study of Environment, Culture, and Society in Northern Luzon. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02529-7.
- Jones, Arun W, “A View from the Mountains: Episcopal Missionary Depictions of the Igorot of Northern Luzon, The Philippines, 1903-1916” in Anglican and Episcopal History 71.3 (Sep 2002): 380–410.
- Narita, Tatsushi."How Far is T. S. Eliot from Here?: The Young Poet's Imagined World of Polynesian Matahiva". In How Far is America from Here?, ed. Theo D'haen, Paul Giles, Djelal Kadir and Lois Parkinson Zamora. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2005, pp. 271–282.
- Narita, Tatsushi. T. S. Eliot, the World Fair of St. Louis and 'Autonomy' (Published for Nagoya Comparative Culture Forum). Nagoya: Kougaku Shuppan Press, 2013.
- Rydell, Robert W. All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876–1916. The University of Chicago Press, 1984.
- Cornélis De Witt Willcox (1912). The head hunters of northern Luzon: from Ifugao to Kalinga, a ride through the mountains of northern Luzon : with an appendix on the independence of the Philippines. Vol. 31 of Philippine culture series. Franklin Hudson Publishing Co. ISBN 978-1-4655-0254-4. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
External links
- The Igorots in St. Louis Fair 1904 Archived July 31, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- Jenks' The Bontoc Igorot