Ikhshidid dynasty

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For the Central Asian dynasty, see Ikhshids of Sogdia.
Ikhshidids
الإخشيديون
935–969
Coinage of Muhammad al-Ikhshid. Filastin (al-Ramla) mint. Dated AH 332 (943-4 CE).[1] of Ikhshidid dynasty
Coinage of
al-Ramla) mint. Dated AH 332 (943-4 CE).[1]
Abu'l-Misk Kafur
• 968–969
Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali ibn al-Ikhshid
History 
• Established
935
969
CurrencyDinar
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Abbasid Caliphate
Tulunids
Fatimid Caliphate

The Ikhshidid dynasty (

Fatimid army conquered Fustat in 969.[3] Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, a Turkic[4][5] mamluk soldier, was appointed governor by the Abbasid Caliph al-Radi.[6]

The Ikhshidid family tomb was in Jerusalem.[7]

History

Origin of the name

The name "Ikhshidid" comes from the Central Asian dynastic name

Ferghana. After this title, the short-lived dynasty founded by Muhammad al-Ikhshid is known as the Ikhshidid dynasty.[8][9]

Founding

See also: Anarchy at Samarra

The creation of the Ikhshidid state was part of the wider disintegration and decentralisation of the

Tinnis and able to outflank Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh, the main opponent, forcing his retreat and facilitating ibn Tughj's subsequent entry to Fustat in August.[12]
The Fatimids were a major threat at the time and considerable effort was put into repelling them, culminating in their defeat by Ubayd Allah, ibn Tughj's brother, by November 936.[13] There was remarkable stability in the early years, with an absence of economic chaos and Bedouin raids, coupled with prohibition of looting, which helped pacify Egypt. Ibn Tughj sought the honorific title (laqab) of Al-Ikhshīd, which means "King of the Farghanians", from the Abbasids and official designation arrived in July 939.[14]

Consolidation

Further information: Al-Radi and Al-Muttaqi
The Mashhad (Mausoleum) of Al-Tabataba (erected in 943 CE) in Cairo is the only remaining monument of the Ikhshidid period.[15]

Kafur wielded real authority following ibn Tughj's death in 946 and was highly regarded among contemporaries.[19]

Troubles, decline and conquest by Fatimids

Damiette, Egypt.[20]

Jawhar al-Siqilli managed to conquer Egypt in 969. Ubayd Allah, brother of Muhammad ibn Tughj, held out in Syria until March 970, when he was defeated and taken prisoner by Ja'far ibn Fallah
, signalling the end of the Ikhshidid dynasty as a ruling power.

Ikhshidid rulers

Family tree

Military

Like the

Fatimids after them, the Ikhshidids made use of Black slave troops.[24] The practice began with the Tulunids in 870 AD, where the Africans were used as infantrymen, and continued by the Ikhshidids due to financial reasons, as they were cheaper than Turkic military slaves which were used as cavalry.[25]

Coinage

Only gold coins are common, with coppers being extremely rare. Dinars were mainly struck at Misr (Fustat) and Filastin (al-Ramla), and dirhams were usually struck at Filastin, and less often at Tabariya, Dimashq, and Hims. Other mints for dirhams are quite rare. Dinars from Misr are often well struck, while the Filastin dinars are more crude. Dirhams are usually crudely struck and often are illegible on half of the coin.[26]

See also

History of the Turkic peoples pre–14th century
Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
Turkic peoples
Oghuz Turks
Karluks
Kipchaks
Onogurs
Kumyks
Yakuts
Dolgans
Krymchaks
Sabir people
Crimean Karaites
Turkic Languages
Turkish
Azerbaijani
Uzbek
Kazakh
Uyghur
Turkmen
Tatar
Kyrgyz
Bashkir
Chuvash
Qasgqai
Karakalpak
Sakha
Kumyk
Karachay-Balkar
Tuvan
Gagauz
Karaim
Krymchak
Turkic Mythology
Belief system: Tengrism and Shamanism
Chief gods and goddesses: Kayra and Ülgen
Epics and heroes: Ergenekon and Asena
Major concepts: Sheka and Grey wolf
Pre-14th century
Yenisei Kyrgyz People 202 BCE–13th CE
  • Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
Dingling 71 BC–?? AD
Göktürks

(Tokhara Yabghus, Turk Shahis)

Sabiri People
Khazar Khaganate 618–1048
Xueyantuo 628–646
Kangar union 659–750
Turk Shahi
 665-850
Türgesh Khaganate 699–766
Kimek confederation
 743–1035
Uyghur Khaganate 744–840
Oghuz Yabgu State 750–1055
Karluk Yabgu State
 756–940
Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 848–1036
Qocho 856–1335
Pecheneg Khanates 860–1091
Ghaznavid Empire 963–1186
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Cuman–Kipchak confederation
 1067–1239
Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231
Kerait Khanate 11th century–13th century
Atabegs of Azerbaijan 1136–1225
Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526
Qarlughid Kingdom 1224–1266
Golden Horde 1242–1502
Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
 1250–1517
  • Bahri dynasty
Ottoman State
 1299–1922

References

  1. ISBN 978-977-424-930-3
    .
  2. ISBN 978-0-582-36931-3
    . The two gubernatorial dynasties in Egypt which have already been mentioned, the Tulunids and the Ikhshidids, were both of Mamluk origin.
  3. ^ The Fatimid Revolution (861-973) and its aftermath in North Africa, Michael Brett, The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 2 ed. J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 622.
  4. ^ Abulafia, David (2011). The Mediterranean in History. p. 170.
  5. ^ Bacharach, Jere L. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index. p. 382.
  6. ^ C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, (Columbia University Press, 1996), 62.
  7. Max Van Berchem, MIFAO 44 - Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Part 2 Syrie du Sud T.2 Jérusalem Haram (1927)
    , p13-14 (no.146): “L’émir Muhammad mourut à Damas en 334 (946) et son corps fut transporté et inhumé à Jérusalem. L’émir Unūdjūr mourut en 349 (960) et son corps fut porté à Jérusalem et inhumé à côté de celui de son père. L’émir ‘Ali mourut en 355 (966) et son corps fut transporté à Jérusalem et inhumé à côté de ceux de son père et de son frère. Enfin l'ustādh Kāfūr mourut en 357 (968) et son corps fut transporté et inhumé à Jérusalem, sans doute auprès de ceux de ses maîtres. Ainsi les Ikhshidides avaient leur caveau funéraire à Jérusalem. Bien plus, un auteur contemporain précise que «l'émir Ali fut transporté dans un cercueil à Jérusalem et enterré, avec son frère et son père, ce tout près du Bāb al-asbāt ou porte des Tribus (1). Ce nom désignait et désigne encore la porte du Haram désigne encore la porte du Haram qui s'ouvre dans l'angle nord-est de l'esplanade (2), et précisément derrière le n° 146, à l'intérieur du mur d’enceinte.”
  8. ^ Bosworth 1971, p. 1060.
  9. ^ Bacharach 1993, p. 411.
  10. S2CID 161166177
    .
  11. S2CID 161166177
    .
  12. S2CID 161166177
    .
  13. S2CID 161166177
    .
  14. S2CID 161166177
    .
  15. ISBN 978-977-416-074-5
    .
  16. S2CID 161166177
    .
  17. S2CID 161166177
    .
  18. S2CID 161166177
    .
  19. ^ a b Petry, Carl F. (10 Jul 2008). The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 115.
  20. ^ "Textile Fragment". The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  21. ^ Petry, Carl F. (10 Jul 2008). The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 116.
  22. ^ Petry, Carl F. (10 Jul 2008). The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 117.
  23. ^ El-Azhari, Taef Kamal (2013). Gender and history in the Fatimid State: The case of Eunuchs 909-1171. p. 14.
  24. S2CID 162310414
    .
  25. S2CID 161458709
    .
  26. ^ Album, Stephen. A Checklist of Islamic Coins, Second Edition, January 1998, Santa Rosa, Calif.

Sources

External links
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