Iksal

Coordinates: 32°41′N 35°19′E / 32.683°N 35.317°E / 32.683; 35.317
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Iksal
  • אִכְּסָל, אכסאל, כִּסְלוֹת תָּבוֹר‎
  • إكسال
Local council
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • ISO 259ʔikksal, Ksalot Tabor
Iksal, as seen from Nazareth Illit
Iksal, as seen from Nazareth Illit
Flag of Iksal
Flag
Official seal of Iksal
Seal
Iksal is located in Israel
Iksal
Iksal
Iksal is located in Jezreel Valley region of Israel
Iksal
Iksal
Coordinates: 32°41′N 35°19′E / 32.683°N 35.317°E / 32.683; 35.317
Grid position180/232 PAL
Country Israel
DistrictNorthern
Area
 • Total9,000 dunams (9 km2 or 3 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total15,336
 • Density1,700/km2 (4,400/sq mi)
Name meaningfrom ancient Chesulloth, probably after a personal name[2]
Websiteموقع إكسال
مدرسة إكسال الثانوية
مدرسة إكسال الإعداديةالرازي

Iksal (

Muslim inhabitants. [1]

Name

The name of town is believed to derive from that of Chesulloth (Chisloth-Tabor), a biblical town mentioned in the Book of Joshua (Joshua 19:12).[4][5]

History

A view of Iksal from the east of the town, looking towards the southwest

Iksal was known to

pottery, glass vessels, and jewelry were found. Also dated to the Byzantine period are agricultural installations, carved into the rock and plastered, inside of which were found part of a winepress.[8]

Archaeologist Uzi Leibner identifies Iksal as one of several villages in Galilee that had a Jewish population during the Roman period and later had a Christian population in the Byzantine period.[10]

Middle Ages

In 536 a Council was held in Jerusalem to condemn Severus of Antioch and his followers. Present at that Council were 45 bishops from Palestine, including one Parthenius, bishop of Exalus, which is identified with Iksal.[11] Thus do we know the town had enough Christians in the 6th Century to warrant a bishop.

Remains have been excavated dating to the Umayyad period (7th century CE), including pottery and Cream Ware bowls.[12]

On December 22, 946, the forces of the Egyptian

Sayf al-Daula at Iksal. The latter retreated to Aleppo, while the Ikshidid forces advanced onto Damascus.[13]

During the period of Crusader or Mamluk rule in Palestine, a castle was built in Iksal, the ruins of which remain visible today.[8] The Crusaders probably added to a much older structure which had been constructed first in the Abbasid, and then in the Fatimid era.[14] A large cemetery by the village was named Mukbarat el Afranj ("Cemetery of the Franks").[15]

Yaqut al-Hamawi described the place (which he called Aksal), as "A village in the Jordan Province, lying 5 leagues from Tiberias towards Ar Ramlah. The river Abu Futrus is in the neighbourhood."[16]

Building remains from the Mamluk period have also been excavated.

Mamluk era, 14th and 15th century CE.[17]

Ottoman Empire

In 1517, the village was included in the

Muslim. They paid a tax rate of 25% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, summer crops, fruit trees, occasional revenues, goats and beehives; a total of 6,633 Akçe.[18][19]

In 1738

sepulchres cut in the rock, some of them are like stone coffins above-ground, others are cut into the rock, like graves, some of them have stone covers over them, so that formerly this might be no inconsiderable place."[20] A map from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed the place, named as Iksad.[21]

Edward Robinson, who passed by the village in 1838, repeated Pocockes assertion that Iksal had many sepulchres.[22]

In 1863 Henry Baker Tristram saw the remains of a "Crusader" tower in Iksal,[23] while in 1875, Victor Guérin found it to have 400 inhabitants, all Muslim.[24] In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Iksal as "a large stone village, built in the plains, with a conspicuous square tower, surrounded by gardens and containing about 400 Moslims, many caves and cisterns."[25]

A population list from about 1887 showed that Iksal had about 600 Muslim inhabitants.[26]

British Mandate

At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine Iksal had a population of 621 Muslims,[27] increasing slightly in the 1931 census to 752, still all Muslims, in a total of 166 houses.[28]

In the 1945 statistics the population was 1,110, all Muslims,[29] while the total land area was 16,009 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[30] Of this, 581 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 13,029 for cereals,[31] while 47 dunams were classified as built-up (urban) areas.[32]

Israel

Like many other

Zionist officials prior to Israel's establishment, negotiated the terms of surrender and transition to rule under the new military government.[33]

Demographics

According to the

NIS 3,640 per month, whereas the national average was NIS 6,835. Its population has grown at an annual rate of 2.8%. In Iksal, about 60 percent of the inhabitants are family relations of one another.[34]

Archaeology

In 2008 and 2012, archaeological surveys were conducted at the ancient site by Daniel Zohar and Mouqary `Abdallah on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA).[35]

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 126
  3. ISBN 965-448-413-7
    .
  4. ^ a b Freedman et al, 2000, p. 236.
  5. ^ Aharoni, 1979, pp. 120, 257.
  6. ^ Armstrong, 2009, p. 42.
  7. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 366
  8. ^ a b c d Alexandre, 2008, Iksal, Final Report
  9. ^ Chancey, 2005, p. 216.
  10. ISBN 978-3-16-151460-9
    .
  11. ^ Bagatti, 2001, p. 217
  12. ^ Zidan, 2019, Iksal
  13. ^ Gil, 1997, pp. 319-320
  14. ^ Sharon, 2013, p. 302
  15. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 385 ff
  16. ^ Le Strange, 1890, pp. 390-1
  17. ^ Mokary, 2011, Iksal, Final report
  18. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 187
  19. ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 Archived 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied from the Safad-district was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
  20. ^ Pococke, 1745, vol II, p. 65
  21. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 167 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine.
  22. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 182
  23. ^ Trisdam, 1865, p. 124
  24. ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 108-109
  25. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 363
  26. ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 184
  27. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Nazareth, p. 38
  28. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 73
  29. ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 8
  30. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 62
  31. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 109
  32. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 159
  33. ^ Cohen, 2010, p.17
  34. ^ Cushner, 2004, p.86
  35. ^ Israel Antiquities Authority, Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2008, Survey Permit # A-5483; Israel Antiquities Authority, Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2012, Survey Permit # A-6637

Bibliography

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iksal&oldid=1194560906"
This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article: Iksal. Articles is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license; additional terms may apply.Privacy Policy