Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising

An account of the dates and details of the uprising were recorded by the anarchist author Georgi Khadzhiev which was translated by Will Firth. On 28 July, the message was sent out to the revolutionary movements, though the secret was kept until the last moment. The uprising began on the night of August 2, and involved large regions in and around Bitola, around the south-west of what is now North Macedonia and some of the north of Greece. That night and early the next morning, the town of Kruševo was attacked and captured by 800 rebels. Concurrently, after three days of fighting followed by a siege starting on August 5, the town of Smilevo was captured by the rebels. The town of Kleisoura, near Kastoria, was taken by insurgents about August 5. On August 14, under the leadership of Nikola Pushkarov, some bands near Skopje attacked and derailed a military train. In Razlog the population joined in the uprising. This was further east, in Pirin Macedonia in present-day Bulgaria.^[14]

On August 4, under leadership of Nikola Karev, a local administration called Kruševo republic had been set up. That same day and the next, Turkish troops made unsuccessful attempts to retake Kruševo.^[14] On August 12, following the Battle of Sliva, a force of 3,500 Ottoman soldiers^[41] recaptured and burned Kruševo. It had been held by the insurgents for just ten days. Kleisoura was finally recaptured by the Ottomans on August 27.^[14]

Other regions involved included Ohrid, Florina, and Kičevo. In the Thessaloniki region, operations were much more limited and without much local involvement, due in part to disagreements between the factions of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO). There was also no uprising in the Prilep area, immediately to the east of Bitola.^[14]

The reason why the uprising was strategically chosen in the Bitola vilayet, and the broader southwestern region of

• Militias active in the region of Serres, led by Yane Sandanski and an insurgent detachment of the Supreme Committee, held down a large Turkish force. These actions began on the day of the Feast of the Cross (Krastovden in Bulgarian, September 27) and did not involve the local population as much as in other regions, and were well to the east of Monastir and to the west of Thrace.

In areas encompassing the uprising of 1903, Albanian villagers were in a situation of being either under threat from IMRO četas or recruited by Ottoman authorities to end the uprising.^[45]

Preobrazhenie Uprising

According to Khadzhiev, the main goal of the uprising in Thrace was to give support to the uprisings further west, by engaging Turkish troops and preventing them from moving into Macedonia. Many of the operations were diversionary, though several villages were taken, and a region in Strandzha was held for around twenty days. This is sometimes called the Strandzha Republic or Strandzha Commune, but according to Khadzhiev "there was never a question of state power in the Thrace region."^[14]

• On the morning of August 19, 1903, attacks were made on villages throughout the region, including Vasiliko (now Tsarevo), Stoilovo (near Malko Tarnovo), and villages near Edirne.
• On August 21, the harbor lighthouse at
  Igneada
  was blown up.
• Around September 3 a strong Ottoman force began reasserting their control.
• By September 8 the Turks had restored control and were mopping up.

Rhodope Mountains Uprising

In the

The reaction of the Ottoman Turks to the uprisings was one of overwhelming force. The only hope for the insurgents was outside intervention, and that was never politically feasible. Indeed, although Bulgarian interests were favoured by the actions, the Bulgarian government itself had been required to outlaw the Macedonian rebel groups prior to the uprisings and sought the arrest of its leaders. This was a condition of diplomacy with Russia.^{[34][page needed]} The waning Ottoman Empire dealt with the instability by taking vengeance on local populations that had supported the rebels. Casualties during the military campaigns themselves were comparatively small, but afterward, thousands were killed, executed or made homeless. Historian Barbara Jelavich estimates that about nine thousand homes were destroyed,^{[30][page needed]} and thousands of refugees were produced. According to Georgi Khadzhiev, 201 villages and 12,400 houses were burned, 4,694 people killed, with some 30,000 refugees fleeing to Bulgaria.^[14]

On September 29, the General staff of the Uprising sent the Letter N 534 to the

"The General staff considers its duty to turn the attention of the respectable Bulgarian government to the disastrous consequences for the Bulgarian nation, if it does not carry out its duty towards its birth brothers here, in an impressive and active manner, as imposed by the power of the circumstances and the danger, which threatens the all-Bulgarian fatherland – through war."^[47]

Still, Bulgaria was unable to send troops to the rescue of the rebelling fellow Bulgarians in Macedonia and Adrianople, Thrace. When IMARO representatives met the Bulgarian Prime-Minister Racho Petrov, he showed them the ultimatums by Serbia, Greece and Romania, which he had just received and which informed him of those countries' support for Turkey, in case Bulgaria intervened to support the rebels.^[48] At a meeting in early October, the general staff of the rebel forces decided to cease all revolutionary activities, and declared the forces, excepting regular militias, to be disbanded.^[14] After the uprising, IMARO became more strongly associated with the Supremacists, and with the goal of hegemony by Bulgaria.^{[34][page needed]} The savagery of the insurrections and the reprisals did finally provoke a reaction from the outside world. In October,

Greco-Turkish War. Most of the local Bulgarian political and cultural figures were persecuted or expelled from Serbian and Greek parts of Macedonia and Thrace, where all structures of the Bulgarian Exarchate were abolished. Thousands of Macedonian Slavs left for Bulgaria. Some fled after the Greeks burned Kilkis, during the Second Balkan War, and the Treaty of Neuilly population exchange between Greece and Bulgaria saw 92,000 Bulgarians exchanged with 46,000 Greeks from Bulgaria.^[51] Bulgarian (including the Macedonian dialects) was prohibited, and its surreptitious use, whenever detected, was ridiculed or punished.^[52]

The

Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation and continued its struggle against Serbian and Greek authorities until 1934.^{[citation needed}

]

IMRO had de facto full control of Bulgarian Pirin Macedonia (the Petrich District of the time) and acted as a "state within a state", which it used as a base for hit and run attacks against Yugoslavia and Greece. IMRO began sending armed bands called cheti into Greek and Yugoslav Macedonia to assassinate officials and stir up the spirit of the oppressed population.^{[citation needed]}

At the end of 1922, the Greek government started to expel large numbers of Bulgarians from

coup of 19 May 1934 to take control and break the power of the organizations.^{[citation needed}

]

Legacy

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Portrayals of the insurrections by later historians often reflect ongoing national aspirations. Historians from North Macedonia see them as a part of the move for an independent state as finally achieved by their own new nation. There is, in fact, very little historical continuity from the insurrections to the modern state, but Macedonian sources tend to emphasize the early goals of political autonomy when IMARO was established. The Supremacist faction pushed for the insurrections to take place in the summer of 1903, while the left wing argued for more time and more planning.^[54] Historians from Bulgaria emphasize the undoubted Bulgarian character of the rebels, but tends to downplay the moves for political autonomy that were a part of the IMARO organization prior to the insurrections.^{[citation needed]} Western historians generally refer simply to the Ilinden uprising, which marks the date on which uprising began. In Bulgaria it is more common to refer to the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie uprising, giving equal status to the activities commenced at Preobrazhenie near to the Bulgarian coast of the Black Sea and limiting an undue focus on the Macedonian region. Some sources recognize these as two related but distinct insurrections, and name them the Ilinden uprising and the Preobrazhenie uprising. Bulgarian sources tend to emphasize the moves within IMARO for hegemony with Bulgaria, as advocated by the Supremacist and the right wing factions.^{[citation needed]}

The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising was celebrated by the Macedonian and Thracian diaspora in Bulgaria and by all factions within the IMARO. It was commemorated officially in Macedonia under

ASNOM as a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The ASNOM event is now referred as the 'Second Ilinden' in North Macedonia, though there is no direct link to the events of 1903. In Bulgaria Ilinden and Preobrazhenie days as anniversaries of the uprising are publicly celebrated on a local level, primarily in the Pirin Macedonia and Northern Thrace regions.^{[citation needed}

]

Controversy

See also: Historiography in North Macedonia and Macedonian nationalism

There have been long-going disputes between parties in Bulgaria and North Macedonia about the ethnic affiliation of the insurgents. The opinion of most Macedonian historians and politicians is that Preobrazhenie uprising was a Bulgarian uprising, not related with the Ilinden one, which was organized by

Bulgarian national identity.^[63]

The dominant view in Bulgaria is that at that time the Macedonian and Thracian Bulgarians predominated in all regions of the uprisings and that Macedonian ethnicity did still not exist.^[64] More, the first name of the IMRO was "Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees". Initially its membership was restricted only for Bulgarians. It was active not only in Macedonia but also in Thrace. Since its early name emphasized the Bulgarian nature of the organization by linking the inhabitants of Thrace and Macedonia to Bulgaria, these facts are still difficult to be explained from the Macedonian historiography. They suggest that IMRO revolutionaries in the Ottoman period did not differentiate between 'Macedonians' and 'Bulgarians'. Moreover, as their own writings attest, they often saw themselves and their compatriots as 'Bulgarians' and wrote in Bulgarian standard language.^[65] It has also to be noted that some attempts from Bulgarian officials for joint actions and celebration of the Ilinden uprising were rejected from Macedonian side as unacceptable.^[66][67]

Nevertheless, on August 2, 2017, the Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov and his Macedonian colleague Zoran Zaev placed wreaths at the grave of Gotse Delchev on the occasion of the 114th anniversary of the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising, after the previous day, both have signed a treaty for friendship and cooperation between the neighboring states.^[68] The treaty also calls for a committee to "objectively re-examine the common history" of Bulgaria and Macedonia and envisages both countries will celebrate together events from their shared history.^[69] According to Bulgarian officials, this commission has made little progress in its work for a period of two years.^[70] Moreover in an interview on August 4, 2018 Zaev said that “the Ilinden uprising is Macedonian” and “if any citizen of Bulgaria wants to celebrate it, let them celebrate it.”^[71] As result in 2020, Bulgaria blocked the candidature of North Macedonia to the European Union over an 'ongoing nation-building process' based on historical negationism of the Bulgarian legacy in the broader region of Macedonia.^[72][73][74]

Honour

In Bulgaria

• Ilindentsi village in Strumyani Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province is named after the uprising
• Preobrazhentsi village in Ruen Municipality, in Burgas Province is named after the uprising
• Ilinden village in Hadzhidimovo Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province is named after the uprising
• Ilinden, Sofia is a district of Sofia, located in the western parts of the city, named after the uprising
• OMO Ilinden-Pirin, ethnic Macedonian organization in Bulgaria
• Ilinden (organization) was a veteran nonpolitical organization set up by Bulgarian refugees from Macedonia.

In North Macedonia

• Ilinden Municipality, in the Skopje region
• Ilinden, the seat of Ilinden Municipality
• Ilinden is a peak on Baba Mountain in Pelister National Park^[75]
• FK Ilinden 1955 Bašino, football club near Veles
• FK Ilinden Skopje, football club in the village of Ilinden

Elsewhere

• Ilinden Peak on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after the uprising

• Rockdale Ilinden FC football club in Sydney, Australia

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising.

• Razlovtsi insurrection
• Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
• Ohrid-Debar Uprising
• Tikvesh Uprising
• Kresna-Razlog Uprising

Footnotes

1. ^
   Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization
   . 1904.
2. ^
   ISBN 0-8223-0813-4
   .
3. ^
   ISBN 3-515-02914-1
   .
4. ^ Bourchier, James David (1911). "Macedonia" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–222 [221, final para ]. Bulgarian Insurrection in 1903.
5. ^ The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920, C. & B. Jelavich, 1977, pp. 211–212
6. ISBN 0275979237
   , p. 216.
7. ISBN 1527550737
   .
8. ISBN 9639776289
   , pp. 107–137.
9. ISBN 0691043566
   , p. 64.
10. ISBN 3034301960
    , pp. 87–88.
11. ISBN 0801469791
    , pp. 15–16.
12. ISBN 900425076X
    , pp. 273–330.
13. ISBN 0810862956
    , lviii.
14. ^
    OCLC 27030696
    .
15. ISBN 0810849011
    , p. 3.
16. ISBN 0880333839
    , p. 125.
17. ISBN 0191513318
    .
18. ^ Akhund, Nadine (2009). "Muslim Representation in the Three Ottoman vilayets of Macedonia: Administration and Military Power (1878–1908)". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 29 (4): 443–454.
19. ISBN 0810862956
    , p. 140.
20. ISBN 0914710559
    , p. 10.
21. ISBN 9783643914460
    , p. 211.
22. ISBN 0919666434
    , p. 74.
23. ISBN 382587365X
    .
24. ^ Perry, Duncan. “Ivan Garvanov: Architect of Ilinden.” East European Quarterly 19, no. 4 (1986): 403–416.
25. ^ Pero Korobar, Orde Ivanoski, The Historical Truth: The Progressive Social Circles in Bulgaria and Pirin Macedonia on the Macedonian National Question: Documents, Studies, Resolutions, Appeals and Published Articles, 1896–1956. Kultura, 1983, p. 277.
26. ISBN 0691099952
    .
27. ^ Bulgarian teachers in Macedonia constituted the backbone of the Internal organization while, according to their social profile, its leaders were quite often themselves former Exarchist teachers. For more see: Perry, Duncan. The Politics of Terror. The Macedonian Liberation Movements 1893–1903. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1988. pp. 144–151, 182–183.
28. ISBN 1538119625
    .
29. ^
    ISBN 0-208-00507-2
    , first published in 1931, by H. Holt & Co.
30. ^
    ISBN 0-521-25448-5
31. ^
    ISBN 0-295-95444-2
    Volume 8 of the 11 volume series A History of East Central Europe.
32. ^ The Macedoine: The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics, by Ivo Banac, Cornell University Press, 1984, p. 314.
33. ISBN 0-405-02774-5
    , first printed in 1922.
34. ^
    ISBN 0-521-61637-9
35. ^ Революционното братство е създадено в противовес на вътрешната организация от еволюционистите. Уставът му носи дата март 1897 г. и е подписан с псевдонимите на 12 членове — основатели. Братството създава свои организации на някои места в Македония и Одринско и влиза в остър конфликт с вътрешната организация, но през 1899–1900 г. се постига помирение и то се присъединява към нея - Христо Караманджуков, "Родопа през Илинденско-Преображенското въстание" (Изд. на Отечествения Фронт, София, 1986).
36. ^ The Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903, Dedicated to the 105th. anniversary from the events, Professor Dimitar Gotsev - Macedonian Scientific Institute. Archived 2008-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
37. ISBN 9780253008350
    .
38. ^ and Basevski, Nikolov (1927). Spomeni na Dame Gruev, Boris Sarafov and Ivan Garvanov. Sofia: Press P. Glushkoz. pp. 146, pg 153.
39. ^ National military history museum of Bulgaria, fond 260
40. ^ Who are the Macedonians by Hugh Poulton - p. 57. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
41. ^ "MIA". Archived from the original on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
42. ISSN 0094-288X
    . The long-awaited revolt began at dusk on Sunday, 2 August 1903, Saint Elijah's Day—or Ilinden. The insurrection was confined to Bitola Vilayet because, according to one source, it was farthest from Bulgaria, a factor designed to show the Great Powers that the revolt was purely a Macedonian phenomenon.
43. ISBN 954-509-233-5
    стр. 205.
44. ISBN 0810872021
    , p. 217.
45. ISBN 9780691099958
    . "The Uprising in 1903 had involved mainly Slav-speaking Christians with the assistance of the Vlah population. Albanian villagers had largely found themselves either under threat from VMRO četas or recruited into the Ottoman effort to crush the Uprising."
46. ^ Петко Т. Карапетков, Славейно. Пловдив, 1948 г., стр 216—219.
47. ^ Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of History, Bulgarian Language Institute, "Macedonia. Documents and materials", Sofia, 1978, part III, No.92.
48. ^ The Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903, Dedicated to the 105th. anniversary from the events, Professor Dimitar Gotsev — Macedonian Scientific Institute.
49. Monastir Vilayet
    following the devastations and cruelties perpetrated by the Turkish troops and bashibazouks, in view of the fact that these devastations and cruelties continue systematically, and that one cannot foresee how far they will reach; in view, furthermore, of the fact that here everything Bulgarian is running the risk of perishing and being obliterated without a trace by violence, hunger and by approaching poverty, the General Staff considers it its duty to draw the attention of the Esteemed Bulgarian Government to the fatal consequences for the Bulgarian nation, if it fails to discharge its duty to its own brothers here in an impressive and energetic manner, made imperative by force of circumstances and by the danger threatening the common Bulgarian homeland at the present moment ..."
50. ^ Academician Lyubomir Miletich, "The Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians in 1913", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, State printing house, 1918. On-line publication of the phototype reprint of the first edition of the book in Bulgarian (in Bulgarian "Разорението на тракийските българи през 1913 година", Българска академия на науките, София, Държавна печатница, 1918 г.; II фототипно издание, Културно-просветен клуб "Тракия" - София, 1989 г., София).
51. ^ "The Greek-Bulgarian exchange of populations". Macedonian Heritage. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
52. ^ "The immediate effect of the partition was the anti-Bulgarian campaign in areas under Serbian and Greek rule. The Serbians expelled Exarchist churchmen and teachers and closed Bulgarian schools and churches (affecting the standing of as many as 641 schools and 761 churches). Thousands of Macedonian Slavs left for Bulgaria, joining a still larger stream from devastated Aegean Macedonia, where the Greeks burned Kukush, the center of Bulgarian politics and culture, as well as much of Serres and Drama. Bulgarian (including the Macedonian Slavic dialects) was prohibited, and its surreptitious use, whenever detected, was ridiculed or punished.", Ivo Banac, in The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics, pp. 307–328, Cornell University Press, 1984, retrieved on September 6, 2007.
53. ^ Илюстрация Илинден, София, октомври 1927, бр. 5, стр. 7-8. Любомир Милетич, На Илинденско Тържество в Битоля (1916).
54. ^ Colliers Encyclopedia, Macedonia, 1993 edition.
55. ^ Известно е че през 1918 г. в разгара на Първата световна война и в навечерието на контраофанзивата на войските на Антантата на Македонския фронт, страната ни отбелязва 15-годишнината от Илинденско-Преображенското въстание. Но малко известен е фактът, че с тази задача се залавя водачът на ВМОРО Тодор Александров, подпомогнат от ректора на Софийския университет „Св. Климент Охридски“ проф. Георги Шишков и тогавашния кмет на Крушево Наум Томалевски. For more see: Цочо В. Билярски, През 1918 година Тодор Александров организира честването на Илинденското въстание.
56. ISBN 978-0-8108-5565-6
    .
57. ISBN 8880631764
    .
58. ^ "August 2nd, non-working for Macedonian citizens". macedoniaonline.eu. 2008-07-29. Archived from the original on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
59. ^ "Интервју со д-р Васил Јотевски. Тешко е да се полемизира... Бранко Горгевски ("Дневник"), Народна волja број 2050". Retrieved 29 November 2014.
60. ^ "Кој со кого ќе се помирува? Лидерот на ВМРО-ДПМНЕ и Премиер на Република Македонија, Љубчо Георгиевски одговара и полемизира на темата за национално помирување". Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
61. ^ Академик Иван Катарџиев, "Верувам во националниот имунитет на македонецот", интервју, "Форум": "ФОРУМ - Дали навистина Делчев се изјаснувал како Бугарин и зошто? КАТАРЏИЕВ - Ваквите прашања стојат. Сите наши луѓе се именувале како "Бугари"..."; also (in Macedonian; in English: "Academician Ivan Katardzhiev. I believe in Macedonian national immunity", interview, "Forum" magazine: "FORUM - Whether Gotse Delchev really defined himself as Bulgarian and why? KATARDZHIEV - Such questions exist. All our people named themselves as "Bulgarians"...")
62. ^ "Уште робуваме на старите поделби", Разговор со д-р Зоран Тодоровски, http://www.tribune.eu.com Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, 27. 06. 2005, also here (in Macedonian; in English: "We are still in servitude to the old divisions", interview with Ph. D. Zoran Todorovski, published on http://www.tribune.eu.com, 27. 06. 2005.
63. ^ Misirkov, Krste (1903). За македонцките работи [On the Macedonian Matters] (PDF) (in Bulgarian and Macedonian). Sofia: Либералний клуб (The Liberal Club). p. 17.
64. ^ "The Ilinden - Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903". Authors: Hristo Hristov, Dimiter Kossev, Lyubomir Panayotov; Publisher: Sofia Press - 1983; in English language.
65. ISBN 382587365X
    .
66. ^ "Сите ние сме Бугари". Македонски историци "на бунт" срещу общото честване на празниците ни. в-к "Дума", 07.06.2006. ^{[dead link]}
67. ^ България и светът. 04 Август 2006, По съседски: Събития с балкански адрес. Новина № 2. Archived 2006-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
68. ^ "PMs Borisov and Zaev place wreaths at Gotse Delchev's grave in Skopje, 2 August 2017, FOCUS News Agency". Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
69. ^ Macedonia, Bulgaria Sign Historic Treaty, Renounce Rivalry, Aug. 1, 2017, The New York Times.
70. ^ Georgi Gotev, Borissov warns North Macedonia against stealing Bulgarian history. EURACTIV.com. Jun 20, 2019.
71. ^ Martin Dimitrov, Macedonia PM Apologises for Offending Bulgarians. Sophia, BIRN, August 10, 2018.
72. ^ "Foreign Minister Zaharieva: Bulgaria Cannot Approve EU Negotiating Framework with North Macedonia - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency". www.novinite.com. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
73. OCLC 43476423.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
74. OCLC 559698344
    .
75. ^ Пелистер

Notes

1. ^ The names of the 1903 uprising were given by the historians, not by the rebels. The names "Ilinden" and "Preobrazhenie" uprising gained popularity after the First World War in Bulgaria. Then the combined before the Balkan Wars Macedonian-Thracian liberation movement split in two organizations. As more numerous and active, the Macedonian activists imposed mainly the name "Ilinden" on the Bulgarian public. Since the 1960s, the members of the Bulgarian historical community have been trying to popularize the name "Ilinden-Preobrazhenie" uprising. Their logic is that at the beginning of the 20th century the organization was one: "Macedonian-Adrianopolitan", and its goal was a common uprising. Some Bulgarian historians insist that to the name of the uprising must be added the "Day of the Cross" (Krastovden), because then was the beginning of the rebellion in the Serres Revolutionary District. Before the Second World War the historians in Yugoslavia emphasized the Bulgarian provenance of the rebellion, but after the War they insisted that these were two separate uprisings that were not related, one being Bulgarian and the other Macedonian, as this thesis has been maintained to this day in North Macedonia for political reasons.

Sources

• The English daily newspaper "Times", issues about the Ilinden uprising in August, 1903
• Twenty-four letters from Macedonia – 1903, John MacDonald
• Durham, Edith. (1905). The Burden of the Balkans
• Brailsford, Henry Noel (1906) Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future. London: Methuen & Co (Brailsford's photographs
  )
• Pozzi, Henry. (1935). Black hand over Europe. F. Mott and Co., London (for online version of relevant pages, click here Archived 2019-09-04 at the Wayback Machine)
• Jelavich, Charles and Jelavich, Barbara (October 1977), The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920, History of Central Europe, Seattle:
  ISBN 0-295-95444-2{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
  )
• MacDermott, Mercia. (1978). Freedom or Death – the life of Gotse Delchev. London: Journeyman Press
• Jelavich, Barbara (1983), History of the Balkans, Cambridge University Press
• ISBN 978-0-8014-9493-2 (for online version of relevant pages, click here
  )
• Poulton, Hugh. (1995). Who are the Macedonians? C.Hurst & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London
• ISBN 0-688-10064-3
• Prof. Dimitar Gotsev: Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903 – Ideals and Heroism Dedicated to the 105th anniversary from the events
• The Cinematographic Activities of Charles Rider Noble and John Mackenzie in the Balkan's (Volume One). Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 424 p. [Peter Kardjilov, translated from Bulgarian by Ivelina Petrova, ISBN 978-1-5275-4902-9];
• The Cinematographic Activities of Charles Rider Noble and John Mackenzie in the Balkans (Volume Two). Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 484 p. [Peter Ivanov Kardjilov, ISBN 978-1-5275-5772-7].

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