Imad al-Dawla
Imad al-Dawla عمادالدوله | |
---|---|
Adud al-Dawla | |
Born | 891/92 Daylam |
Died | December 949 Shiraz, Buyid amirate |
Burial | |
Dynasty | Buyid dynasty |
Father | Abu Shuja Buya |
Religion | Shia Islam |
Ali ibn Buya (
Early career
Ali was the eldest son of Abu Shuja Buya, a fisherman of modest origin from Daylam, a region in northern Iran.[2][3] Abu Shuja Buya was most likely a recent convert to Islam, which explains the Arabic names of his sons, typical of the children of a convert.[4][5]
Ali first entered the services of the
Ali and his brothers managed to defect to Mardavij's side just as the Ziyarid was preparing to undertake the conquest to the south of the Alborz mountains as far as Qazvin. Not long afterwards Mardavij granted Ali administrative rule over Karaj, a strategically important town probably situated near modern Bahramabad. While making a stop in Ray on his way to Karaj, however, Ali was warned by Mardavij's vizier al-'Amid that the Ziyarid was planning to eliminate him. Hurriedly leaving Ray, he arrived at and took over Karaj.[7]
With a small number of
Foundation of the Buyid state
In order to further secure his position, Ali decided to seize the nearby city of
In order to prevent Mardavij from pressing claims on his territory, Ali sought the recognition of the Abbasid
The Buyid empire takes shape
Bolstered by many of Mardavij's
Ali next sent Ahmad to Khuzistan, where the Basrian clan of the Baridis had become the de facto rulers of the province but were trying to throw off caliphal rule. They asked Ali for their struggle against the Abbasids, providing the pretext for Ahmad to enter Khuzistan. Although the Baridis temporarily recovered the province and even managed to take Baghdad a few times, Ahmad eventually took control of Khuzistan himself. From Khuzistan Ahmad waged a series of campaigns in Iraq, until in 945 he entered Baghdad. The caliph then gave him the title of "Mu'izz al-Dawla", while Ali and Hasan were given the titles of "Imad al-Dawla" and "Rukn al-Dawla", respectively. By 948 Rukn al-Dawla had also secured his position in central Iran, causing a clear definition of the borders of the Buyid state.[13]
Imad al-Dawla was not the master of the entire Buyid empire. Rukn al-Dawla, who had carved up his own kingdom without in central Iran without military support from Imad al-Dawla, was relatively independent of the latter.[14] Mu'izz al-Dawla, on the other hand, had been given support by his brother in his efforts to take Khuzistan, and was a subordinate of Imad al-Dawla. He was not listed as an independent ruler on contemporary sources, and the name of his brother appeared before his own on coins struck by him. Despite the fact that Mu'izz al-Dawla's capture of Baghdad resulted in him gaining the title of senior amir (amir al-umara), which in theory made him the highest ranking individual out of all three Buyids, he remained little more than a provincial ruler under Imad al-Dawla's authority. Imad al-Dawla himself claimed the title of senior amir during his lifetime, and although he never officially held it, nor was entitled to do so, he was recognized as the de facto holder of that position.[3][15]
Imad al-Dawla's lack of an heir posed a problem until shortly before his death. A few months beforehand, he settled on Rukn al-Dawla's eldest son Fana-Khusraw as his successor. He died in December 949, and his brothers helped to install Fana-Khusraw (who took the title of "'Adud al-Dawla") in Shiraz. Rukn al-Dawla, who was the most powerful of the Buyids, claimed the title of senior amir for himself and received both Mu'izz al-Dawla's and 'Adud al-Dawla's recognition as such.[16]
Imad al-Dawla was buried in Istakhr.[2]
References
- ^ Baker 2016, p. 290 (see note 24).
- ^ a b Sajjadi, Asatryan & Melvin-Koushki.
- ^ a b Nagel 1990, pp. 578–586.
- ^ Curtis & Stewart 2009, p. 36.
- ^ Davaran 2010, p. 156.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, pp. 253–254.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 254.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, pp. 254–255.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 255.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, pp. 255–256.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 256.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, pp. 256–257.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, pp. 257–258.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 258.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, pp. 258–259.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 262.
Sources
- Baker, Christine D. (2016). "The lost origins of the Daylamites: the construction of a new ethnic legacy for the Buyids". In Kennedy, Rebecca Futo; Jones-Lewis, Molly (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Identity and the Environment in the Classical and Medieval Worlds. Routledge. pp. 281–295. ISBN 978-0415738057.
- ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2009). The Rise of Islam: The Idea of Iran Vol 4. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1845116910.
- Davaran, Fereshteh (2010). Continuity in Iranian Identity: Resilience of a Cultural Heritage. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138780149.
- Herzig, Edmund; Stewart, Sarah (2011). Early Islamic Iran. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1780760612.
- ISBN 978-0-582-40525-7.
- Nagel, Tilman (1990). "Buyids". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6. pp. 578–586.
- ISBN 978-1-86064-859-5.
- Miles, G. C. (1975). "Numismatics". In ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- Sajjadi, Sadeq; Asatryan, Mushegh; Melvin-Koushki, Matthew. "Būyids". In ISSN 1875-9831.
- Spuler, Bertold (2014). Iran in the Early Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633-1055. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28209-4.