Imam Reza shrine

Coordinates: 36°17′17″N 59°36′57″E / 36.2880°N 59.6157°E / 36.2880; 59.6157
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Imam Reza shrine
حرم‌ امام رضا
Religion
AffiliationShia Islam
LeadershipImam(s):
Ahmad Marvi
Location
LocationMashhad, Iran
Imam Reza shrine is located in Iran
Imam Reza shrine
Location in Iran
AdministrationAstan Quds Razavi
Geographic coordinates36°17′17″N 59°36′57″E / 36.2880°N 59.6157°E / 36.2880; 59.6157
Architecture
TypeMosque
StyleAbbasid Islamic
Date established818
Specifications
Capacity700,000
Minaret(s)12
Minaret height70 m (230 ft)
Site area1,000,000 square metres (250 acres)
Website
www.aqr.ir

The Imam Reza shrine (

seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences
, and other buildings.

The complex is a tourism center in Iran[2][3] and has been described as "the heart of the Shia Iran"[4] with 25 million Iranian and non-Iranian Shias visiting the shrine each year, according to a 2007 estimate.[5]

The shrine itself covers an area of 267,079 square metres (2,874,810 sq ft) while the seven courtyards which surround it cover an area of 331,578 square metres (3,569,080 sq ft), totaling 598,657 m2 (6,443,890 sq ft).[6]

Religious significance

Shia sources quote several hadiths from the Shia Imams and Muhammad that highlight the importance of pilgrimage to the shrine. A hadith from Muhammad says:

One of my own flesh and blood will be buried in the land of Khorasan. God the Highest will surely remove the sorrows of any sorrowful person who goes on pilgrimage to his shrine. God will surely forgive the sins of any sinful person who goes on pilgrimage to his shrine.[7]

History

Early years

Dar-ul-Imarah (Royal Residence) or the garden of

Zoroastrian temple. This building was demolished by the order of al-Ma'mun, and then it was reconstructed according to the special architecture of Khorasan. Four plain and short walls, covered with a low-slope dome, were constructed around the building. Afterwards, the name of the mausoleum (Haruniyyeh) was changed and known as the Mashhad-ur-Reza. Mashhad literally means a place where a martyr has been buried.[8]

Martyrdom of Ali al-Ridha

Imam Reza shrine before development

In 818,

bazaars sprang up around it. For the next thousand years, it has been devastated and reconstructed several times.[10]

The celebrated Muslim traveler Ibn Battuta visited Mashhad in 1333 and reported that it was a large town with abundant fruit trees, streams and mills. A great dome of elegant construction surmounts the noble mausoleum, the walls being decorated with colored tiles. Opposite the tomb of the Imam is the tomb of Caliph Harun al-Rashid, which is surmounted by a platform bearing chandeliers.[2]

Ghaznavid era

By the end of the third

Ghaznavid sultan devastated Mashhad and stopped the pilgrims from visiting the shrine. But in 400 A.H./ 1009 A.D., Mahmud of Ghazni (born 971, ruled, 998-1030 A.D.) started the expansion and renovation of the shrine and built many fortifications around the city.[11]

Saljug era

A picture from second sanctuary

Sultan Sanjar (b. 1086 A.D., r. 1097–1157 A.D.), after the healing of his son in the shrine, renovated the sanctuary and added new buildings within its precincts. At the time of Sultan Sanjar Saljuqi, after Sharaf al-Din Abu Tahir b. Sa'd b. Ali Qummi repaired the shrine, he began to construct a dome over it.[12] In 612 A.H./ 1215 A.D., as borne out by inscriptions on certain tiles, Allaudin Khwarezm Shah carried out renovations on the shrine.[12]

Mongol invasion

During the

Mongol invasion in 1220 A.D. (617 A.H.), Khorasan was plundered by the invading hordes and the survivors of this massacre took refuge in Mashhad and settled around the shrine.[13] Sultan Muhammad Khudabandeh Iljaitu (b. 1282 AD), the Mongol ruler of Iran, converted to Shi'ism and ruled Iran in 703–716 A.H (1304–1316 AD), once again renovated the shrine on a grand scale.[11]

Timurid era

The glorious phase of Mashhad started during the reign of

Goharshad funded the construction of an outstanding mosque beside the shrine, which is known as the Goharshad Mosque.[14]

Safavid era

Main Gate of Imam Riza, Mashhad, 1850s. Photo possibly by Luigi Pesce (Italian, 1818–1891)

With the emergence of the Safavid dynasty in 1501 A.D. and their declaration of the Twelver Shi'ite sect as the state religion, Mashhad reached the peak of its development. However, since Khorasan was a border province of the Safavid Empire, Mashhad suffered repeated invasions and periods of occupation by the Uzbek Khans – Muhammad Khan, Abdullah Khan Shaibani, Muhammad Sultan and especially Abdul-Momen Khan. These invasions continued up to 996 A.H./ 1586 A.D., the reign of

Shah Abbas I, who finally drove out the Uzbeks
from Khorasan. Sahn Atiq was extended in the time of Shah Abbas I, and during the Safavid era, efforts were made for its further improvement.

During the Safavid era, the shrine also received patronage from rulers of the Indian subcontinent, namely

Sunni.[15]

Afsharid and Qajar era

Complex's main garden in 1910
Shrine's view from Tehran Street, 1956

Nader Shah Afshar (b. 1688, r. 1736–1747 A.D.) and the Qajar Shahs who ruled Iran from 1789 to 1925 expanded the various places in the shrine. There were also some improvements in the shrine complex during the Qajar Dynasty. There was also some repair in both courtyards during Mozaffar ad-Din Shah
's monarchy.

Following the coup in December 1911, Russian artillery shelled revolutionaries who had taken refuge in the shrine.[16] The whole complex was greatly damaged in 1911, but it was repaired after a while.

Modern era

Imam Reza shrine at night, 2000s

There happened some essential changes round the complex in 1347/1928. Old Falakah was extended up to a radius of 620 meters before the victory of the

Islamic Revolution
, and an important part of Holy Buildings' historical structure was demolished without considering its antiquity and elegance.

On 11th Rabi al-Thani 1354 A.H. /13 July 1935, during the

Mohammad Reza Shah
(b. 1919, r. 1941–1979 A.D.), Reza Shah's son and successor, killed a large number of people within the shrine (approximately 12,000).

The shrine is depicted on the reverse of the Iranian 100 rials coin, issued since 2004.[17]

Incidents

Commune kitchen

The harem kitchen dines 10 to 40 thousand visitors/tourists a day and sometimes on occasional events cook as many as 250,000. It has an Astan quds website page and there is an ID register and ticket lottery for a meal one course per person every three year.[18][19] During Ramadan Commune kitchen feed one million pilgrim and citizens.[20]

Specifications

Courtyards (Sahn)

Volunteers placing carpets in the Imam Ridha Mosque for the afternoon prayers

The complex contains a total of seven courtyards, which cover an area of over 331,578 m2 (3,569,080 sq ft):[21] The courtyards also contain a total of 14 minarets,[22] and three fountains.[23]

Name Images Area (m2) appurtenant Year of first building
Revolution Courtyard four balconies, steel window [[{{{1}}}]]
Freedom Courtyard 4,600 golden Veranda [[{{{1}}}]]
Courtyard of Goharshad Mosque [[{{{1}}}]]
Quds Courtyard 2,500 [[{{{1}}}]]
Islamic Republic Courtyard 10,000 two minarets [[{{{1}}}]]
The Razavi Grand Courtyard [[{{{1}}}]]
Gadeer Courtyard [[{{{1}}}]]
An image of Enghelab islami Courtyard, Imam Reza Shrine

Halls

From the courtyards, external hallways named after scholars lead to the inner areas of the mosque. They are referred to as

Bast (Sanctuary), since they were meant to be a safeguard for the shrine areas:[24]

The Bast hallways lead towards a total of 21 internal halls (

Ali al-Ridha.[25] Adjacent to the burial chamber is also a mosque dating back to the 10th century known as, Bala-e-Sar Mosque.[26]

Goharshad Mosque

Main article: Goharshad Mosque
Goharshad Mosque details

This mosque is situated adjacent to the shrine of Imam Ridha.

Ali al-Ridha's Tomb

A view of the existing sanctuary

It is located beneath the Golden Dome and surrounded by different porches each bearing a separate name.

Museums and other historical appurtenants

There are two museums within the shrine limits. Astan Quds Museum and Quran Museum.

Notable burials

Name Lifespan Notes
Birth Died
Harun al-Rashid 763 809
caliph
(786–809)
Imam Ali Reza
 765 818 8th
Imam
(798–818)
Shaykh Ahmad Tabarsi 1073 1153 Scholar
Sevin Beg Khanzada 1360 1412 Timurid dynasty Princess
Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza 1422 1457 Timurid dynasty Prince
Sultanum Begum 1516 1593 Queen consort of Shah Tahmasp I
Allahverdi Khan 1560 1613 Iranian General of Georgian origin
Shaykh Baha'i
 1547 1621 Islamic Scholar
Dilaram Khanum ? 1647 Consort of Safavid Prince and mother of Shah Safi
Muhammad al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī
 1624 1693 Shia cleric
Abbas Mirza 1789 1833 Qajar Crown Prince
Mohammad-Taqi Mirza 1791 1853 Qajar Prince
Mohammad Baqer Sharif Tabatabai 1823 1901 Scholar
Abu Talib Zanjani 1843 1911 Scholar
Princess Ashraf os-Saltaneh 1863 1914 Qajar Princess
Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan 1850 1918 Qajar prince
Hassan Ali Nokhodaki Isfahani 1862 1942 cleric
Ahmed Aref El-Zein 1884 1960 Scholar
Forough Azarakhshi 1904 1963 scholar
Ali-Akbar Fayyaz 1898 1971 Scholar
Muhammad Taqi Amoli 1887 1971 cleric
Mohammad Hadi al-Milani 1895 1975 Scholar
Manouchehr Eghbal 1909 1977 Prime Minister (1957–60) and CEO of
NIOC
Asadollah Alam 1919 1978 Prime minister (1962–64) and minister of the Imperial Court (1967–77)
Gholam Husayn Tabrizi 1881 1980 Scholar
Ali Motamedi (fa) 1896 1980 diplomat and politician
Mahmoud Farrokh Khorasani (fa) 1895 1981 politician
Abdol Karim Hasheminejad 1932 1981 cleric
Abdullah Musawi Shirazi 1892 1984 cleric
Gholamreza Ghodsi 1925 1989 poet
Badri Teymourtash 1908 1995 scholar
Mohammad Taqi Jafari 1925 1998 cleric
Ali Akbar Aboutorabi Fard 1939 2000 cleric
Hasan Ali Morvarid 1911 2004 cleric
Syed Jalaleddin Ashtiani 1925 2005 cleric
Hassan Tabatabaei Qomi 1912 2007 cleric
Mohammad-Sadegh Farman (fa) 1921 2012 politician
Mohammad Ezodin Hosseini Zanjani 1921 2013 cleric
Mohammad Baqer Shirazi 1931 2014 cleric
Abbas Vaez-Tabasi 1935 2016 cleric and chairman of the supervisory board of Astan Quds Razavi (1979–2016)
Hassan Firouzabadi 1951 2021 Military commander and Chief of Staff of the Iranian Armed Forces (1989–2016)

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Islamic Seminaries At The Holy Shrine". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Archived from the original on 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  2. ^ a b "Sacred Sites: Mashhad, Iran". sacredsites.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-27. Retrieved 2006-03-13.
  3. ^ "Religious Tourism Potentials Rich". Iran Daily. Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
  4. ^ Hafiz, Yasmine (2014-04-24). "Imam Reza Shrine Is The Heart Of Shi'ite Iran And The World's Largest Mosque-- See It Through A Pilgrim's Eyes (PHOTOS)". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 2017-05-08. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
  5. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived
    from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
  6. ^ "The Glory of the Islamic World". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
  7. ^ Uyun Akhbar al-Ridha. Vol. 2. 23 July 2015. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  8. ^ Staff Writer (24 January 2012). "Look at the history of Imam Reza's burial ground (Persian)". mashreghnews. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  9. ISBN 978-1502834249. Archived
    from the original on 2023-08-07. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  10. ^ Zabeth (1999) pp. 12-16
  11. ^
    ISBN 9781595844613. Archived
    from the original on 2023-08-07. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  12. ^ a b c Staff Writer. "How the shrine of Imam Reza was built?". Iranian student's news agency. Archived from the original on 15 October 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  13. ISBN 9781461731917. Archived
    from the original on 2023-08-07. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  14. ISBN 9789644442216. Archived
    from the original on 2023-08-07. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  15. OCLC 231801473.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  16. ^ Michael Axworthy, A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind, (Basic Books, 2010), 212.
  17. ^ Central Bank of Iran Archived 2021-02-03 at the Wayback Machine. Banknotes & Coins: 100 Rials Archived 2018-07-28 at the Wayback Machine. – Retrieved on 24 March 2009.
  18. ^ "نحوه ثبت نام در مهمانسرای حرم امام رضا (ع)". 20 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
  19. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2023-08-07. Retrieved 2023-08-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ^ "توزیع بیش از یک میلیون بسته‌ افطاری در حرم رضوی - ایسنا".
  21. ^ "Sahn (Courtyards) Around the Holy Shrine". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Archived from the original on 2008-05-29. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  22. ^ "Minarets". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Archived from the original on 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  23. ^ "Saqqah Khaneh". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  24. ^ "The Bast (Sanctuaries) Around the Holy Shrine". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  25. ^ "Riwaq (Porch)". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  26. ^ "The Bala-Sar Mosque of the Holy Shrine". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  • Zabeth, Hyder Reza (1999). Landmarks of Mashhad. Alhoda UK.
    ISBN 9644442210
    .

Bibliography

External links

Media related to Imam Reza Shrine at Wikimedia Commons

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