Immigration to Italy
In 2021,
In 2021, around 6,260,000 people residing in Italy have an immigration background (around the 10.6% of the total Italian population).[2][5][6]
Starting from the early 1980s, until then a linguistically and culturally homogeneous society, Italy begun to attract substantial flows of foreign immigrants.[7][8] After the fall of the Berlin Wall and, more recently, the 2004 and 2007 enlargements of the European Union, large waves of migration originated from the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe (especially Romania, Albania, Ukraine, Moldova and Poland). Another source of immigration is neighbouring North Africa (in particular, Morocco, Egypt and Tunisia), with soaring arrivals as a consequence of the Arab Spring. Furthermore, in recent years, growing migration fluxes from Asia-Pacific (notably China,[9] South Asia, and the Philippines) and Latin America have been recorded.
Since the expansion of the European Union, the most recent wave of migration has been from surrounding European states, particularly Eastern Europe, and increasingly Asia,[10] replacing North Africa as the major immigration area.[7]
Romanians made up the largest foreign community in the country (1,077,876; around 10% of them being ethnic Romani people[11]) followed by Albanians (433,130) and Moroccans (428,940).[12] The fourth largest, but the fastest growing, community of foreign residents in Italy was represented by the Chinese; as of 2021 there were 330,495 foreigners holding Chinese citizenship.[13][14] The majority of Chinese living in Italy are from the city of Wenzhou in the province of Zhejiang.[15] As of 2021, foreign citizens' origins were subdivided as follows: Europe (47,6%), Africa (22.25%), Asia (22.64%), The Americas (7.49%), and Oceania (0.04%).[16]
The distribution of foreigners is largely uneven in Italy: in 2020, 61.2% of foreign citizens lived in Northern Italy (in particular 36.1% in the Northwest Italy and 25.1% in the Northeast Italy), 24.2% in the Central Italy, 10.8% in the South Italy and 3.9% in the Insular Italy.[17]
The children born in Italy to foreign mothers were 102,000 in 2012, 99,000 in 2013 and 97,000 in 2014.[18]
Statistics
On foreigners only, for more information dealing with foreigners who have subsequently acquired Italian citizenship refer to Eurostat site.
Year | Population |
---|---|
2002 | 1,341,209[19] |
2003 | 1,464,663[19] |
2004 | 1,854,748[19] |
2005 | 2,210,478[19] |
2006 | 2,419,483[19] |
2007 | 2,592,950[19] |
2008 | 3,023,317[19] |
2009 | 3,402,435[19] |
2010 | 3,648,128[19] |
2011 | 3,879,224[19] |
2012 | 4,052,081[20] |
2013 | 4,387,721[21] |
2014 | 4,922,085[22] |
2015 | 5,014,437[5] |
2016 | 5,026,153 [23] |
2017 | 5,047,028 (8.34%)[24] |
2018 | 5,144,440 (8.52%)[25] |
2019 | 5,255,503 (8.7%)[26] |
2020 | 5,039,637 (8.4%)[27] |
2021 | 5,171,894 (8.7%)[28] |
2022 | 5,030,716 (8.5%)[29] |
2023 | 5,141,341 (8.7%)[30] |
Country | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022[32] | 2023 [33] | Regions with significant populations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Romania | 177,812 | 248,849 | 297,570 | 342,200 | 625,278 | 658,789 | 726,151 | 782,014 | 834,465 | 933,354 | 1,081,400 | 1,131,839 | 1,151,395 | 1,168,552 | 1,190,091 | 1,143,859 | 1,145,718 | 1,076,412 | 1,083,771 | 1,081,836 | Lazio |
Albania | 270,383 | 316,659 | 348,813 | 375,947 | 401,949 | 422,142 | 441,182 | 450,190 | 450,908 | 464,962 | 495,709 | 490,483 | 467,687 | 448,407 | 440,465 | 423,212 | 421,591 | 433,171 | 419,987 | 416,829 | Lombardy |
Morocco | 253,362 | 294,945 | 319,537 | 343,228 | 365,908 | 368,608 | 388,406 | 400,695 | 408,667 | 426,791 | 454,773 | 449,058 | 437,485 | 420,651 | 416,531 | 406,112 | 414,249 | 428,947 | 420,172 | 415,088 | Lombardy |
China | 86,738 | 111,712 | 127,822 | 144,885 | 156,519 | 154,066 | 168,048 | 184,173 | 197,064 | 223,367 | 256,846 | 265,820 | 271,330 | 281,972 | 290,681 | 283,430 | 288,923 | 330,495 | 300,216 | 307,038 | Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
|
Ukraine | 57,971 | 93,441 | 107,118 | 120,070 | 132,718 | 134,351 | 150,527 | 171,586 | 180,121 | 191,725 | 219,050 | 226,060 | 230,728 | 234,354 | 237,047 | 227,867 | 228,560 | 235,953 | 225,307 | 249,613 | Campania |
Bangladesh | 27,356 | 35,785 | 41,631 | 49,575 | 55,242 | 60,433 | 67,267 | 73,761 | 81,683 | 92,695 | 111,223 | 115,301 | 118,790 | 122,428 | 131,967 | 131,023 | 138,895 | 158,020 | 159,003 | 174,058 | Lombardy |
India | 44,791 | 54,288 | 61,847 | 69,504 | 77,432 | 85,682 | 97,246 | 109,177 | 118,409 | 128,903 | 142,453 | 147,815 | 150,456 | 151,430 | 151,791 | 147,153 | 153,209 | 165,512 | 162,492 | 167,333 | Lombardy |
Philippines | 72,372 | 82,625 | 89,668 | 101,337 | 105,675 | 105,366 | 112,642 | 120,019 | 129,188 | 139,835 | 162,655 | 168,238 | 165,900 | 166,459 | 167,859 | 158,049 | 157,665 | 165,443 | 158,997 | 158,926 | Lombardy |
Egypt | 40,583 | 52,865 | 58,879 | 65,667 | 69,572 | 54,838 | 58,587 | 62,400 | 66,932 | 76,691 | 96,008 | 103,713 | 109,871 | 112,765 | 119,513 | 119,864 | 128,095 | 139,569 | 140,322 | 147,797 | Lombardy |
Pakistan | 27,798 | 35,509 | 41,797 | 46,085 | 49,344 | 50,082 | 57,808 | 66,323 | 71,031 | 80,658 | 90,615 | 96,207 | 101,784 | 108,204 | 114,198 | 116,631 | 121,609 | 135,520 | 134,182 | 144,129 | Lombardy |
Nigeria | 26,383 | 31,647 | 34,310 | 37,733 | 40,641 | 38,676 | 41,486 | 44,734 | 48,220 | 56,476 | 66,833 | 71,158 | 77,264 | 88,533 | 106,069 | 114,096 | 113,049 | 119,089 | 119,435 | 123,646 | Veneto |
Senegal | 46,478 | 53,941 | 57,101 | 59,857 | 62,620 | 60,364 | 63,883 | 69,467 | 73,702 | 80,325 | 90,863 | 94,030 | 98,176 | 101,207 | 105,937 | 105,227 | 106,198 | 111,092 | 110,763 | 112,598 | Lombardy |
Sri Lanka | 39,231 | 45,572 | 50,528 | 56,745 | 61,064 | 57,765 | 61,955 | 65,270 | 71,573 | 79,530 | 95,007 | 100,558 | 102,316 | 104,908 | 107,967 | 104,763 | 107,598 | 112,018 | 108,069 | 109,828 | Veneto |
Moldova | 24,645 | 37,971 | 47,632 | 55,803 | 68,591 | 85,327 | 99,867 | 122,374 | 132,175 | 139,734 | 149,434 | 147,388 | 142,266 | 135,661 | 131,814 | 122,762 | 118,516 | 122,667 | 114,914 | 109,804 | Emilia Romagna |
Tunisia | 68,630 | 78,230 | 83,564 | 88,932 | 93,601 | 79,205 | 80,538 | 81,068 | 82,997 | 88,291 | 97,317 | 96,012 | 95,645 | 94,064 | 93,795 | 90,615 | 93,350 | 97,407 | 99,002 | 102,422 | Lazio |
Peru | 43,009 | 53,378 | 59,269 | 66,506 | 70,755 | 72,319 | 80,455 | 88,850 | 93,841 | 99,173 | 109,851 | 109,668 | 98,176 | 99,110 | 97,379 | 91,859 | 91,662 | 96,546 | 94,131 | 98,733 | Lazio |
Poland | 40,314 | 50,974 | 60,823 | 72,457 | 90,218 | 77,879 | 81,594 | 83,160 | 84,749 | 88,839 | 97,566 | 98,694 | 97,986 | 97,062 | 95,727 | 88,803 | 86,743 | 77,779 | 74,981 | 74,387 | Sicily |
Ecuador | 33,506 | 53,220 | 61,953 | 68,880 | 73,235 | 69,362 | 73,862 | 78,172 | 80,333 | 82,791 | 91,861 | 91,259 | 87,427 | 83,120 | 80,377 | 74,661 | 72,644 | 72,193 | 66,590 | 63,211 | Lombardy |
Brazil | 22,533 | 25,823 | 30,375 | 34,342 | 37,848 | 33,004 | 34,505 | 35,911 | 37,567 | 39,157 | 43,202 | 42,587 | 43,783 | 45,410 | 48,022 | 49,445 | 51,790 | 50,666 | 47,318 | 51,125 | Lombardy |
North Macedonia | 51,208 | 58,460 | 63,245 | 74,162 | 78,090 | 89,066 | 92,847 | 89,900 | 73,972 | 76,608 | 78,424 | 72,175 | 73,512 | 67,969 | 65,347 | 60,581 | 55,816 | 55,771 | 53,443 | 51,090 | Tuscany |
Bulgaria | 11,467 | 15,374 | 17,746 | 19,924 | 33,477 | 32,283 | 35,818 | 39,161 | 42,000 | 47,872 | 54,932 | 56,576 | 58,001 | 58,620 | 59,254 | 56,593 | 56,645 | 50,355 | 49,205 | 49,518 | Lombardy |
Ghana | 29,252 | 32,754 | 34,499 | 36,540 | 38,400 | 39,801 | 41,127 | 42,696 | 44,364 | 48,575 | 51,602 | 50,414 | 48,637 | 48,138 | 49,940 | 49,797 | 49,543 | 50,778 | 48,280 | 47,335 | Emilia Romagna |
Russia | 14,311 | 17,188 | 18,689 | 20,459 | 21,523 | 21,720 | 23,808 | 27,644 | 28,604 | 30,948 | 34,483 | 35,211 | 35,791 | 36,361 | 37,384 | 36,512 | 37,424 | 39,746 | 36,982 | 39,705 | Lombardy |
Kosovo | 16,234 | 22,778 | 40,475 | 43,751 | 46,248 | 42,550 | 43,091 | 41,344 | 40,371 | 39,630 | 38,645 | 38,860 | 37,064 | 36,372 | |||||||
Germany | 34,664 | 35,559 | 36,834 | 38,135 | 40,163 | 35,991 | 35,681 | 35,272 | 34,936 | 35,576 | 38,136 | 36,749 | 36,661 | 36,660 | 36,806 | 35,442 | 35,316 | 35,091 | 32,984 | 34,003 | Lombardy |
Serbia | 57,826 | 53,875 | 52,954 | 43,022 | 43,816 | 46,958 | 41,708 | 42,264 | 39,937 | 39,690 | 35,578 | 33,322 | 32,898 | 31,342 | 30,835 | Lombardy | |||||
France | 26,428 | 26,951 | 28,021 | 29,205 | 30,803 | 25,893 | 25,217 | 24,445 | 23,985 | 25,016 | 29,078 | 27,696 | 28,634 | 29,281 | 29,991 | 29,008 | 29,721 | 31,354 | 28,735 | 29,942 | Lombardy |
Dominican Republic | 13,904 | 15,286 | 16,725 | 17,892 | 18,591 | 19,765 | 21,263 | 22,247 | 23,020 | 25,405 | 28,623 | 28,804 | 28,202 | 28,002 | 28,451 | 28,208 | 29,111 | 30,255 | 28,812 | 29,571 | Lombardy |
Georgia | 447 | 569 | 675 | 811 | 1,012 | 1,330 | 2,403 | 5,612 | 7,083 | 9,123 | 12,124 | 13,688 | 14,045 | 14,603 | 15,203 | 15,021 | 15,667 | 18,272 | 22,907 | 29,222 | Tuscany |
Ivory Coast | 11,435 | 13,228 | 14,378 | 15,637 | 17,132 | 17,840 | 19,196 | 20,159 | 20,878 | 23,563 | 25,953 | 25,362 | 25,056 | 26,159 | 30,271 | 31,001 | 30,038 | 29,673 | 28,385 | 28,559 | Lombardy |
Spain | 14,019 | 14,837 | 15,503 | 16,292 | 17,354 | 14,339 | 14,443 | 14,518 | 15,129 | 17,021 | 20,682 | 21,286 | 22,593 | 23,828 | 24,870 | 24,936 | 25,954 | 32,637 | 26,417 | 27,854 | Lombardy |
United Kingdom | 20,972 | 22,318 | 23,324 | 24,673 | 26,448 | 22,542 | 22,563 | 22,411 | 22,839 | 23,744 | 26,377 | 25,864 | 26,634 | 27,208 | 28,168 | 27,857 | 29,654 | 30,325 | 28,355 | 27,758 | Lombardy |
Cuba | 10,149 | 11,363 | 12,927 | 14,073 | 14,581 | 14,290 | 14,956 | 15,637 | 16,350 | 17,538 | 19,316 | 19,999 | 20,662 | 20,986 | 21,418 | 21,417 | 22,311 | 22,958 | 21,499 | 23,531 | Lombardy |
El Salvador | 4,240 | 5,085 | 5,509 | 5,895 | 6,144 | 7,088 | 7,599 | 8,430 | 9,235 | 10,443 | 11,809 | 12,973 | 13,007 | 13,492 | 14,626 | 15,437 | 16,270 | 20,038 | 20,608 | 22,693 | Lombardy |
Gambia | 541 | 628 | 650 | 676 | 748 | 740 | 807 | 878 | 941 | 1,244 | 1,630 | 3,271 | 8,016 | 13,780 | 19,567 | 22,075 | 21,336 | 22,213 | 21,826 | 22,637 | Sicily |
Mali | 547 | 642 | 702 | 735 | 832 | 992 | 1,090 | 1,263 | 1,252 | 2,946 | 4,470 | 6,098 | 10,369 | 14,768 | 19,134 | 20,078 | 19,350 | 20,015 | 20,008 | 21,032 | Campania |
Colombia | 13,989 | 15,843 | 16,810 | 17,640 | 17,890 | 15,713 | 16,261 | 16,764 | 17,086 | 17,880 | 19,661 | 18,956 | 18,777 | 17,968 | 17,956 | 17,539 | 18,053 | 19,848 | 19,025 | 20,856 | Lombardy |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 20,152 | 22,436 | 24,142 | 26,298 | 27,356 | 26,094 | 26,850 | 27,408 | 28,015 | 28,996 | 29,831 | 29,442 | 27,199 | 25,791 | 25,034 | 22,944 | 21,911 | 21,442 | 21,234 | 20,454 | Veneto |
Turkey | 9,130 | 11,077 | 12,359 | 13,532 | 14,562 | 16,225 | 17,651 | 19,068 | 16,354 | 17,711 | 19,951 | 19,450 | 19,388 | 19,217 | 19,509 | 18,780 | 19,168 | 20,999 | 18,930 | 20,080 | Lombardy |
Algeria | 15,493 | 18,736 | 20,202 | 21,519 | 22,672 | 19,834 | 20,433 | 20,577 | 20,725 | 21,801 | 23,095 | 22,679 | 21,765 | 20,437 | 19,823 | 18,507 | 18,468 | 18,538 | 17,998 | 18,095 | Campania |
Afghanistan | 172 | 198 | 312 | 442 | 1,063 | 2,427 | 2,863 | 3,135 | 3,512 | 4,813 | 6,635 | 7,654 | 8,574 | 11,224 | 11,738 | 10,600 | 11,121 | 12,199 | 13,547 | 16,872 | Lazio |
Iran | 6,405 | 6,550 | 6,566 | 6,850 | 6,913 | 5,922 | 5,877 | 5,830 | 5,962 | 7,273 | 8,995 | 9,813 | 10,304 | 10,794 | 11,565 | 11,837 | 12,866 | 14,255 | 14,009 | 16,490 | Lombardy |
United States of America | 14,132 | 14,155 | 14,433 | 14,904 | 15,036 | 13,634 | 13,112 | 12,521 | 12,184 | 13,165 | 14,963 | 14,145 | 14,512 | 14,649 | 15,004 | 14,966 | 15,393 | 18,837 | 14,496 | 15,582 | Lazio |
Croatia | 19,890 | 20,712 | 21,232 | 21,360 | 21,308 | 17,662 | 17,332 | 16,967 | 16,708 | 17,051 | 17,999 | 17,375 | 18,052 | 17,698 | 17,573 | 16,591 | 16,285 | 17,362 | 15,754 | 15,514 | Lombardy |
Cameroon | 3,682 | 4,672 | 5,529 | 6,249 | 6,940 | 6,620 | 7,438 | 8,197 | 8,830 | 10,071 | 11,880 | 12,298 | 12,738 | 13,308 | 14,529 | 15,170 | 15,329 | 15,581 | 15,013 | 15,443 | Emilia Romagna |
Argentina | 13,174 | 13,720 | 13,907 | 13,422 | 12,492 | 11,842 | 11,338 | 11,239 | 7,896 | 8,025 | 8,642 | 8,179 | 8,270 | 8,009 | 8,023 | 8,169 | 9,117 | 9,091 | 10,522 | 14,662 | Lombardy |
Burkina Faso | 5,545 | 7,012 | 7,949 | 8,543 | 8,960 | 10,031 | 11,119 | 12,124 | 12,752 | 14,007 | 15,301 | 14,939 | 14,657 | 14,306 | 14,435 | 14,051 | 13,979 | 14,236 | 14,167 | 14,204 | Lombardy |
Venezuela | 4,245 | 4,579 | 4,913 | 5,114 | 5,219 | 5,119 | 5,017 | 4,904 | 4,787 | 5,138 | 5,506 | 5,642 | 5,849 | 6,327 | 7,347 | 8,981 | 10,316 | 12,135 | 12,033 | 13,548 | Lombardy |
Bolivia | 2,508 | 3,637 | 4,127 | 4,800 | 6,043 | 6,123 | 7,853 | 10,694 | 11,774 | 12,357 | 13,919 | 14,568 | 14,243 | 14,076 | 13,955 | 13,277 | 13,141 | 13,271 | 12,924 | 12,930 | Lombardy |
Guinea | 1,259 | 1,604 | 1,813 | 2,014 | 2,268 | 2,467 | 2,713 | 2,994 | 3,297 | 3,896 | 4,371 | 4,490 | 4,928 | 6,897 | 11,240 | 12,728 | 12,213 | 12,259 | 11,796 | 11,880 | Lombardy |
Somalia | 5,963 | 6,094 | 6,249 | 6,414 | 6,237 | 6,663 | 7,728 | 8,112 | 4,586 | 5,235 | 6,878 | 7,677 | 7,903 | 8,228 | 9,102 | 8,626 | 8,515 | 7,629 | 8,370 | 9,349 | Lazio |
Belarus | 2,095 | 2,791 | 3,258 | 3,767 | 4,265 | 5,062 | 5,952 | 6,975 | 6,654 | 7,446 | 8,177 | 8,195 | 8,529 | 8,636 | 8,885 | 8,704 | 8,808 | 9,269 | 8,811 | 9,248 | Lombardy |
Netherlands | 6,787 | 6,989 | 7,356 | 7,752 | 8,165 | 7,166 | 7,157 | 7,111 | 7,163 | 7,378 | 7,856 | 7,851 | 8,106 | 8,243 | 8,344 | 8,184 | 8,283 | 10,100 | 8,367 | 8,820 | Lombardy |
Eritrea | 4,900 | 5,634 | 7,090 | 8,972 | 11,386 | 11,911 | 12,967 | 13,368 | 8,074 | 8,752 | 11,187 | 10,570 | 9,597 | 9,394 | 9,343 | 8,141 | 8,035 | 6,912 | 6,575 | 6,404 | |
Rest of Europe | 118,159 | 119,870 | 128,299 | 132,310 | 143,602 | 63,622 | 62,334 | 66,817 | 81,254 | 84,149 | |||||||||||
Rest of North Africa and Western/Central Asia | 15,540 | 16,719 | 17,543 | 18,565 | 19,366 | 44,526 | 47,513 | 31,296 | 34,572 | ||||||||||||
Rest of South Asia | 266 | 329 | 426 | 466 | 514 | 1,516 | 1,630 | 1,729 | 1,816 | ||||||||||||
Rest of East and South-East Asia | 15,354 | 16,703 | 17,501 | 18,666 | 19,358 | 22,895 | 19,877 | 22,777 | 23,840 | ||||||||||||
Rest of Sub-Saharan Africa | 34,102 | 37,591 | 41,013 | 45,630 | 48,563 | 52,591 | 54,501 | 59,385 | 51,002 | 52,056 | |||||||||||
Rest of Americas | 13,066 | 13,954 | 14,713 | 15,492 | 15,716 | 18,406 | 20,796 | 20,103 | 21,785 | ||||||||||||
Europe | 904,490 (1.57%) | 1,111,199 (1.92%) | 1,249,605 (2.15%) | 1,380,974 (2.36%) | 1,771,308 (3.01%) | 2,601,313 | 2,588,451 (4.28%) | 2,600,748 (4.31%) | 2,609,690 (4.33%) | 2,378,907 (4.03%) | 2,397,731 (4.06%) | ||||||||||
North Africa and Western/Central Asia | 409,762 (0.71%) | 479,691 (0.83%) | 519,325 (0.89%) | 559,104 (0.96%) | 593,606 (1.01%) | 741,090 | 729,064 (1.21%) | 735,681 (1.22%) | 764,636 (1.30%) | 783,766 (1.33%) | |||||||||||
South Asia | 139,614 (0.24%) | 171,681 (0.30%) | 196,541 (0.34%) | 222,817 (0.38%) | 244,659 (0.42%) | 474,736 | 488,486 (0.81%) | 507,553 (0.84%) | 579,022 (0.98%) | 614,036 (1.04%) | |||||||||||
East and South-East Asia | 174,464 (0.30%) | 211,040 (0.36%) | 234,991 (0.40%) | 264,888 (0.45%) | 281,552 (0.48%) | 459,572 | 471,326 (0.78%) | 478,417 (0.79%) | 481,990 (0.82%) | 489,804 (0.83%) | |||||||||||
Sub-Saharan Africa | 170,267 (0.30%) | 195,447 (0.34%) | 211,283 (0.36%) | 229,000 (0.39%) | 244,727 (0.42%) | 369,567 | 397,309 (0.66%) | 444,058 (0.74%) | 455,620 (0.77%) | 465,143 (0.79%) | |||||||||||
Americas | 188,455 (0.33%) | 230,043 (0.40%) | 255,661 (0.44%) | 278,960 (0.48%) | 293,550 (0.50%) | 376,556 | 369,555 (0.61%) | 373,354 (0.62%) | 368,061 (0.62%) | 388,227 (0.66%) | |||||||||||
Oceania | 2,562 (<0.01%) | 2,460 (<0.01%) | 2,486 (<0.01%) | 2,536 (<0.01%) | 2,527 (<0.01%) | 2,104 | 2,122 (<0,01%) | 2,157 (0,01%) | 1,859 (<0.01%) | 1,991 (<0.01%) | |||||||||||
Total foreigners | 1,854,748 (3.22%) | 2,210,478 (3.81%) | 2,419,483 (4.16%) | 2,592,950 (4.44%) | 3,023,317 (5.14%) | 3,402,435 (5.76%) | 3,648,128 (6.15%) | 3,879,224 (6.53%) | 4,052,081 (6.81%) | 4,387,721 (7.28%) | 4,922,085 (8.10%) | 5,014,437 (8.25%) | 5,026,153 (8.28%) | 5,047,028 (8.33%) | 5,144,440 (8.51%) | 5,255,503 (8.79%) | 5,039,637 (8.45%) | 5,171,894 (8.73%) | 5,030,716 (8.52%) | 5,141,341 (8.71%) | |
Italians | 55,830,252 (96.78%) | 55,758,522 (96.19%) | 55,724,517 (95.84%) | 55,845,050 (95.56%) | 55,803,683 (94.86%) | 55,692,565 (94.24%) | 55,628,872 (93.85%) | 55,499,776 (93.47%) | 55,487,919 (93.19%) | 55,846,279 (92.72%) | 55,866,915 (91.90%) | 55,781,563 (91.75%) | 55,639,847 (91.72%) | 55,531,972 (91.67%) | 55,339,560 (91.50%) | 54,561,170 (91.21%) | 54,601,851 (91.55%) | 54,064,319 (91.27%) | 53,999,417 (91.48%) | 53,855,860 (91.26%) | |
Italy | 57,685,000 | 57,969,000 | 58,144,000 | 58,438,000 | 58,827,000 | 59,095,000 | 59,277,000 | 59,379,000 | 59,540,000 | 60,234,000 | 60,789,000 | 60,796,000 | 60,666,000 | 60,579,000 | 60,484,000 | 59,816,673 | 59,641,488 | 59,236,213 | 59,030,133 | 58,997,201 |
- Turkey is an Asian country
- Sudan and Mauritania have been counted in Sub-Saharan Africa
- Afghanistan has been counted in South Asia
Prison population
According to the
Amongst national origins counting more than 5,000 individuals at national level, Algeria, followed by Gambia and Tunisia, had the biggest proportion of detainees (with, respectively, 25.8, 23.7 and 20.7 inmates per 1,000 residents). On the other hand, Japan, Thailand and the Philippines had the lowest proportion of inmates per 1,000 residents (respectively, 0.13, and 0.50 for both Thailand and the Philippines).[34][35]
Public opinion
In 2018, a poll by Pew Research found that a majority (71%) wanted fewer immigrants to be allowed into the country, 18% wanted to keep the current level and 5% wanted to increase immigration.[36]
A 2019 poll by
According to poll published by Corriere della Sera in 2019, one of two respondents (51%) approved closing Italy's ports to further boat migrants arriving via the Mediterranean, while 19% welcomed further boat migrants.[38]
In 2021, 77% of Italians thought the current immigrant influx was too high, as underlined by a poll published by La Repubblica and carried out by YouGov.[39]
Mediterranean Sea crossings crisis
Due to the peninsula geographical position and close proximity to the North Africa coast, the crossing of the Mediterranean Sea has historically been the most used route for undocumented migrants. This route has become gradually more prominent, as flow through other routes to the EU gradually faded and political turmoil in Libya caused a general weakening of borders and coastal control, opening opportunities to people smuggling organisations.
The principal destination for sea crossings boats and rafts are the southernmost Italian territories, the Pelagie Islands. These islands are 113 km from Tunisia, 167 from Libya and 207 from Sicily.
The close distance between these islands and the African mainland has caused people smuggling organisations to employ boats and rafts otherwise hardly seaworthy, generally vastly filled above their capacity. Official reports list boats filled up to 2 or 3 times nominal capacity, including the use of rubber dinghies. This has led to several accidents at sea, as in
Once in Italy, the EU Dublin Regulation requires migrants to apply for legal residence, protection or asylum permits in the first EU country they cross into, effectively barring them from legally crossing internal EU borders until their case has been processed and positively concluded. As the vast majority of migrant people landing in Italy targets destinations in Central and Northern European States, there is a tendency to avoid filing permits applications in Italy and rather try a northwards land journey.[41]
As a reaction to the gradual increase in migration flows through the Mediterranean Sea, Italian governments stepped up cooperation with Tunisian and Libyan authorities to halt activities of people smuggling organisation on land, as well as to allow boats rescued from the Italian Military in international waters to be towed back to the port where they left from. This policy, enacted in 2004 and 2005, sparked controversies related in particular to the compatibility with Italian and EU laws, as numerous reports documented acts of violence from Libyan authorities on migrant people. The policy was openly criticised by the EU Parliament.[43]
In 2008,
In 2009, as the flow of migrants picked up again, the overcrowded conditions at the Pelagie Islands' temporary immigrant reception centre came under criticism by the
In 2011, as
Some Italian towns and cities disobeyed instructions from the national government to house migrants.
Since 2014, thousands of migrants have tried every month to cross the Central Mediterranean to Italy, risking their lives on unsafe boats including fishing trawlers.[54] Many of them were fleeing poverty-stricken homelands or war-torn countries and sought economic opportunity within the EU.[55][56] Italy, and, in particular, its southern island of Lampedusa, received enormous numbers of Africans and Middle-Easterners transported by smugglers and NGOs operating along the ungoverned coast of the failed state of Libya.[55][57]
There were 153,842 Mediterranean sea arrivals to Italy in 2015, 9 percent less than the previous year; most of the refugees and migrants came from Eritrea, Nigeria, and Somalia, whereas the number of Syrian refugees sharply decreased, as most of them took the Eastern Mediterranean route from Turkey to Greece.[58]
The first three months of 2016 saw an increase in the number of migrants rescued at sea being brought to southern Italian ports.[59][60][61] In April 2016, nearly 6,000 mostly sub-Saharan African migrants landed in Italy in four days.[62] In June 2016, over 10,000 migrants were rescued in four days.[63] In 2016, 181,100 migrants arrived in Italy by sea.[64]
In April 2017, more than 8,000 migrants were rescued near Libya and brought to Italy in three days.[65] From January to November 2017, approximately 114,600 migrants arrived in Italy by sea.[66] Approximately 5,000 African migrants were rescued in waters off the coast of Libya between 18 and 20 May 2017.[67]
Since 2013, Italy took in over 700,000 migrants,[68] mainly from sub-Saharan Africa.[69]
On September 2023, Boats, carrying roughly 7,000 migrants—more than the total population of Lampedusa—arrived on the island within the span of 24 hours.[70][71][72]
In 2023, 155,754 migrants arrived in Italy, up from 103,846 in 2022.[73][74][75]
Controversies regarding NGOs
After 2015, as an increased use of unseaworthy vessels by people smuggling organisations caused a marked increase in accidents at sea involving loss of lives, several European NGOs have started
In August 2017 the ship "Iuventa" operated by the German NGO "Jugend Rettet" (youth to the rescue) was impounded on the island of Lampedusa on the order of an Italian prosecutor on suspicion of facilitating illegal immigration. Jugend Rettet is one of the six out of nine NGOs which refused to sign a new code of conduct by the Italian government covering migrant rescues in the Mediterranean. The prosecutor alleged that there were "contacts, meetings and understandings" between the boat's crew and the smugglers. No crew members from the "Iuventa" had been charged and the prosecutor admitted that their motive was likely humanitarian.[80] (Five out of eight refused to sign the new code of conduct, according to a Guardian article, the others refusing to sign being MSF, the Germany groups Sea-Watch, Sea-Eye and Jugend Rettet, and France's SOS Mediterranée '[all of whom] abstained'. 'MSF, SOS Mediterranée and Jugend Rettet... called for clarification of the rules' while MOAS and Spanish group Proactiva Open Arms agreed to the conditions, and Save the Children 'backed the measures'.)[81]
The
In August 2019, Salvini announced a motion of no confidence against Prime Minister Conte, after growing tensions within the majority.
On 2 August 2017, Italy's parliament authorized a limited naval mission to Libyan waters aimed at supporting the country's coastguard in the fight against illegal migration. Italy sent two patrol boats at the request of the UN-backed government in Tripoli and insisted it had no intention of violating Libyan sovereignty. However, General Khalifa Haftar, who controls most of eastern Libya, threatened to use his own forces to repel the Italians.[80][89]
See also
- Immigration detention in Italy
- 2015 Mediterranean migration crisis
- List of countries by foreign-born population
- Movies about immigration to Italy
- Lampedusa immigrant reception center
Notes
- ^ The figures for 2002–2011 have been revised downwards as a result of the 15th General Census of Italy which offered more precise data. The figures since 2012 are calculated adding to the foreign population enumerated by the census the foreign population inflows and outflows recorded in all Italian municipalities during each calendar year.
- ^ Since 2013, the European Union foreign nationals are no longer counted in the immigration statistics. This includes the Romanians, the largest minority group in Italy.
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Further reading
- Cusumano, Eugenio, and Kristof Gombeer. "In deep waters: The legal, humanitarian and political implications of closing Italian ports to migrant rescuers." Mediterranean Politics 25.2 (2020): 245–253. online