Imperial College London

Coordinates: 51°29′54″N 0°10′37″W / 51.498356°N 0.176894°W / 51.498356; -0.176894
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Imperial College London
President
Hugh Brady
ProvostIan Walmsley
Academic staff
4,440[3]
Administrative staff
4,115[3]
Students22,791[4]
Undergraduates11,722[4]
Postgraduates11,069[4]
Location
London
,
England
Scarf
                                        
SES
  • Universities UK
    • MascotLion
    Websiteimperial.ac.uk

    Imperial College London (Imperial) is a

    Queen Elizabeth II opened the Imperial College Business School
    .

    Imperial College London focuses on science, engineering, medicine and business, with an entrepreneurial culture.

    academic health science centre. The college was previously a member of the University of London and became an independent university in 2007.[13] Imperial has an international community, with around 60% international students and over 140 countries represented on campus.[14][15]

    History

    Royal Colleges and the development of an area of culture
    in South Kensington
    Main article: History of Imperial College London

    19th century

    The earliest college that led to the formation of Imperial was the

    Prince Albert and parliament.[7] This was merged in 1853 into what became known as the Royal School of Mines.[16] The medical school has roots in many different schools across London, the oldest of which being Charing Cross Hospital Medical School which can be traced back to 1823, followed by teaching starting at Westminster Hospital in 1834, and St Mary's Hospital in 1851.[17][18][19]

    In 1851, the

    Great Exhibition was organised as an exhibition of culture and industry by Henry Cole and by Prince Albert, husband of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom, Queen Victoria. An enormously popular and financial success, proceeds from the Great Exhibition were designated to develop an area for cultural and scientific advancement in South Kensington.[20] Within the next six years the Victoria and Albert Museum and Science Museum had opened, joined by new facilities in 1871 for the Royal College of Chemistry, and in 1881 the opening of the Royal School of Mines and Natural History Museum.[21]

    Imperial Institute, now the site of Queen's Lawn

    In 1881, the Normal School of Science was established in South Kensington under the leadership of

    technical education school on Exhibition Road by the Prince of Wales in 1884, with courses beginning in 1885.[8]

    Royal College of Science

    20th century

    At the start of the 20th century, there was a concern that Great Britain was falling behind Germany in scientific and technical education. A departmental committee was set up at the Board of Education in 1904, to look into the future of the Royal College of Science. A report released in 1906 called for the establishment of an institution unifying the Royal College of Science and the Royal School of Mines, as well as – if an agreement could be reached with the City and Guilds of London Institute – its Central Technical College.[24][25]

    On 8 July 1907,

    Imperial Institute, the new building for the Royal College of Science having opened across from it in 1906, and the foundation stone for the Royal School of Mines building being laid by King Edward VII in July 1909.[24]

    As students at Imperial had to study separately for London degrees, in January 1919, students and alumni voted for a petition to make Imperial a university with its own degree awarding powers, independent of the University of London.[28][29] In response, the University of London changed its regulations in 1925 so that the courses taught only at Imperial would be examined by the university, enabling students to gain a BSc.[30]

    Royal School of Mines

    In October 1945, George VI and Queen Elizabeth visited Imperial to commemorate the centenary of the Royal College of Chemistry, which was the oldest of the institutions that united to form Imperial College. "Commemoration Day", named after this visit, is held every October as the university's main graduation ceremony.[31][32] The college also acquired a biology field station at Silwood Park near Ascot, Berkshire in 1947[33]

    Following the

    Royal Fine Arts Commission and others meant that Queen's Tower was retained, with work carried out between 1966 and 1968 to make it free standing.[39] New laboratories for biochemistry, established with the support of a £350,000 grant from the Wolfson Foundation, were opened by the Queen in 1965.[40][41]

    In 1988, Imperial merged with

    National Heart and Lung Institute in 1995 and the Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, Royal Postgraduate Medical School and the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in 1997, with the Imperial College Act 1997 formally establishing the Imperial College School of Medicine.[43]

    21st century

    In 2003, Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the

    Privy Council. In 2004, the Imperial College Business School and a new main college entrance on Exhibition Road were opened.[44][45] The UK Energy Research Centre was also established in 2004 and opened its headquarters at Imperial. On 9 December 2005, Imperial announced that it would commence negotiations to secede from the University of London.[46] Imperial became fully independent of the University of London in July 2007.[13][47][48]

    In April 2011, Imperial and King's College London joined the UK Centre for Medical Research and Innovation as partners with a commitment of £40 million each to the project. The centre was later renamed the Francis Crick Institute and opened on 9 November 2016. It is the largest single biomedical laboratory in Europe. The college began moving into the new White City campus in 2016, with the launching of the Innovation Hub.[49] This was followed by the opening of the Molecular Sciences Research Hub for the Department of Chemistry, officially opened by Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan in 2019.[50]

    Campuses

    Imperial College Business School and College Main Entrance

    South Kensington

    The South Kensington campus is the college's main campus, where most teaching and research takes place. It is home to many notable buildings, such as the

    Science Museum, and Victoria and Albert Museum, and institutions such as the Royal College of Art, the Royal College of Music, and the National Art Library
    .

    The campus has many restaurants and cafés run by the college, and contains much of the college's student accommodation, including the Prince's Garden Halls, and Beit Hall, home to the college union, which runs student pubs, a nightclub, and a cinema on site. To the north, within easy walking distance of the college, are Kensington Gardens and Hyde Park, with green spaces and sports facilities used by many of the student clubs.

    Many students enjoy Kensington Gardens

    White City

    Imperial has a new second major campus in White City providing a platform for innovation and entrepreneurship.[51] The hub houses research facilities, postgraduate accommodation, as well as a commercialisation space.[52][53] The campus is home to the Scale Space and incubator, Invention Rooms, a college hackerspace and community outreach centre.[54] The White City campus also includes another biomedical centre funded by Sir Michael Uren.[55][56][57]

    Silwood Park

    Silwood Park is a postgraduate campus of Imperial in the village of Sunninghill near Ascot in Berkshire. The Silwood Park campus is a centre for research and teaching in ecology, evolution, and conservation. It is set in 100 hectares of parkland used for ecological field experiments.

    Hospitals

    Imperial has teaching hospitals across London which are used by the School of Medicine for undergraduate clinical teaching and medical research. All are based around college-affiliated hospitals, and also provide catering and sport facilities. College libraries are located on each campus, including the Fleming library at St Mary's.[58]

    Organisation and administration

    Faculties and departments

    Imperial is organised by four faculties: the Faculty of Engineering, the Faculty of Medicine, the Faculty of Natural Sciences, and the Imperial College Business School.[59]

    Faculty of Engineering

    Faculty of Medicine

    • Brain Sciences
    • Immunology & Inflammation
    • Infectious Disease
    • Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction
    • Surgery and Cancer
    • Institute of Clinical Sciences
    • National Heart and Lung Institute
    • School of Public Health

    Faculty of Natural Sciences

    Imperial College Business School

    • Analytics & Operations
    • Economics & Public Policy
    • Finance
    • Management & Entrepreneurship
    • Marketing

    Interdisciplinary centres

    Brevan Howard Centre for Financial Analysis

    Imperial hosts centres to promote inter-disciplinary work under the titles of Global Challenge institutes, Imperial Centres of Excellence and Imperial Networks of Excellence. It also participates as a partner in a number of national institutes.[60]

    Global Challenge institutes:
    National institutes:
  • Francis Crick Institute
  • Rosalind Franklin Institute
  • Alan Turing Institute
  • Henry Royce Institute
  • Faraday Institution
  • UK Dementia Research Institute

    • Academic centres

    Imperial College also houses two academic centres, formerly the Department of Humanities, offering teaching to undergraduate and postgraduate students in modern languages, arts and humanities subjects, social sciences and other subjects which fall outside of the standard remit of science, technology and medicine. The aim of these centres is to provide training in study skills, such as the acquisition of English language proficiency, but also to encourage innovatory and interdisciplinary approaches to science, technology and medicine, which might make use of study of the arts, humanities, languages and social sciences. The academic centres are the:

    • Centre for Academic English
    • Centre for Languages, Culture and Communication

    The Centre for Languages, Culture and Communication also operates as Imperial College London's adult education centre, offering evening class courses in the arts, humanities, languages and sciences.[61]

    Governance

    Norman Foster
    See also: President of Imperial College London and Provost of Imperial College London

    The council is the governing body of Imperial. The council consists of the Chairman, the President, the Provost, the President of Imperial College Union, 4 senior staff members, and between 9 and 13 lay advisory members (who are not employees of Imperial).

    The

    chief executive of Imperial College London.[62] The position has been held by Hugh Brady, since August 2022.[63] The current Provost is Ian Walmsley, and the current Chair is John Allan.[64]

    Finances and endowment

    Graduation ceremonies take place in the Royal Albert Hall

    In 2020/21, Imperial had a consolidated income of £1,079.3 million. The college's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios:

    • Unitised Scheme – a unit trust vehicle for the college, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term
    • Non-Core Property – a portfolio containing around 120 operational and developmental properties which the college has determined are not core to the academic mission
    • Strategic Asset Investments – containing the college's shareholding in
      Imperial Innovations and other restricted equity holdings.[65]

    Affiliations and partnerships

    Imperial is a member of the

    academic health sciences centre, the Francis Crick Institute and MedCity
    .

    Imperial is a long-term partner of the

    Second World War scientific effort.[66] The two institutions still share a strong bond with exchange programs for their students and academic staff.[67][68]

    In the field of Mathematics, Imperial College London has a joint venture with King's College London and University College London running the London School of Geometry and Number Theory, which offers doctoral training in mathematic aspects of number theory, geometry and topology.[69]

    Academic profile

    Reputation

    Imperial has a reputation as one of the leading institutions in the United Kingdom and Europe, which focuses on four practical subjects: science, engineering, medicine, and business.[70] According to the University President what makes Imperial unique is its integration of science and business.[9][10][11] Beginning in 1907, Prince Albert's vision was to use the proceeds from the Great Exhibition (a world fair) to develop South Kensington into a hub for science, culture, and industry.[71] [72] From its industrial origins, the university has grown into a culture around impact, innovation, and entrepreneurship.[9][10][11]

    Imperial is also known for its graduates' high-level careers.[73][74][75][76] The university has a reputation for having a high workload and fast pace, which some have considered challenging.[77][78][79][80] With 60% of its students from outside the United Kingdom and a highly international faculty, the school is known for fostering a more global mindset. [81][82][83] Imperial also has a reputation as forward-thinking, preparing students to address future challenges.[84][85][86][87][88][89] Therefore, Imperial's reputation is built on its academic and research standards, its graduates careers, and a culture of impact, innovation, and entreprenuership.

    Rankings

    International

    Rankings
    National rankings
    Complete (2024)[90]6
    Guardian (2024)[91]5
    Times / Sunday Times (2024)[92]5
    Global rankings
    ARWU (2023)[93]23
    QS (2024)[94]6
    THE (2024)[95]8
    National league tables over ten years
    Global league tables over ten years

    Entrepreneurship

    Career

    Research

    Imperial was ranked 1st in the U.K overall in rankings produced by Times Higher Education based upon the Research Excellence Framework results 2021.[104][105] In the 2021 Research Excellence Framework, 96.6% of Imperial's research is "world-leading" or "internationally excellent".[104][105] The REF found that 93% of Imperial's computer science research was world-leading, achieving the highest possible 4* score.[106]

    The college promotes research commercialisation, partly through its dedicated

    fiber optics.[110]

    The United States is the college's top collaborating foreign country, with more than 15,000 articles co-authored by Imperial and U.S.-based authors over the last ten years.[111] Imperial College has a long-term partnership with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, that dates back from World War II.[66]

    Innovation Hub

    In January 2018, the mathematics department of Imperial and the

    French National Center for Scientific Research launched UMI Abraham de Moivre at Imperial, a joint research laboratory of mathematics focused on unsolved problems and bridging British and French scientific communities.[112] In October 2018, Imperial College launched the Imperial Cancer Research UK Center, a research collaboration that aims to find innovative ways to improve the precision of cancer treatments, inaugurated by Joe Biden as part of his Biden Cancer Initiative.[113][114]

    state of New York for its reopening plan.[117] The governor of New York, Andrew Cuomo, said at the time that "the Imperial College model, as we've been following this for weeks, was the best, most accurate model."[117]

    Admissions

    UCAS Admission Statistics
    2022 2021 2020 2019 2018
    Applications[α][118] 28,620 28,700 25,650 23,380 21,310
    Accepted[α][118] 3,090 3,305 3,450 2,860 2,805
    Applications/Accepted Ratio[α] 9.3 8.7 7.4 8.2 7.6
    Offer Rate (%)[β][119] 30.1 32.5 42.9 43.0 41.8
    Average Entry Tariff[120] — 206 198 194 190
    1. ^ a b c Main scheme applications, International and UK
    2. ^ UK domiciled applicants
    HESA Student Body Composition
    Domicile[121] and Ethnicity[122] Total
    British White 22% 22
     
    British Ethnic Minorities[a] 25% 25
     
    International EU 13% 13
     
    International Non-EU 40% 40
     
    Undergraduate Widening Participation Indicators[123][124]
    Female 41% 41
     
    Private School 34% 34
     
    Low Participation Areas[b] 5% 5
     
    Queen's Tower
    Queen Elizabeth II opening the Alexander Fleming Building

    In the academic year 2021/22, Imperial had an admissions rate of 11.1% for undergraduate admissions and 13.0% for postgraduate admissions: The ratio of applicants to admissions was 9:1 for undergraduates and 7.7:1 for postgraduates.[125]

    St Mary's Hospital, London

    The undergraduate courses with the highest ratios of applicants to admissions were computing (19.2:1), mathematics (14.6:1) and mechanical engineering (11.2:1).[125]

    The postgraduate courses with the highest ratios of applicants to admissions were computing (21:1), mathematics (17.9:1), and electrical engineering (14:1).[125]

    Imperial is among the most international universities in the United Kingdom,

    privately educated, the fourth highest proportion amongst mainstream British universities.[127]

    Libraries

    The college's

    main library is located next to Queen's Lawn and contains the main corpus of the college's collection. It previously also housed the Science Museum's library until 2014.[130] The Fleming library is located at St Mary's in Paddington, originally the library of St Mary's Hospital Medical School, with other hospital campuses also having college libraries.[131]

    Medicine

    Main articles:
    Imperial College Healthcare

    The Imperial Faculty of Medicine was formed through mergers between Imperial and the St Mary's, Charing Cross and Westminster, and Royal Postgraduate medical schools and has six teaching hospitals. It accepts more than 300 undergraduate medical students per year and has around 321 taught and 700 research full-time equivalent postgraduate students.

    Imperial College London Diabetes Centre, Abu Dhabi

    Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust was formed on 1 October 2007 by the merger of Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust (Charing Cross Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital) and St Mary's NHS Trust (St. Mary's Hospital and Western Eye Hospital) with Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine.[132] It is an academic health science centre and manages five hospitals: Charing Cross Hospital, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital, St Mary's Hospital, and Western Eye Hospital. The Trust is currently one of the largest in the UK and in 2012/13 had a turnover of £971.3 million, employed approximately 9,770 people and treated almost 1.2 million patients.[133]

    Other (non-academic health science centres) hospitals affiliated with Imperial College include Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Royal Brompton Hospital, West Middlesex University Hospital, Hillingdon Hospital, Mount Vernon Hospital, Harefield Hospital, Ealing Hospital, Central Middlesex Hospital, Northwick Park Hospital, St Mark's Hospital, St Charles' Hospital and St Peter's Hospital.[134]

    Controversies

    Accusations of bullying

    In 2003, it was reported that one third of female academics "believe that discrimination or bullying by managers has held back their careers".[135] Imperial has since won the Athena SWAN Award, which recognises employment practices that are supportive of the careers of women in science, technology, engineering and maths.

    In 2007, concerns were raised about the methods that were being used to fire people in the Faculty of Medicine.[136][137] In 2014, Stefan Grimm, of the Department of Medicine, was found dead after being threatened with dismissal for failure to raise enough grant money.[138] His last email before his death accused his employers of bullying by demanding that he should get grants worth at least £200,000 per year.[139][140] The college announced an internal inquiry into Stefan Grimm's death, and found that the performance metrics for his position were unreasonable, with new metrics for performance being needed.[141]

    The issue of bullying within the staff at Imperial resurfaced in November 2020 when Alex Sobel, the Labour MP for Leeds North West asked the Secretary of State for Education in a written question on 24 November what steps the Office for Students had taken in response to a report by Jane McNeill QC dated 25 August which found that bullying had taken place at Imperial under the President (

    Universities and Colleges Union in December 2020 when it refused to publish McNeill's report, even in redacted form. The Chair of Council said that the report was kept confidential to preserve the anonymity of people who gave evidence, that its recommendations had been accepted by the senior leadership team, and that these recommendations were being implemented in full. A disciplinary panel decided that Gast's dismissal as president was not warranted and spokesperson for the college said that she had "offered wholehearted apologies to those affected".[143]

    On 14 February 2021, it was announced that the OfS would formally investigate allegations of bullying.[144]

    Student life

    Student body

    For the 2019/20 academic year, Imperial had a total full-time student body of 19,400, consisting of 10,475 undergraduate students and 8,925 postgraduates.[145] 50.7% of the student body is from outside of the UK.[146] 32% of all full-time students came from outside the European Union in 2013–14,[147] and around 13% of the International students had Chinese nationality in 2007–08.[148]

    Imperial's male to female ratio for undergraduate students is uneven at approximately 64:36 overall[148] and 5:1 or higher in some engineering courses. However, medicine has an approximate 1:1 ratio with biology degrees tending to be higher.[149]

    Queen's Lawn at South Kensington Campus

    Imperial College Union

    Imperial College Union is the students' union and is run by five full-time sabbatical officers elected from the student body for a tenure of one year, and a number of permanent members of staff. It is split into constituent unions aligned with the faculties of the college, carrying on the association with the original constituent colleges of Imperial, the Royal College of Science Union, City and Guilds College Union, Royal School of Mines Students' Union and Imperial College School of Medicine Students' Union. The Union is given a large subvention by the university, much of which is spent on maintaining over 300 clubs, projects and societies.[150] Examples of notable student groups and projects are Project Nepal which sends Imperial College students to work on educational development programmes in rural Nepal[151] and the El Salvador Project, a construction based project in Central America.[152] The Union also hosts sports-related clubs such as Imperial College Boat Club and Imperial College Gliding Club.

    The Union operates on two sites, with most events at the Union Building on Beit Quad at South Kensington, with mostly medical school events at the Reynold's bar, Charing Cross.

    Facilities

    Ethos Gym

    Sports facilities at Imperial's London campuses include four gyms, including the main Ethos gym at the South Kensington Campus, two swimming pools and two sports halls.[153] Imperial has additional sports facilities at the Heston and Harlington sports grounds.

    On the South Kensington campus, there are a total of six music practice rooms which consist of upright pianos for usage by people of any grade, and grand pianos which are exclusively for people who have achieved Grade 8 or above.[154]

    There are two student bars on the South Kensington campus, one at the Imperial College Union and one at Eastside.[155] There are a number of pubs and bars on campus and also surrounding the campus, which become a popular social activity for Imperial's students. The Pewter tankard collection at Imperial College Union is the largest in Europe, with the majority of clubs and societies having tankards associated with their clubs.[156]

    The weekly college farmer's market

    Student media

    Imperial College Radio

    over the internet.[157]

    Imperial College TV

    Imperial College TV (ICTV) is Imperial College Union's TV station, founded in 1969 and operated from a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block. The department had bought an early

    AMPEX Type A 1-inch videotape recorder
    and this was used to produce an occasional short news programme which was then played to students by simply moving the VTR and a monitor into a common room. A cable link to the Southside halls of residence was laid in a tunnel under Exhibition Road in 1972. Besides the news, early productions included a film of the Queen opening what was then called College Block.

    Felix Newspaper

    Felix is weekly student newspaper, first released on 9 December 1949.[158] In addition to news, Felix also carries comic strips, features, opinions, puzzles and reviews, plus reports of trips and Imperial College sporting events.

    Racing Green Endurance is a student-led project to demonstrate the potential of zero-emission cars.

    Student societies

    Imperial College Boat Club

    The Imperial College Boat Club is the rowing club of Imperial and was founded on 12 December 1919. The college's boat house is located in Putney on the Thames, and has been refurbished, reopening in 2014.[159]

    Engineers Without Borders

    Engineers Without Borders, Imperial, is a student led organization and a chapter of the UK's EWB. It concerns itself with the application of engineering to development problems such as water access, sanitation, energy poverty and agricultural processing. Its activities include education, work and volunteering abroad.[citation needed]

    Sports

    Imperial College has over 60 sports clubs,[160] of which many participate in the British Universities and Colleges Sport Association leagues such as American Football, Rugby, Badminton, Lacrosse, Football, Ice Hockey, and many others.[160]

    Exploration Club

    Beit Hall
    Prince's Gardens in the snow, surrounded by college halls of residence

    Imperial's Exploration Board was established in 1957 to assist students with a desire for exploration. Trips have included Afghanistan, Alaska, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Fiji, the Himalayas, Iran, Morocco, Norway, Tanzania, Thailand, Ukraine, and the Yukon.[161]

    Dramatic Society

    The Imperial College Dramatic Society (DramSoc

    Edinburgh Fringe. DramSoc is responsible for the day-to-day maintenance of the Union's theatrical space, the Union Concert Hall
    .

    The Techtonics

    The Techtonics are an all-male a cappella group from Imperial College London, and are a part of the Imperial College A Cappella Society.[165] The group was formed in 2008, and has since risen to prominence in the world a cappella scene. The group is best known for winning the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella in 2016.[166]

    Student housing

    Main article: Imperial College Halls of Residence

    Imperial College owns and manages twenty-three halls of residence in Inner London, Acton, and Ascot. Over three thousand rooms are available, guaranteeing first year undergraduates a place in College residences.

    The majority of halls offer single or twin accommodation with some rooms having en suite facilities. Bedrooms are provided with basic furniture and with access to shared kitchens and bathrooms. All rooms come with internet access and access to the Imperial network.[167] Most of them are considered among the newest student halls at London universities.

    Most students in college or university accommodation are first-year undergraduates, as they are granted a room once they have selected Imperial as their firm offer with UCAS. The majority of older students and postgraduates find accommodation in the private sector, help for which is provided by the college private housing office. However a handful of students may continue to live in halls in later years if they take the position of a "hall senior", and places are available for a small number of returning students in the Evelyn Garden halls.[168] Some students also live in International Students House, London.

    Notable alumni, faculty and staff

    Main articles:
    List of Imperial College London people, and President of Imperial College London

    Nobel laureates: (medicine)

    Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Sir Derek Barton, Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson, Sir George Porter.[169]

    Fields medalists: Klaus Friedrich Roth, Sir Simon Donaldson, Martin Hairer.[170]

    Academic affiliations include:

    Sir Alan Fersht, chemist;[182] David Phillips, chemist;[183] Harold Hopkins, contributed to the theory and design of optical instruments;[184] Alfred North Whitehead, mathematician and philosopher;[185] Sir Steven Cowley, physicist and president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford;[186] and Sir John Ambrose Fleming, inventor of the vacuum tube.[187]

    In biology and medicine;

    Chief Medical Officer for England;[188] David Livingstone, medical missionary and Clare Lloyd
    , biologist. In engineering;
    Finite Element Method; Dame Julia Higgins, polymer scientist;[189] Dame Judith Hackitt, former Chair of the Health and Safety Executive;[190] Dudley Maurice Newitt, scientific director of the Special Operations Executive;[191] and Julia King, Baroness Brown of Cambridge, engineer and Member of the House of Lords.[192]

    Non-academic affiliations include:

    House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia; Nicola Fox, Head of Science at NASA;[203] Danny Lui, co-founder Lenovo;[204] Simon Singh, author；Chen Jining, Secretary of Shanghai.[205]

    See also

    Explanatory notes

    1. Asian, Black, Mixed Heritage, Arab
      or any other ethnicity except White.
    2. ^ Calculated from the Polar4 measure, using Quintile1, in England and Wales. Calculated from the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) measure, using SIMD20, in Scotland.
    3. ^ Attended; did not graduate.

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