Imperial Japanese Army Air Service

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For the current Air force of Japan since 1954, see Japan Air Self-Defense Force.
Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
大日本帝國陸軍航空部隊
Dainippon Teikoku Rikugun Kōkūbutai
Mukden Incident
Sino-Japanese War II
Battles of Khalkhin Gol
World War II
  • Battle of Singapore
Commanders
Ceremonial chief Emperor of Japan
Notable
commanders		Hajime Sugiyama
Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni
Shunroku Hata
Masakazu Kawabe
Insignia
Roundel

The Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS) or Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF; Japanese: 大日本帝國陸軍航空部隊, romanized: Dainippon Teikoku Rikugun Kōkūbutai, lit. 'Greater Japan Empire Army Air Corps') was the aviation force of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). Just as the IJA in general was modeled mainly on the German Army, the IJAAS initially developed along similar lines to the Imperial German Army Aviation; its primary mission was to provide tactical close air support for ground forces, as well as a limited air interdiction capability. The IJAAS also provided aerial reconnaissance to other branches of the IJA. While the IJAAS engaged in strategic bombing of cities such as Shanghai, Nanjing, Canton, Chongqing, Rangoon, and Mandalay, this was not the primary mission of the IJAAS, and it lacked a heavy bomber force.

It did not usually control artillery spotter/observer aircraft; artillery battalions controlled the light aircraft and balloons that operated in these roles.

The Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service was responsible for long-range bomber and attack aircraft, as well as strategic air defense. It was not until the later stages of the Pacific War that the two air arms attempted to integrate the air defense of the home islands.

History

Origins

Typical of pre-WWI observation balloons

The Japanese military became interested in the use of captive balloons in the mid 19th century, having noted their use by European armies. The first experimental ascent by the Japanese was in 1874 at the cadet military school. Japan began to construct its own balloons in 1877 based on a French one they had acquired. Yamada Isaburô, an industrialist, started to develop a hydrogen balloon in 1897. In 1900 he invented a cylindrical kite balloon and sold them to the Imperial Japanese Army. The army first used them operationally during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 for artillery spotting.[1][2][3]

In 1907, Lieutenant Commander

Tokyo Imperial University, the Rinji Gunyo Kikyu Kenkyukai (Temporary Military Balloon Research Association) was set up. The association was chaired by Major General Masahiko Obama and continued to drive Japanese aviation policy until 1920.[1] During March of that year Army Lieutenant Hino and Navy Engineer Sanji Narahara each designed an aircraft. Narahara flew the aircraft on 5 May 1910 making it the first Japanese built plane to do so. Subsequent designs were unsuccessful and the Army and Navy decided to utilise foreign aircraft until they could build a sufficient level of technical skill in Japan to design and build their own aircraft.[4][2]

Farman III bi-plane

In 1910, the society sent

Captain Hino Kumazō to France and Germany, respectively, to receive pilot training and purchase aircraft.[5] The Japanese Army purchased its first aircraft, a Farman biplane and a Grade monoplane, which had been brought back by the officers from Western Europe.[5] On December 19, 1909, Captain Yoshitoshi Tokugawa in a Farman III conducted the first successful powered flight on Japanese soil at Yoyogi Parade Ground in Tokyo.[1] The following year in 1911, several more aircraft were imported and an improved version of the Farman III biplane, the Kaishiki No.1, was built and flown in Japan by Captain Togugawa.[5] Also in 1911 a policy decision was made to split the Army and Navy aviation into two separate organisations.[4]

First Japanese Army Air Service Aircraft
Year Aircraft Type Number
1910 Farnham III 1
Grade monoplane 1
1911 unspecified unspecified
Kaishiki No 1 1

World War I

In 1914, with the outbreak of war, the Japanese laid siege to the German

Tokorozawa. The Army Transport Command became responsible for all air operations.[7] In total 10 aircraft were added the Army Air Service in 1914 and 1915.[8]

Kiyotake Shigeno (滋野清武)

A number of Japanese pilots served with French flying corp during the war. Kiyotake Shigeno joined the corps in December 1914. He was a member of the league of French flying aces having shot down two confirmed and six unconfirmed German aircraft. He also was awarded the Ordre national de la Légion d’honneur, France's highest decoration. Kobayashi Shukunosuke became a licensed pilot in December 1916, dying in combat during the 1918 Spring Offensive. He was posthumously awarded the Croix de Guerre. Isobe Onokichi, Ishibashi Katsunami, Masaru Kaiya (IJN), Tadao Yamanaka, Masatoshi Takeishi, Isakitchy Nagao, and Moro Goroku, a Kawasaki aircraft engineer, also served in the French Flying corp.[9][10]

Post-war

French Military Mission to Japan 1918-1919
Siberian intervention

However, serious interest in military aviation did not develop until after

Bolshevik Red Army near Vladivostok
.

From 1918 reorganisation of the Army Air Service, the basic unit of the Service remained the Air Battalion (航空大隊, Kōkū Daitai), with each battalion consisting of two squadrons (中隊, Chutai) with nine aircraft each, plus three reserve aircraft and three earmarked for use by the headquarters, for a total of 24 aircraft per battalion. The officer commanding the chutai was the Chutaicho, whose rank was usually that of captain. The commander's aircraft often had distinctive markings, often a partly or totally scarlet, red, orange or yellow tail.

Aircraft production

Kawasaki Type 88

The first aircraft factory in Japan, Nakajima Aircraft Company, was founded in 1916 and later obtained a license to produce the Nieuport 24 and Nieuport-Delage NiD 29 C.1 (as the Nakajima Ko-4) as well as the Hispano-Suiza engine. Nakajima later license-produced the Gloster Sparrowhawk and Bristol Jupiter. Similarly, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries started producing aircraft under license from Sopwith in 1921, and Kawasaki Heavy Industries started producing the Salmson 2 A.2 bomber from France, and hired German engineers such as Dr. Richard Vogt to produce original designs such as the Type 88 bomber. Kawasaki also produced aircraft engines under license from BMW. By the end of the 1920s, Japan was producing its own designs to meet the needs of the Army, and by 1935 had a large inventory of indigenous aircraft designs that were technically sophisticated.

Reorganisation

Japanese army aviation was organized into a separate

Ministry of War of Japan in 1919. In May 1925, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Corps was established under the command of Lieutenant General Kinichi Yasumitsu, it was regarded as a branch equal to the artillery, cavalry or infantry,[7] and contained 3,700 personnel with about 500 aircraft.[7] In a reorganization of 1927-05-05, the Air Regiment (飛行連隊, Hikō Rentai) was created, each consisting of two battalions, with each battalion consisting of up to four squadrons. Each Air Regiment was a mixed purpose unit, consisting of a mixture of fighter and reconnaissance squadrons
.

Commanders

By World War Two the command structure of the Imperial Japanese Air Service fell under three separate areas. Operations were controlled by the Chief of General Staff through the area Army's direct to the Air Army's in each respective area. Training fell under the Inspectorate General of Aviation and personal, administration, and procurement fell under both the Minister of War and the Aviation Headquarters.[8]

Air Army Commanders

See the respective Air Army:

Inspectorate General of Aviation

See the Inspectorate General of Aviation

Minister of War

See Ministry of the Army

Aviation Headquarters

Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II

By 1941, the Japanese Army Air Force had about 1,500 combat aircraft. During the first years of the war, Japan continued technical development and deployment of increasingly advanced aircraft and enjoyed

air superiority
over most battlefields due to the combat experience of its crews and the handling qualities of its aircraft.

However, as the war continued, Japan found that its production could not match that of the Allies. On top of these production problems, Japan faced continuous combat and thus continued losses. Furthermore, there were continual production disruptions brought on by moving factories from location to location, each transfer with the goal of avoiding the Allied strategic bombing. Between these factors and others, such as the restricted strategic materials, the Japanese found themselves materialistically outmatched.

In terms of manpower, Japan was even worse off. Experienced crews were killed and replacements had not been planned. The Japanese had lost skilled trainers, and they did not have the fuel or the time to use the trainers they did have. Because of this, towards the end of its existence the JAAF resorted to kamikaze attacks against overwhelmingly superior Allied forces.

Imperial Japanese Armed Forces
Empire of Japan
Administration
 Imperial Japanese Army
(Dai Nippon Teikoku Rikugun)
 Imperial Japanese Navy
(Dai Nippon Teikoku Kaigun)
Rank insignia
History
  • Military History of Japan during World War II
Identification chart for Japanese military planes during World War II
Major Teruhiko Kobayashi, the IJAAF's youngest sentai squadron commander

World War II aircraft

Further information: List of aircraft of Japan during World War II and List of Japanese trainer aircraft during World War II

Important aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II were:

Fighters

Bombers

  • Mitsubishi Ki-21 三菱 キ21 九七式重爆撃機 (Type 97 Heavy Bomber) 'Sally'
  • Mitsubishi Ki-30 三菱 キ30 九七式軽爆撃機 (Type 97 Light Bomber) 'Ann'
  • Kawasaki Ki-32 川崎 キ32 九八式軽爆撃機, (Type 98 Light Bomber) 'Mary'
  • Kawasaki Ki-48 川崎 キ48 九九式双軽爆撃機 (Type 99 Twin-engined Light Bomber) 'Lily'
  • Nakajima Ki-49 中島 キ49 一〇〇式重爆撃機 呑龍 (Type 100 Heavy Bomber "Donryū") 'Helen'
  • Mitsubishi Ki-67 三菱 キ67 四式重爆撃機 飛龍 (Type 4 Heavy Bomber "Hiryū") 'Peggy'

Forward air control aircraft

  • Mitsubishi Ki-51 三菱 キ51 九九式襲撃機 (Type 99 Assault plane) 'Sonia'
  • Kawasaki Ki-102 川崎 キ102 五式双発襲撃機 (Type 5 Twin-engined Assault plane) 'Randy'

Transports

  • Nakajima Ki-34 中島 キ34 九七式輸送機 (Type 97 Transporter) 'Thora'
  • Mitsubishi Ki-57 三菱 キ57 一〇〇式輸送機 (Type 100 Transporter) 'Topsy'
  • Kawasaki Ki-56 川崎 キ56 一式貨物輸送機 (Type 1 Cargo aircraft) 'Thalia'
  • Kokusai Ki-59 国際 キ59 一式輸送機 (Type 1 Transporter) 'Theresa'

Reconnaissance planes

  • Mitsubishi Ki-15 三菱 キ15 九七式司令部偵察機 (Type 97 Army HQ Reconnaissance plane) 'Babs'
  • Tachikawa Ki-36 立川 キ36 九八式直協偵察機 (Type 98 Reconnaissance plane) 'Ida'
  • Mitsubishi Ki-51 三菱 キ51 九九式軍偵察機 (Type 99 Reconnaissance plane) 'Sonia'
  • Mitsubishi Ki-46 三菱 キ46 一〇〇式司令部偵察機 (Type 100 Army HQ Reconnaissance plane) Dinah

Trainers

  • Tachikawa Ki-9 立川 キ9 九五式一型練習機 (Type 95 Model 1 Intermediate trainer) Spruce
  • Tachikawa Ki-17 立川 キ17 九五式三型練習機 (Type 95 Model 3 Basic trainer) 'Cedar'
  • Tachikawa Ki-55 立川 キ55 九九式高等練習機 (Type 99 Advanced trainer) 'Ida'
  • Tachikawa Ki-54 立川 キ54 一式双発高等練習機 (Type 1 Twin-engine advanced trainer) 'Hickory'
  • Manshū Ki-79 満州 キ79 二式高等練習機 (Type 2 Advanced trainer)
  • Kokusai Ki-86
    国際 キ86 四式基本練習機 (Type 4 Basic trainer) 'Cypress'

Other planes

  • Kokusai Ki-76 国際 キ76 三式指揮連絡機 (Type 3 Command-control/Liaisonal plane) 'Stella'
  • Kayaba Ka-1 萱場 カ号観測機 (Ka-Gō Artillery-spotter)

Organization

Army Aeronautical Department Sections

  • Commander-in-Chief of Army Air Service Office
  • Air Service Staff Department
  • General Affairs and Administrative Department
  • Inspectorate General of Aviation
    • General Affairs Unit of Inspectorate of Army Aviation
  • Air Training and Instruction Department
  • Imperial Japanese Army Air Service Academy
  • Supply Bureau
  • Tachikawa Army Air Arsenal
  • Army Air Transport Department
  • Army Air Intelligence Department

Operational Organization

For lists of units, see List of air divisions of the Imperial Japanese Army, List of air squadrons of the Imperial Japanese Army, and List of Imperial Japanese Army air-to-surface special attack units.

With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, operational conditions favored the use of many small units, resulting in the creation of many Dokuritsu Hikō Daitai (独立飛行大隊, independent Air Battalions) or even Dokuritsu Hikō Chutai (独立飛行中隊, independent squadrons), each with its own distinctive markings.

In August 1938, a complete re-organization of the Army Air Service resulted in the creation of the Hikō Sentai (飛行戦隊, Air Combat Group), which replaced all of the former Air Battalions and Air Regiments. Each Air Combat Group was a single-purpose unit consisting typically of three squadrons, divided into three shōtai (小隊, flights) of three aircraft each. Together with reserve aircraft and the headquarters flight, an Air Combat Group typically had 45 aircraft (fighter) or up to 30 aircraft (bomber or reconnaissance). Two or more Air Combat Groups formed an Hikōdan (飛行団, Air Brigade), which, together with base and support units and a number of Independent Squadrons, formed an Hikō Shudan (飛行集団, Air Corps).

In 1942, the Air Corps were renamed Hikō Shidan (飛行師団, Air Divisions), to mirror the terminology for

infantry divisions
, but the structure remained the same. Two Air Divisions, together with some independent units made an Kōkū gun (航空軍, Air Army).

Throughout most of the Pacific War, the Japanese Army Air Service was organized into four Air Armies, with two more added in the final stages of the war:

In April 1944, a reorganization of the Japanese Army Air Service occurred. Maintenance and ground service units, formerly a separate command, were merged into the Air Combat Group (Hiko Sentai). The flying squadrons of the Air Combat Group were re-designated as Hikōtai (飛行隊, Squadron), and the ground units were designated Seibutai (整備隊, Maintenance Units).

Other changes in the final stages of the war were the formation of "Special Attack Units" and "Air-shaking Units", which were short-lived units with their own names (often taken from Japanese mythology or history) and markings, but located within existing squadrons. These units were specially designated and trained with the mission of air-to-air ramming of Allied bomber aircraft. They usually had their armaments removed and their airframes reinforced.

In the final phase of the war, the Special Attack Units evolved into dedicated suicide units for kamikaze missions. Around 170 of these units were formed, 57 by the Instructor Air Division alone. Notionally equipped with 12 aircraft each, it eventually comprised around 2,000 aircraft.

The final reorganisation of the took place during preparation for Operation Ketsu-Go, the defence of the home islands in 1945 against expected invasion when all the Air Armies were combined under a centralised command of General Masakazu Kawabe .[11]

Special Operations Forces

Special Naval Landing Forces
.

Captain Okuyama and Giretsu Airborne unit depart on their mission to Okinawa

'

Giretsu Special Forces unit was commanded by Lieutenant General Kyoji Tominaga
.

Strength

In 1940 the Japanese Army Air Service consisted of the following:

    • 33,000 personnel
    • Over 1,600 aircraft (including 1,375 first line combat aircraft).
    • The aircraft were organized into 85 Squadrons;
      • 36 fighter
      • 28 light bomber
      • 22 medium bomber
  • Total military in August 1945 was 6,095,000 including 676,863 Army Air Service.

First Tachikawa Army Air Arsenal

The Japanese Air Army Force had one technical section, the First Tachikawa Air Army Arsenal, which was in charge of aviation research and development. The Arsenal included a testing section for captured Allied aircraft, the Air Technical Research Laboratory (Koku Gijutsu Kenkyujo).

The Army Air Arsenal was also connected with

Tachikawa Hikoki K.K. and Rikugun Kokukosho K.K., the Army-owned and operated aircraft manufacturing companies. much as the IJNAS operated its own firm, the Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal
.

Army escort aircraft carriers

Escort carrier Kaiyō

Due to the poor relations between the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy, the Army found it necessary to procure and operate their own aircraft carriers for the purposes of providing escort and protection for Army transport shipping convoys. These escort/transport carriers were converted from small passenger liners or merchant ships and possessed the capacity to operate from eight to 38 aircraft, depending on type and size, and were also used to transport personnel and tanks.

These vessels included the

anti-aircraft guns
.

Uniforms and equipment

As an integral part of the IJA, the Army Air Service wore the standard

Imperial Japanese Army Uniforms
. Only flying personnel and ground crews wore sky blue trim and stripes, while officers wore their ranks on sky blue patches.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Hata, Izawa & Shores 2012, p. 1.
  2. ^ a b Rising Sun, David Méchin, Cross & Cockade International, Volume 48 #2, 2017
  3. ^ Isaburo Yamada (fai.org), retrieved 4 April 2022
  4. ^
    ISBN 9781844681587
  5. ^ a b c Francillon 1979, p. 29.
  6. ^ Stephenson 2017, p. 96.
  7. ^ a b c d Francillon 1979, p. 30.
  8. ^
    ISBN 9781428993945
  9. ^ Warfare 1914-1918 (Japan), Women Soldiers and Flying Aces: Japanese Volunteers in Europe, Jürgen Melzer, 19 October 2017, retrieved 3 April 2022
  10. ^ Japanese Pilots, David Méchin, retrieved 4 April 2022
  11. ^ Skates p.107,

Bibliography

External links
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