Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

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Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
UNESCO World Heritage Site
LocationPeople's Republic of China
CriteriaCultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)
Reference1004ter
Inscription2000 (24th Session)
Extensions2003, 2004
Area3,434.9 ha (13.262 sq mi)

Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (simplified Chinese: 明清皇家陵寝; traditional Chinese: 明清皇家陵寢; pinyin: Míng Qīng Huángjiā Língqǐn) is the designation under which the UNESCO has included several tombs and burial complexes in the list of World Heritage Sites. These tombs date from the Ming and Qing dynasties of China.

Tombs were included in the list in 2000, 2003 and 2004. Three Imperial tombs in

Manchu culture.[1]

Ming Tombs

Main articles:
Ming Xiaoling

Hubei Province, was constructed for the 12th emperor of the Ming dynasty from 1519 to 1566. [2]

Qing Tombs

Main articles:
Western Qing Tombs

In traditional China, the veneration of the dead is very important. After the first emperor of the Qing dynasty conquered the Ming dynasty, he choose to build Qing tombs with the Ming tombs, to assure his new subjects that the traditions of the Han Chinese would still be respected. In addition, the first emperor of the Qing dynasty believed the concept of 'Mandate of Heaven', this is also one of the reasons that he choose to build around the Ming Tombs.

As a feudal ruler, he treated it as an important work related to the prosperity and decline of the country and the length of the emperor's fortune. This concept was pushed to its peak. In the site selection and planning and design of the tomb, the traditional Chinese Feng Shui theory was fully used, and the cosmology of "the harmony between man and nature" was embodied, and the human spirit was cast in nature, creating a lofty, great and eternal Immortal imagery. In terms of the scale and quality of the building, it strives to be magnificent, spectacular and exquisite, in order to embody the idea of the supremacy of imperial power, show off the imperial style and majesty, and become the symbol of the materialization of imperial power.[1]

The Three Tombs of ShengJing ( Chinese: 盛京三陵; pinyin: Shèng Jīng Sān Líng) are the ancestors' tombs that created the foundation of the Manchu and Qing imperial family. The shape of the tombs of the three tombs is imitated as illuminated mausoleums with strong stylized features, which influenced the construction of the tombs of the Qing dynasty after entering the Pass. The three tombs of Shengjing plus the Eastern Tombs of the Qing dynasty and the Western Tombs of the Qing dynasty, constitute a group of Qing imperial tombs, condensing the history of the Qing dynasty.

Properties included in the World Heritage Site

WHS No. 1004ter includes the following individual tombs and tomb groups:

Serial ID No. Tomb or group Province Location Coordinates Area (m²) Buffer (m²) Year inscribed
1004-001
Xianling Tomb
 Hubei Zhongxiang 31°01′N 112°39′E / 31.017°N 112.650°E / 31.017; 112.650 876,000 2,264,000 2000
1004-002
Eastern Qing Tombs
 Hebei Zunhua 41°11′N 117°38′E / 41.183°N 117.633°E / 41.183; 117.633 2,240,000 78,000,000 2000
1004-003
Western Qing Tombs
 Hebei Yi County 39°20′N 115°13′E / 39.333°N 115.217°E / 39.333; 115.217 18,420,000 47,580,000 2000
1004-004
Ming Tombs
 Beijing
Changping District
 40°16′10″N 116°14′40″E / 40.26944°N 116.24444°E / 40.26944; 116.24444 8,230,000 81,000,000 2003
1004-005
Xiaoling Tomb
 Jiangsu Nanjing 32°03′37″N 118°50′04″E / 32.06028°N 118.83444°E / 32.06028; 118.83444 1,160,000 1,800,000 2003
1004-006 Tomb of Chang Yuchun Jiangsu Nanjing 32°03′44″N 118°49′54″E / 32.06222°N 118.83167°E / 32.06222; 118.83167 9,800   2003
1004-007 Tomb of Qiu Cheng Jiangsu Nanjing 32°03′51″N 118°49′59″E / 32.06417°N 118.83306°E / 32.06417; 118.83306 5,500   2003
1004-008 Tomb of Wu Liang Jiangsu Nanjing 32°04′00″N 118°49′51″E / 32.06667°N 118.83083°E / 32.06667; 118.83083 4,000 1,800,000 2003
1004-009 Tomb of Wu Zhen Jiangsu Nanjing 32°04′05″N 118°49′57″E / 32.06806°N 118.83250°E / 32.06806; 118.83250 3,500   2003
1004-010 Tomb of Xu Da Jiangsu Nanjing 32°04′30″N 118°50′06″E / 32.07500°N 118.83500°E / 32.07500; 118.83500 8,500   2003
1004-011 Tomb of Li Wenzhong Jiangsu Nanjing 32°04′47″N 118°50′23″E / 32.07972°N 118.83972°E / 32.07972; 118.83972 8,700   2003
1004-012 Yongling Tomb of the Qing dynasty Liaoning Fushun 41°42′36.4″N 124°48′08.8″E / 41.710111°N 124.802444°E / 41.710111; 124.802444 2,365,900 13,439,400 2004
1004-013
Fuling Tomb
of the Qing dynasty		 Liaoning Shenyang 41°49′48.0″N 123°35′26.0″E / 41.830000°N 123.590556°E / 41.830000; 123.590556 538,600 7,023,600 2004
1004-014 Zhaoling Tomb of the Qing dynasty Liaoning Shenyang 41°51′09.1″N 123°25′39.0″E / 41.852528°N 123.427500°E / 41.852528; 123.427500 478,900 3,187,400 2004
Total 34,379,400 234,294,400

Other Imperial tombs

The UNESCO World Heritage Site does not include the mausoleum complexes which the Hongwu Emperor built for his ancestors:

  • Ming Huangling
    , the tomb of his parents Zhu Wusi and Lady Chen in Fengyang, Anhui
  • Ming Zuling
    , the tomb of his grandfather, great-grandfather, and great-great-grandfather in Xuyi, Jiangsu

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 10 Apr 2021.
  2. ^ "Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" (PDF). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. The State Administration of Cultural Heritage of the People's Republic of China.

External links

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