Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi | |
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Opposition to the partition of India[3] |
Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi (
Around 1930, he founded the Khaksar Movement.[4] aiming both to revive Islam among Muslims as well as to advance the condition of the masses irrespective of any faith, sect, or religion.[5]
Early years
Background
Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi was born on 25 August 1888 to a
Education
Mashriqi was educated initially at home before attending schools in Amritsar.[8] From an early age, he showed a passion for mathematics.[5] After completing his Bachelor of Arts degree with First Class honours at Forman Christian College in Lahore, he completed his master's degree in mathematics from the University of the Punjab, taking a First Class for the first time in the history of the university.[9]
In 1907 he moved to England, where he matriculated at
After three years' residence at Cambridge he had qualified for a Bachelor of Arts degree, which he took in 1910. In 1912 he completed a fourth tripos in mechanical sciences, and was placed in the second class. At the time he was believed to be the first man of any nationality to achieve honours in four different Triposes, and was lauded in national newspapers across the UK.[14] The next year, Mashriqi was conferred with a DPhil in mathematics receiving a gold medal at his doctoral graduation ceremony.[15]
He left Cambridge and returned to India in December 1912.
Early career
On his return to India, Mashriqi was offered the premiership of
In 1920, the British government offered Mashriqi the ambassadorship of Afghanistan, and a year later he was offered a knighthood. However, he refused both awards.[19]
In 1930, he was passed over for a promotion in the government service, following which he went on medical leave. In 1932 he resigned, taking his pension, and settled down in Ichhra, Lahore.[20]
Nobel nomination
In 1924, at the age of 36, Mashriqi completed the first volume of his book, Tazkirah. It is a commentary on the Qur'an in the light of science. It was nominated for the
Political life
Mashriqi's philosophy
A
Mashriqi is often portrayed as a controversial figure, a religious activist, a revolutionary, and an anarchist; while at the same time he is described as a visionary, a reformer, a leader, and a scientist-philosopher who was born ahead of his time.[5]
After Mashriqi resigned from government service, he laid the foundation of the
Mashriqi and his Khaskar Tehrik
Imprisonments and allegations
On 20 July 1943, an assassination attempt was made on Muhammad Ali Jinnah by Rafiq Sabir who was assumed to be a Khaksar worker.[27] The attack was deplored by Mashriqi, who denied any involvement. Later, Justice Blagden of the Bombay High Court in his ruling on 4 November 1943 dismissed any association between the attack and the Khaksars.[28]
In Pakistan, Mashriqi was imprisoned at least four times: in 1958 for alleged complicity in the murder of republican leader
In 1957, Mashriqi allegedly led 300,000 of his followers to the borders of Kashmir, intending, it is said, to launch a fight for its liberation. However, the Pakistan government persuaded the group to withdraw and the organisation was later disbanded.[29]
Death
Mashriqi died at the Mayo Hospital in Lahore on 27 August 1963 following a short battle with cancer.[30] His funeral prayers were held at the Badshahi Mosque and he was buried in Ichhra.[30] He was survived by his wife and seven children.[citation needed]
Mashriqi's works
Mashriqi's prominent works include:
- Armughan-i-Hakeem, a poetical work
- Dahulbab, a poetical work
- Isha’arat, the Manifesto of the Khaksar movement
- Khitab-e-Misr (The Egypt Address), based on his 1925 speech in Cairo as a delegate to the Motmar-e-Khilafat
- Maulvi Ka Ghalat Mazhab
- Tazkirah Volume I, 1924, discussions on conflicts between religions, between religion and science, and the need to resolve these conflicts[2]
- Tazkirah Volume II. Posthumously published in 1964[2]
- Tazkirah Volume III.
Fellowships
Mashriqi's fellowships included:[17][page needed]
- Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, 1923
- Fellow of the Geographical Society (F.G.S), Paris
- Fellow of Society of Arts (F.S.A), Paris
- Member of the Board at Delhi University[2]
- President of the Mathematical Society, Islamia College, Peshawar
- Member of the International Congress of Orientalists (Leiden), 1930
- President of the All World's Faiths Conference, 1937[2]
Edited works
- God, Man, and Universe: As Conceived by a Mathematician (works of Inayatullah Khan el-Mashriqi), Akhuwat Publications, Rawalpindi, 1980 (edited by Syed Shabbir Hussain).
See also
- All India Azad Muslim Conference
- Teilhard de Chardin
- Karl Marx
References
- ^ a b c d e Nasim Yousaf (24 August 2016). "The 'Belcha': Allama Mashriqi's powerful symbol for the Khaksar Tehrik". TwoCircles.net website. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f Profile of Allama Mashriqi on storyofpakistan.com website Updated 1 January 2007, Retrieved 22 January 2018
- ^ a b c d e f Yousaf, Nasim (31 August 2018). "Why Allama Mashriqi opposed the partition of India?". Global Village Space. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "RSS Ki Haqeeqat | Reality of RSS | Dr. Israr Ahmed". YouTube.
- ^ Jang Publishers, 1991
- ISBN 978-0-521-08488-8.
- ^ a b c Nasim Yousaf, Pakistan's Freedom & Allama Mashriqi; Statements, Letters, Chronology of Khaksar Tehrik (Movement), Period: Mashriqi's Birth to 1947, page 3.
- ^ Nasim Yousaf, Pakistan's Freedom & Allama Mashriqi; Statements, Letters, Chronology of Khaksar Tehrik (Movement), Period: Mashriqi's Birth to 1947, page 43.
- ^ Nasim Yousaf, Pakistan's Freedom & Allama Mashriqi; Statements, Letters, Chronology of Khaksar Tehrik (Movement), Period: Mashriqi's Birth to 1947, page 45.
- ^ The Times, 23 June 1908, page 12.
- ^ The Times, 16 June 1909, page 9.
- ^ The Times,17 June 1911, page 6.
- ^ M. Aslam Malik,Allama Inayatullah Mashraqi, page 3.
- ^ Nasim Yousaf, Pakistan's Freedom & Allama Mashriqi; Statements, Letters, Chronology of Khaksar Tehrik (Movement), Period: Mashriqi's Birth to 1947, page 46.
- ^ The Times, 13 June 1912, page 7
- ^ M. Aslam Malik,Allama Inayatullah Mashraqi, page 4.
- ^ a b c d S. Shabbir Hussain (ed.), God, Man, and Universe, Akhuwat Publications, Rawalpindi, 1980
- ^ Hira Lal Seth, The Khaksar Movement Under Search Light And the Life Story of Its Leader Allama Mashriqi (Hero Publications, 1946), p 16
- ^ Nasim Yousaf, Pakistan's Freedom & Allama Mashriqi; Statements, Letters, Chronology of Khaksar Tehrik (Movement), Period: Mashriqi's Birth to 1947, page 30.
- ^ Shan Muhammed, Khaksar Movement in India, Pub. Meenakshi Prakashan, Meerut, 1973
- ^ Sheikh, Majid (17 August 2014). "Harking Back: Cost of ignoring a man like Mashriqi". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
- ^ Dr Sarfraz Hussain Ansari, "The Modern Decalogue: Mashriqi’s Concept of a Dynamic Community", ISSRA Papers 2013, pp. 10-11
- ^ Markus Daeschel, Scientism and its discontents: The Indo-Muslim "Fascism" of Inayatullah Khan Al-Mashriqi, Modern Intellectual History, 3: pp. 443–472, Cambridge University Press. 2006, Retrieved 22 January 2018
- ^ Khaksar Tehrik Ki Jiddo Juhad Volume 1. Author Khaksar Sher Zaman
- ^ a b Yousaf, Nasim (26 June 2012). "Justification of Partition in Books & Educational Syllabi Breeds Hatred and Terrorism". The Milli Gazette.
- ISBN 9780195791587.
The resolution was a bad omen to all those parties, including the Khaksars, which were, in one way or the other, opposing the partition of the subcontinent.
- ^ Jinnah of Pakistan, Calendar of events, 1943 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Akbar A. Peerbhoy, Jinnah Faces An Assassin, Bombay: Thacker & Co., 1943
- ^ Obituary, The Times, 29 August 1963
- ^ a b The Pakistan Times, Lahore Reports, "Allama Mashriqi laid to rest", August 29 (PT 1963, Aug. 30)