Incas in Central Chile
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Inca expansion
The exact date of the conquest of Central Chile by the Inca Empire is not known.[4] A study of ceramics from 2014 suggest Inca influence in Central Chile begun as early as 1390.[5][6] Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that Central Chile was conquered during the reign of Topa Inca Yupanqui and most early Spanish chronicles point out that conquest occurred in the 1470s.[4]
Beginning with 19th-century historians
One theory claims Central Chile was conquered by the Inca Empire from the east after Inca troops crossed the Andes at Valle Hermoso (32º22' S) and Uspallata Pass (32º50' S). This attack from the east would have been done in order to avoid the more direct but inhospitable routes crossing the Atacama Desert.[9] José Toribio Medina claimed in 1882 that the Incas entered Central Chile from both north and east.[9]
Troops of the Inca Empire are reported to have reached Maule River and had a battle with Mapuches from Maule River and Itata River there.[1] Yet, the location of the battle is uncertain with historian Osvaldo Silva conjecturing it close to Concepción.[8]
Battle of the Maule
The battle of Maule refers to a battle that took place in connection to Incan expansion into
Historian Osvaldo Silva disputes the vicinities of Maule River as the location of the battle claiming instead that the battle could have occurred anywhere between
The traditional view based on the writings of Garcilaso de la Vega hold that the battle of the Maule halted Inca advance. However, Osvaldo Silva suggest instead that it was the social and political framework of the Mapuche that posed the main difficulty in imposing imperial rule.[8][B]
Account of Garcilaso de la Vega
After securing the regions of northern Chile,
The Incas crossed the Maule River, and keeping their old custom, they sent messengers to require these Purumaucas to submit to the rule of the Inca or resort to arms. The Purumaucas had determined to die before losing their freedom and responded that the victors would be masters of the defeated and that the Incas would quickly see how the Purumaucas obeyed. Three or four days after this answer, the Purumaucas and their allies arrived and camped in front of the Incas' camp with 18,000 - 20,000 warriors. The Incas tried diplomacy, offering peace and friendship, claiming they were not going to take their land and property but to give them a way to live as men. The Purumaucas responded saying that they came not to waste time in vain words and reasoning, but to fight until they won or died. The Incas promised battle the next day.[12]
The following day both armies left their camps and fought all day without either gaining an advantage and both suffering many wounded and dead. At night they both retired to their positions. On the second and third day they fought with the same results. At the end of the third day of battle, both factions saw that they had lost more than half their number in dead, and the living were almost all wounded. On the fourth day, neither side left their own camp, which had been fortified, as they hoped to defend them if their opponents attacked. The fifth and sixth days were passed in the same manner but by the seventh the Purumaucas and their allies retired and returned home claiming victory.[13]
Southern border of the Empire
The southern border of the Inca Empire is believed by most modern scholars to be situated between
On the other hand, Spanish chroniclers
Farthest point reached by the Incas
Beginning with José Toribio Medina historians have made a distinction between the places reached by the Incas and the actual zone incorporated to imperial rule.[8]
While historian José Bengoa concludes that Inca troops apparently never crossed Bío Bío River,[16] chronicler Diego de Rosales gives an account of the Incas crossing the river going south all the way to La Imperial and returning north through Tucapel along the coast.[8] In Osvaldo Silva's reconstruction of the events leading to the battle of the Maule the Incas may have reached as far south as the Concepción area next to Bío Bío River in the early 1530s before returning north.[8]
Incan
Impact
Diaguita society
The Incas influenced the Diaguitas who adopted pottery designs from
The Inca Empire appear to have uprooted so-called Tomatas copiapoes from the Diaguita lands and settled this group near Tarija in southern Bolivia.[20] The Churumatas were instead transferred the other way round, from the vicinities of Tarija to Elqui Valley.[20]
Around Elqui Valley almost all indigenous toponimy belongs either to Quechua or Mapuche.[21] There is no Diaguita (Kakan) toponimy known in the valley.[21] Quechua toponimy is related to the valleys incorporation to the Inca Empire in the late 15th and early 16th-century. Some Mapuche toponimy posdates Inca rule, but other is likely to be coeval or precede it.[21][22]
Mapuche society
Through their contact with Incan invaders
Gold and silver bracelets and "sort of crowns" were used by Mapuches in the Concepción area at the time of the Spanish arrival as noted by Jerónimo de Vivar. This is interpreted either as Incan gifts, war spoils from defeated Incas, or adoption of Incan metallurgy.[8] The Incas are credited with the introduction of adobe buildings in Central Chile.[24]
As result of Inca rule in Chile
Road network
The Incas used an extensive road network in Chile as well as in the rest of the empire. North of Copiapó Valley the main difficulty for the Inca road system was the lack of water, south of Copiapó Valley the main difficulty was the uneven relief with many mountain ranges and valleys.[9] To deal with these problems the Incas adopted two strategies and built two north–south roads from Copiapó Valley to Maipo Valley each of these according to a strategy.[9] One road, the Longitudinal Andean Inca Road (Spanish: Camino Inca Longidunal Andino),[26] went high in the Andes through the valley heads where the valleys were less deep.[9] The other one followed coastal plains.[9]
The Longitudinal Andean Inca Road runs from the latitude of
The coastal road allowed for a more straight north–south movement. It also enjoyed a less harsh climate than the Longitudinal Andean Inca Road and was accessible the all year round.[9] This road goes mostly ca. 30 km east of the Pacific Ocean but it also access the sea at some places. It was the route used by Diego de Almagro in 1536.[9]
See also
Notes
References
- ^ a b c Bengoa 2003, pp. 37–38.
- ^ a b Cortés Larravide, Enrique (2016). "¿Existió un grupo llamado Copiapó en el valle homónimo? Reflexiones a partir de los testimonios coloniales". Revista Tiempo Histórico (in Spanish). 7 (12): 17–32.
- ^ Mostny 1983, p. 156.
- ^ a b c d e Leon, Leonardo (1983). "Expansión inca y resistencia indígena en Chile, 1470–1536" (PDF). Chungara (in Spanish). 10. University of Tarapacá: 95–115. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
- ^ Cornejo, A. (2014). Sobre la cronología del inicio de la imposición cuzqueña en Chile. Estudios Atacameños 47: 101-116.
- ^ . Retrieved January 13, 2019.
- ^ a b Ampuero 1978, p. 45.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Silva Galdames, Osvaldo (1983). "¿Detuvo la batalla del Maule la expansión inca hacia el sur de Chile?". Cuadernos de Historia (in Spanish). 3: 7–25. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Stenberg, R.; Carvajal, N. (1988). "Red vial incaica en los terminos meridionales del imperio: Tramo Valle del Limarí–Valle del Maipo". In Dillehay, Tom; Netherly, Patricia (eds.). La frontera del estado Inca (in Spanish). pp. 153–1982.
- ^ Bengoa 2003, pp. 252–253.
- ^ "Vicente de Carvallo y Goyeneche: Descripción Histórico-Geográfica del Reino de Chile - Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile". www.memoriachilena.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-02-04.
- ^ a b c "Comentarios reales : 2da VII 19 - Wikisource". es.wikisource.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-02-04.
- ^ "Comentarios reales : 2da VII 20 - Wikisource". es.wikisource.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-02-04.
- ^ a b c d Dillehay, T.; Gordon, A. (1988). "La actividad prehispánica y su influencia en la Araucanía". In Dillehay, Tom; Netherly, Patricia (eds.). La frontera del estado Inca (in Spanish). pp. 183–196.
- ^ Goicovich Videla, Francis (2002). "Asedios a Osvaldo Silva Galdames: Desentrañando los fundamentos del discurso". Revista de Historia Indígena (in Spanish). 6: 7–28.
- ^ a b c d e Bengoa 2003, p. 39.
- .
- ^ Ramírez Sánchez, Carlos (1997). Onomástica indígena de Chile: Toponimia de Osorno, Llanquihue y Chiloé (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Universidad Austral de Chile.
- ^ Bernales Lillo, Mario (1984). "Aspectos diacrónicos en la toponimia de Valdivia". Anales de la Universidad de Chile (in Spanish). 5 (5): 79–94.
- ^ a b Patiño, Roberto (January 20, 2019). "Churumatas y tomatas, la conexión chilena en Tarija". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved January 20, 2020.
- ^ a b c Carvajal Lazo, Herman. "Toponimia indigena del valle de Elqui". Academia.edu (in Spanish). pp. 1–16. Archived from the original on 2022-05-19. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
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: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ISBN 978-956-8762-00-1.
- ^ Bengoa 2003, p. 40.
- ^ Mostny 1983, p. 157.
- ^ Dillehay, Tom D.; Pino Quivira, Mario; Bonzani, Renée; Silva, Claudia; Wallner, Johannes; Le Quesne, Carlos (2007) Cultivated wetlands and emerging complexity in south-central Chile and long distance effects of climate change. Antiquity 81 (2007): 949–960
- ^ a b c Stehberg 1995, p. 187.
- ^ a b Stehberg 1995, p. 195.
- ^ a b c Stehberg 1995, p. 200.
- ^ Stehberg 1995, p. 190.
Bibliography
- Ampuero Brito, Gonzalo (1978). Cultura diaguita (in Spanish). Departamento de Extensión Cultural del Ministerio de Educación.
- ISBN 956-8303-02-2.
- Mostny, Grete (1983) [1981]. Prehistoria de Chile (in Spanish) (6th ed.). Santiago de Chile: Editorial Universitaria.
- Stehberg, Rubén (1995). Instalaciones incaicas en el norte y centro de Chile (PDF) (in Spanish). Santiago: ISBN 956-244-035-4. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
- ISBN 956-11-1163-2.
- Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Comentarios reales, Segunda Parte : Libro VII, Cap. 18, 19, 20.
- Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche, Descripcion Histórico Geografía del Reino de Chile (Description Historical Geography of the Kingdom of Chile), PDF E Libros from Memoria Chilena (History of Chile 1542-1788)