Inconel
Inconel is a
Inconel alloys are typically used in high temperature applications. Common trade names for
- Inconel Alloy 625 include: Inconel 625, Chronin 625, Altemp 625, Haynes 625, Nickelvac 625 Nicrofer 6020 and UNS designation N06625.[3]
- Inconel Alloy 600 include: NA14, BS3076, 2.4816, NiCr15Fe (FR), NiCr15Fe (EU), NiCr15Fe8 (DE) and UNS designation N06600.
- Inconel 718 include: Nicrofer 5219, Superimphy 718, Haynes 718, Pyromet 718, Supermet 718, Udimet 718 and UNS designation N07718.[4]
History
The Inconel family of alloys was first developed before December 1932, when its
Specific data
Alloy | Solidus °C (°F)
|
Liquidus °C (°F)
|
---|---|---|
Inconel 600[10] | 1354 (2,469) | 1413 (2,575) |
Inconel 617[11][12] | 1332 (2,430) | 1377 (2,511) |
Inconel 625[13] | 1290 (2,350) | 1350 (2,460) |
Inconel 690[14] | 1343 (2,449) | 1377 (2,511) |
Inconel 718[15] | 1260 (2,300) | 1336 (2,437) |
Inconel X-750[16] | 1390 (2,530) | 1430 (2,610) |
Composition
Inconel alloys vary widely in their compositions, but all are predominantly nickel, with chromium as the second element.
Inconel | Element, proportion by mass (%) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni | Cr | Fe | Mo | Nb & Ta | Co | Mn | Cu | Al | Ti | Si | C | S | P | B | |
600[17] | ≥72.0[a] | 14.0–17.0 | 6.0–10.0 | — | ≤1.0 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.015 | ||||||
617[18] | 44.2–61.0 | 20.0–24.0 | ≤3.0 | 8.0–10.0 | 10.0–15.0 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | 0.8–1.5 | ≤0.6 | ≤0.5 | 0.05–0.15 | ≤0.015 | ≤0.015 | ≤0.006 | |
625[19] | ≥58.0 | 20.0–23.0 | ≤5.0 | 8.0–10.0 | 3.15–4.15 | ≤1.0 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.4 | ≤0.4 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.1 | ≤0.015 | ≤0.015 | ||
690[20] | ≥58 | 27–31 | 7–11 | ≤0.50 | ≤0.50 | ≤0.50 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.015 | |||||||
Nuclear grade 690[20] | ≥58 | 28–31 | 7–11 | ≤0.10 | ≤0.50 | ≤0.50 | ≤0.50 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.015 | ||||||
718[1] | 50.0–55.0 | 17.0–21.0 | Balance | 2.8–3.3 | 4.75–5.5 | ≤1.0 | ≤0.35 | ≤0.3 | 0.2–0.8 | 0.65–1.15 | ≤0.35 | ≤0.08 | ≤0.015 | ≤0.015 | ≤0.006 |
X-750[21] | ≥70.0 | 14.0–17.0 | 5.0–9.0 | 0.7–1.2 | ≤1.0 | ≤1.0 | ≤0.5 | 0.4–1.0 | 2.25–2.75 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.08 | ≤0.01 |
Properties
When heated, Inconel forms a thick and stable
Strengthening mechanisms
The most prevalent hardening mechanisms for Inconel alloys are precipitate strengthening and solid solution strengthening. In Inconel alloys, one of the two often dominates. For alloys like Inconel 718, precipitate strengthening is the main strengthening mechanism. The majority of strengthening comes from the presence of gamma double prime (γ″) precipitates.[23][24][25][26] Inconel alloys have a γ matrix phase with an FCC structure.[25][27][28][29] γ″ precipitates are made of Ni and Nb, specifically with a Ni3Nb composition. These precipitates are fine, coherent, disk-shaped, intermetallic particles with a tetragonal structure.[24][25][26][27][30][31][32][33]
Secondary precipitate strengthening comes from gamma prime (γ') precipitates. The γ' phase can appear in multiple compositions such as Ni3(Al, Ti).[24][25][26] The precipitate phase is coherent and has an FCC structure, like the γ matrix;[33][27][30][31][32] The γ' phase is much less prevalent than γ″. The volume fraction of the γ″ and γ' phases are approximately 15% and 4% after precipitation, respectively.[24][25] Because of the coherency between the γ matrix and the γ' and γ″ precipitates, strain fields exist that obstruct the motion of dislocations. The prevalence of carbides with MX(Nb, Ti)(C, N) compositions also helps to strengthen the material.[25] For precipitate strengthening, elements like niobium, titanium, and tantalum play a crucial role.[34]
Because the γ″ phase is metastable, over-aging can result in the transformation of γ″ phase precipitates to delta (δ) phase precipitates, their stable counterparts.[25][27] The δ phase has an orthorhombic structure, a Ni3(Nb, Mo, Ti) composition, and is incoherent.[35][29] As a result, the transformation of γ″ to δ in Inconel alloys leads to the loss of coherency strengthening, making for a weaker material. That being said, in appropriate quantities, the δ phase is responsible for grain boundary pinning and strengthening.[33][32][29]
Another common phase in Inconel alloys is the Laves intermetallic phase. Its compositions are (Ni, Cr, Fe)x(Nb, Mo, Ti)y and NiyNb, it is brittle, and its presence can be detrimental to the mechanical behavior of Inconel alloys.[27][33][36] Sites with large amounts of Laves phase are prone to crack propagation because of their higher potential for stress concentration.[31] Additionally, due to its high Nb, Mo, and Ti content, the Laves phase can exhaust the matrix of these elements, ultimately making precipitate and solid-solution strengthening more difficult.[32][36][28]
For alloys like Inconel 625, solid-solution hardening is the main strengthening mechanism. Elements like Mo are important in this process. Nb and Ta can also contribute to solid solution strengthening to a lesser extent.[34] In solid solution strengthening, Mo atoms are substituted into the γ matrix of Inconel alloys. Because Mo atoms have a significantly larger radius than those of Ni (209 pm and 163 pm, respectively), the substitution creates strain fields in the crystal lattice, which hinder the motion of dislocations, ultimately strengthening the material.
The combination of elemental composition and strengthening mechanisms is why Inconel alloys can maintain their favorable mechanical and physical properties, such as high strength and fatigue resistance, at elevated temperatures, specifically those up to 650°C.[23]
Machining
Inconel is a difficult metal to shape and to machine using traditional
External
Joining
Welding of some Inconel alloys (especially the gamma prime precipitation hardened family; e.g., Waspaloy and X-750) can be difficult due to cracking and microstructural segregation of alloying elements in the heat-affected zone. However, several alloys such as 625 and 718 have been designed to overcome these problems. The most common welding methods are gas tungsten arc welding and electron-beam welding.[37]
Uses
Inconel is often encountered in extreme environments. It is common in
Aerospace
- The Space Shuttle used four Inconel studs to secure the solid rocket boosters to the launch platform, eight total studs supported the entire weight of the ready to fly Shuttle system. Eight frangible nuts are encased on the outside of the solid rocket boosters, at launch explosives separated the nuts releasing the Shuttle from its launch platform.[citation needed]
- North American Aviation constructed the skin of the North American X-15 rocket-powered aircraft out of Inconel X/750 alloy.[46]
- SpaceX uses inconel (Inconel 718[48]) in the engine manifold of their Merlin engine which powers the Falcon 9 launch vehicle.[49]
- In a first for
- SpaceX cast the Raptor rocket engine manifolds from SX300, later SX500, which are monocrystal nickel alloy (improvement over older Inconel alloys).[56]
Automotive
- EcoBlue diesel engines introduced in 2016.[58]
- The exhaust valves on NHRA Top Fuel and Funny Car drag racing engines are often made of Inconel.[59]
- Ford Australia used Inconel valves in their turbocharged Barra engines. These valves have been proven very reliable, holding in excess of 1900 horsepower.[60]
- BMW has since used Inconel in the exhaust manifold of its high performance luxury car, the BMW M5 E34 with the S38 engine, withstanding higher temperatures and reducing backpressure.[61]
- Jaguar Cars has fit, in their Jaguar F-Type SVR high performance sports car, a new lightweight Inconel titanium exhaust system as standard which withstands higher peak temperatures, reduces backpressure and eliminates 16 kg (35 lb) of mass from the vehicle.[62]
- DeLorean Motor Company offers Inconel replacements for failure prone OE trailing arm bolts on the DMC-12. Failure of these bolts can result in loss of the vehicle.[63]
Rolled Inconel was frequently used as the recording medium by engraving in black box recorders on aircraft.[64]
Alternatives to the use of Inconel in chemical applications such as scrubbers, columns, reactors, and pipes are
Inconel alloys
Alloys of inconel include:
- Inconel 188: Readily fabricated for commercial gas turbine and aerospace applications.
- Inconel 230: Alloy 230 Plate & Sheet mainly used by the power, aerospace, chemical processing and industrial heating industries.
- Inconel 600: In terms of high-temperature and corrosion resistance, Inconel 600 excels.[65]
- Inconel 601
- Inconel 617: Solid solution strengthened (nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum), high-temperature strength, corrosion and oxidation resistant, high workability and weldability.molten salt reactors c. April, 2020.[67]
- Inconel 625: Acid resistant, good weldability. The LCF version is typically used in bellows.
- Inconel 690: Low cobalt content for nuclear applications, and low resistivity[68]
- Inconel 706
- Inconel 713C: Precipitation hardenable nickel-chromium base cast alloy[2]
- Inconel 718: Gamma double prime strengthened with good weldability[69]
- Inconel 738
- Inconel X-750: Commonly used for gas turbine components, including blades, seals and rotors.
- Inconel 751: Increased aluminium content for improved rupture strength in the 1600 °F range[70]
- Inconel 792: Increased aluminium content for improved high temperature corrosion resistant properties, used especially in gas turbines
- Inconel 907
- Inconel 909
- Inconel 925: Inconel 925 is a nonstabilized austenitic stainless steel with low carbon content.[71]
- Inconel 939: Gamma prime strengthened to increase weldability
In age hardening or precipitation strengthening varieties, alloying additions of aluminum and titanium combine with nickel to form the intermetallic compound Ni3(Ti,Al) or gamma prime (γ′). Gamma prime forms small cubic crystals that inhibit slip and creep effectively at elevated temperatures.
See also
References
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