Indecent exposure
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Indecent exposure is the deliberate public exposure by a person of a portion of their body in a manner contrary to local standards of appropriate behavior. Laws and social attitudes regarding indecent exposure vary significantly in different countries. It ranges from outright prohibition of the exposure of any body parts other than the hands or face to prohibition of exposure of certain body parts, such as the genital area, buttocks or breasts.
Decency is generally judged by the standards of the local community, which are seldom codified in specifics in law. Such standards may be based on religion, morality or tradition, or justified on the basis of "necessary to
The legal and community standards of what states of undress constitute indecent exposure vary considerably and depend on the context in which the exposure takes place. These standards have also varied over time, making the definition of indecent exposure a complex topic.
History
What is an inappropriate state of dress in a particular context depends on the standards of
The standards of decency have varied over time. During the
Breastfeeding
Public clothing
Public clothing varies by country and may be regulated by law. What parts of the body must be covered varies by region. Although genitals are usually expected to be covered in public in almost all societies, when it comes to other parts of the body such as female breasts, midriff, legs or shoulders, norms vary. For example, in some African cultures, it is the thighs, not the breasts, that must be covered.
Outraging public decency
Outraging public decency is a common law offence in England and Wales. It is a broader offence than indecent exposure, but can only be committed in a public place where at least two people are present, who need not actually witness it.
Europe
Attitudes towards nudity vary by country and are generally most relaxed in Scandinavia, where genitals and breasts are not normally considered indecent or obscene. Hence, laws and societal views on public nudity are generally relaxed.[12] In Finland, it is very typical for patrons to bathe nude in the intense heat of saunas.
In the Netherlands, public nudity is allowed at sites that have been assigned by the local authorities and "other suitable places".[citation needed] On nudist beaches, in unisex saunas and in swimming pool changing rooms, remaining partially clothed is frowned upon and the social norm is to undress.
In Barcelona, public nudity was a recognised right. However, on 30 April 2011, the Barcelona City Council voted a by-law forbidding walking "naked or nearly naked in public spaces" and limiting the wearing of bathing costumes to pools, beaches, adjacent streets and sea-side walks.[13][full citation needed]
Other countries, such as the UK, Ireland or Poland,[14] are more conservative.
United Kingdom
Legislation concerning public nudity varies among the countries of the United Kingdom. In England and Wales, public nudity is not in itself illegal; the use of the term "indecent exposure" dates back to earlier criminal law. There are concerns the police do not take indecent exposure sufficiently seriously.
England and Wales
During the 19th and 20th centuries, indecent exposure was prosecuted under section 28 of the Town Police Clauses Act 1847[15] or section 4 of the Vagrancy Act 1824. The latter contained a provision for the prosecution of:
every person wilfully openly, lewdly, and obscenely exposing his person in any street, road, or public highway, or in the view thereof, or in any place of public resort, with intent to insult any female ...
This provision, and the nudity provision of the 1824 Vagrancy Act, were repealed by Schedule 7, s.140 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003. They were replaced by an offence that is both gender neutral, and more specific and explicit, 66 Exposure.[16] It is defined as
A person commits an offence if—
- he intentionally exposes his genitals, and
- he intends that someone will see them and be caused alarm or distress.[17]
The maximum penalty is two years' imprisonment, very rare as most cases are dealt with by a fine or through community service.
In the past public nudity in England and Wales could also be punished as "disorderly behaviour" under the Public Order Act 1986, sections 4A and 5.[20] However, the law was clarified in the spring of 2018 and those sections are no longer considered to apply to simple public nudity. Guidance from the Crown Prosecution Service[21] and the College of Policing[22] does not recommend prosecution for public nudity if there is no implied intent to cause alarm (or distress). Intention can be inferred by circumstantial evidence; see Intention in English law.
Scotland
Under Scots law, "indecent conduct" in a public place, such as exposing the genitals or engaging in sexual activity, can constitute the common law offence of public indecency.[23] Stephen Gough, a man known as the "Naked Rambler" who hiked across Britain wearing only shoes, was arrested numerous times in Scotland. He was convicted of the common law offence of breach of the peace and spent time in prison for contempt of court for refusing to wear clothes whilst in court.[24]
Northern Ireland
The Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 brought the legislation regarding indecent exposure in Northern Ireland into line with that in England and Wales.[25]
United States
The laws governing indecent exposure in the United States vary according to location. In most states,
The phenomenon widely known as flashing, involving a woman exposing bare nipples by suddenly pulling up her shirt and bra, is public exposure and is therefore defined by statute in many states of the United States as prohibited criminal behavior.[26]
Canada
In Canada, s.173 of the Criminal Code
Oceania
Australia
In Australia, it is a
Penalties vary between jurisdictions and are summarised below. Specific state
- Australian Capital Territory – Crimes Act 1900, section 393 – 'indecent exposure' – penalty 12 months. Under the Nudity Act 1976, the responsible minister may declare a public area where public nudity is permitted.[37][38]
- New South Wales – Summary Offences Act 1988, section 5 – 'wilful and obscene exposure' – penalty six months.[39]
- Northern Territory – Summary Offences Act, section 50 – 'indecent exposure' – penalty 6 months.[40]
- South Australia – Summary Offences Act 1953, section 23 – 'Indecent behaviour and gross indecency' – penalty three months and six months respectively.[41]
- Queensland – Summary Offences Act 2005 No. 4, section 9 – 'wilful exposure' – penalty 12 months.[42]
- Tasmania – Police Offences Act 1935, section 21 – 'Prohibited behaviour' – penalty 12 months.[43] Police Offences Act 1935, section 14 – 'Public decency' – one penalty unit.[44]
- Victoria – Summary Offences Act 1966, section 19 – 'wilful and obscene exposure' – penalty two years.[45] Under the Nudity (Prescribed Areas) Act 1983[46] the responsible minister may declare a public area where public nudity is permitted.
- Western Australia – Criminal Code, section 203 – 'Indecent acts in public' – criminal penalty two years. Summary conviction penalty: 9 months and fine of $9,000.[47]
Definition of person
The laws of New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory use the term "person", while in the other States the exposure refers to the
In the case of both males and females, the parts of the body which are capable of being employed for the purpose of obscene exposure are limited. The concepts of obscenity and exposure in a practical sense restrict the potential operation of the provision. There is a question as to whether there is any further restriction to be found in the word "person". The
Crown Advocate has submitted that there may be circumstances in which the exposure of the breasts of a woman is capable of being regarded as obscene, and that it is not difficult to imagine circumstances in which the exposure of a person's buttocks could be obscene.[36]
Fiji
Public nudity is illegal in Fiji.[49]
New Zealand
In New Zealand, indecent exposure is considered to be where a person "intentionally and obscenely exposes any part of his or her genitals".[50] Otherwise there is no specific law prohibiting nudity in public places, although lesser charges may apply depending on the behaviour of the individual in question.
The High Court of New Zealand has upheld a conviction of disorderly conduct for nudity in the street, because it was not a place where nudity was known to occur or commonplace. Being nude in the street is likely to incur a small fine if a complaint is made against the person, or if the person ignores a police request to cover themselves. Being prosecuted for nudity on a public beach, or any place where nudity might be expected, is very unlikely.[51][52][53]
Asia
Saudi Arabia
Women in Saudi Arabia were required to wear robes and a headscarf when in public,[54] although Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has said that it is not required.[55] In September 2019, Saudi Arabia issued the public decency law identifying the rules related to the public decency that citizens and tourists should follow in compliance with Saudi law.[56]
See also
- Anasyrma
- Clothing laws by country
- Erotic humiliation
- Exhibitionism
- Islam and clothing
- Obscenity
- Public display of affection
- Public sex
- Public urination and Open defecation
- Sexual revolution
- Underwear as outerwear
- Vulgarity
- Wardrobe malfunction
- Whale tail
Notes
- ^ Historically, gross indecency statutes often did not specifically define the crime itself, leaving this up to the determination of courts. In practice, gross indecency was used primarily to criminalize sexual activity between men that fell short of sodomy laws, though present-day statutes vary.
References
- ISBN 0-87779-713-7.
- ^ "Legality of Nudism in Public Places?". politics.stackexchange.com. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ "Here's Where It's Legal for Women to Go Topless in the U.S." Time. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ Scottish Parliament. Breastfeeding etc. (Scotland) Act 2005 as amended (see also enacted form), from legislation.gov.uk.
- ^ "Equality Act 2010: Section 17", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1 April 2010, 2010 c. 15 (s. 17), retrieved 19 February 2021
- ^ Sonja Haller (25 July 2018). "Finally! In 2018 it's legal to breastfeed in public in all 50 states". USA Today.
- ^ Samakow, Jessica (1 August 2014). "These Are All The States Where It's Legal To Breastfeed In Public". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ Tom Holloway (15 May 2003). "MPs defend Swazi bare breasts". BBC News.
- ^ "Nigerian skimpy dressers arrested". BBC News. 27 July 2007.
- ^ "Inquiry into Saudi TV presenter's clothing". BBC News. 27 June 2018.
- ^ Frances Harrison (27 April 2007). "Crackdown in Iran over dress codes". BBC News.
- ISBN 0-275-95044-1.
- ^ APNEL
- ^ "Model fined for sunbathing topless; Ombudsman appeal mulled". ABS-CBN News. AFP. 8 November 2008.
- ^ "Town Police Clauses Act 1847 (as enacted)" (PDF). Legislation.Gov.Uk. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
- ISBN 9781317573838.
- ^ a b Legislation.gov.uk. "Sexual Offences Act 2003". Retrieved 14 September 2010.
- ^ "Equality Act 2010". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
- ^ Dan Bunting (7 April 2015). "Sex Offenders Register". UK Criminal Law Blog. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- ^ "Freedom of expression – nakedness in a public place". UK Human Rights Blog. 31 October 2013.
- ^ "Nudity in Public – Guidance on handling cases of Naturism". Crown Prosecution Service.
- ^ "Briefing note: Public nudity advice and decision aid" (PDF). College of Policing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
- ^ "Public decency". Sexual Health Scotland. 4 February 2013. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
- ^ "Naked rambler bares all as he walks free from prison". The Daily Telegraph. 18 July 2012. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ "The Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008". Article 70, Order of 2008.
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ignored (help) - ^ "Criminal Code". Topical Index: State Statutes 2. Cornell University Law School. 14 April 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
- ^ "Criminal Code of Canada, 1985, Part V, Sexual Offences". Efc.ca. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ Part 173(1)(a) of the Criminal Code provides, in part – Indecent acts – 173. (1) Every one who wilfully does an indecent act (a) in a public place in the presence of one or more persons...is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.
- ^ R. v. Beaupré, 1971, British Columbia Supreme Court. Held: "the phrase 'indecent act' connotes something more active, with greater moral turpitude than the mere state of being nude in a public place."
- ^ R v Springer, 1975, Saskatchewan District Court
- ^ R v Niman, 1974, Ontario Provincial Court
- ^ R. v. Benolkin, 1977, Saskatchewan Court of the Queen's Bench. It was found that "It cannot be an offence to swim in the nude at a lonely place in Canada in summer. That is part of the pleasure of summer in Canada, particularly to young males. If somebody comes along unexpectedly or if the swimmer misjudged the loneliness of the place the act cannot suddenly become criminal.".
- ^ "Judgment C12668, R. vs. Jacob". Province of Ontario Court of Appeal. 9 December 1996. Retrieved 16 February 2009.
- ^ District of Maple Ridge v. Meyer, 2000 BCSC 902 (CanLII). See esp. para [49] and [55].
- ^ Amy Dempsey (28 August 2010). "Topless in Guelph: It started out as a shy event". Toronto Star.
It's been nearly 20 years since Gwen Jacob took a history-making topless jaunt through downtown Guelph. It's been 15 years since charges against her were overturned in a case that gave Ontarian woman the legal right to be topless in public — a right previously exclusive to men.
- ^ Court of Criminal Appeal(NSW, Australia).
- ^ Crimes Act 1900 (ACT) s 393 Indecent exposure.
- ^ Nudity Act 1976 (ACT).
- ^ a b Summary Offences Act 1988 (NSW) s 5 Obscene exposure.
- ^ Summary Offences Act (NT) s 50 Penalty for indecent exposure of the person.
- ^ Summary Offences Act 1953 (SA) s 23 Indecent behaviour and gross indecency .
- ^ Summary Offences Act 2005 (Qld) s 9 Wilful exposure.
- ^ Police Offences Act 1935 (Tas) s 21 Prohibited behaviour.
- ^ Police Offences Act 1935 (Tas) s 14 Public decency.
- ^ Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic) s 19 Wilful and obscene exposure.
- ^ Nudity (Prescribed Areas) Act 1983 (Vic)
- ^ Criminal Code (WA) section 203.
- WLR671.
- ^ "Local laws and customs - Fiji travel advice".
- ^ "Summary Offences Act 1981 No 113 (As at 01 August 2020), Public Act 27 Indecent exposure – New Zealand Legislation".
- ^ "Nudity in Public - Legal Aspects". www.freebeaches.org.nz. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
- ^ "Nudity not necessarily an offence". Stuff. 26 January 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
- ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
- ^ "Saudi woman arrested for wearing a skirt is released without charge". The Guardian. Reuters. 20 July 2017.
- ^ "Saudi crown prince says women need not wear head cover or abaya robe". RTE. 20 March 2018.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia issues public behavior guidelines". Arab News. 28 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.