Independent animation

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The term independent animation refers to

animation industry
.

Criteria

A good portion of the work is viewed in animation festivals and private screen rooms along with schools that produce animation through instruction. The significance of independent animation is as important as studio fare. "Independent" initially implied amateurs and unknowns. However, following the implosion of the entertainment industry and mass layoffs of animators, "indie" now almost exclusively refers to industry veterans with connections producing content on their own time.

United States

In America, working independent animators included Mary Ellen Bute,[1] John Whitney,[1] Harry Everett Smith[2] and Oskar Fischinger[1] alongside earlier efforts of what would later become UPA.[3]

In 1959, The Academy Awards witnessed the first independent animated film to win an Oscar with John Hubley's Moonbird which was also produced by wife and collaborator Faith Hubley using limited animation to tell their own personal stories.[4]

Jordan Belson,[3] Robert Breer[5] and Stan Vanderbeek[1] made groundbreaking experimental animation during this time.[4]

Avant-garde animator Carmen D'Avino's Oscar-nominated Pianissimo (1963)[6][7][8] was distributed by none other than Amos Vogel's legendary Cinema 16.[9]

Other independent animators during this time included Charles Braverman,[3] Gene Deitch,[3]

Best Animated Short Film along with the works of the Hubleys and Ernest Pintoff starting in the late 1950s-early 1960s.[13]

Ralph Bakshi tried and succeeded to establish an alternative to mainstream animation through independent[14] and adult-oriented productions in the 1970s.

In the late 1960s, animator

St. Mark's Place, Bakshi came across a copy of R. Crumb's Fritz the Cat. Impressed by Crumb's sharp satire, Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film.[18]

X rating from the MPAA, and the highest grossing independent animated film of all time.[18] Bakshi then simultaneously directed a number of animated films, starting with Heavy Traffic a year later. Ralph Bakshi became the first person in the animation industry since Walt Disney to have two financially successful films released back-to-back.[19]

Alongside Bakshi came other independent animated features of the 70s and 80s (some made by former Disney animators) such as

Notable award-winning films also from the 70s and 80s included Dale Case and Bob Mitchell's The Further Adventures of Uncle Sam (1970),[23] Ted Petok's The Crunch Bird (1971),[24] Frank Mouris's Frank Film (1973)[25] and Jimmy Picker's Sundae in New York (1983).[26]

Animation historians John Canemaker[27] and Michael Sporn[28] also made independent animation in New York, both earning Oscar nods for their work (only Canemaker won in 2005).

Other animators like Candy Kugel,[29] Jeff Scher,[30] Joanna Priestley, Kathy Rose, Suzan Pitt, Robert Swarthe, Vince Collins, Barrie Nelson, Eli Noyes, Sky David (aka Dennis Pies),[8] Steve Segal, Mike Jittlov, Paul Fierlinger,[31] Adam Beckett, Lillian Schwartz, Larry Cuba and George Griffin also made experimental and personal animation during the mid- to late 1970s through the early- to mid-1980s.[3][32][8]

In the 1970s, independent animator

D.I.Y. distribution options, but were still largely met with rejection even though her work is now considered ground breaking.[34]

Collections of independent films have been gathered for theatrical viewing, and video release, under such titles as the

have also made work outside of the studio system.

Later independent animation

The rise of the Internet in the 1990s and 2000s saw an exponential increase in the production of independent animation which included personal independent works by Timothy Hittle,[39] Janie Geiser,[40] John R. Dilworth, Lewis Klahr[41][42] and John Schnall.[43][44] Personal computer power increased to the point where it was possible for a single person to produce an animated cartoon on a home computer, using software such as Flash, and distribute these short films over the World Wide Web. Independently produced Internet cartoons flourished as the popularity of the Web grew, and a number of strange, often hilarious short cartoons were produced for the Web.

In the late 1990s, an independent animated short film called

M. Wartella opted to use the Animated GIF to overcome these limitations and create early web-based animation viewable through all browsers.[46]

Independent animation in the 2000s included animated features such as Paley's

By the mid-to-late 2000s

The Annoying Orange, which started off as a series of viral quasi-CGI animated comedy shorts on YouTube, quickly gained a cult following and an excess of 100 million views online. It is an example of an animated web series to transition between Internet and television distribution successfully, as an animated series on Cartoon Network.[45]

Recent independent animations released on YouTube include the

Sherwood, also released all 12 episodes on YouTube Originals, made freely available in April 2020.[54]

1940s animation. First conceived in 2008, he released online in 2015 the opening sequence that was in progress before shelving it after being hired by Disney in 2011.[63]

Other notable animated indie efforts of the 2020s include Marcel the Shell with Shoes On,[64][65][66][67] War Is Over![68] and My Year of Dicks.[69]

Representations

LGBT representation in independent animation has increased over the years, as many series have featured LGBTQ characters. Lizzy the Lezzy, which premiered on Myspace in 2006, included LGBTQ+ characters like Lizzy, a lesbian.[70] Plum, a bisexual character, first appeared in the animated series, Bravest Warriors, a show which aired on Cartoon Hangover's YouTube channel from 2012 to 2018, as confirmed by her crushes and by writer Kate Leth.[71][72][73] The show was made by Adventure Time creator Pendleton Ward and featuring Ian Jones-Quartey, who voiced the character, Wallow, while he directed his own show, OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes which featured multiple LGBTQ+ characters. Although Plum had a crush on Chris, kissing him multiple times during the show, she is also madly in love with her doppelganger as shown in the comics.

The Rooster Teeth animated web series,

pornstar named Angel Dust.[84][82][85] Medrano's other series, Helluva Boss, featured various bisexual characters, such as a demon named Moxxie,[86] and a pansexual demon named Blitzo.[87]

My Pride: The Series, which premiered in February 2020 on YouTube, follows a "queer, disabled lioness" named Nothing who is trying to heal the world.[88][89] Yssa Badiola of Recorded by Arizal hosted a RTX panel, on September 21, 2020, and stated that there would be LGBTQ characters if a full season was ordered.[90][91] Nico Colaleo's animated web series, Too Loud, the first season which ran from July to August 2017, and the second season which aired from September to November 2019, includes an LGBTQ character. In the episode "Slumber Party Sneak-In," Desiree plots with her sister, Sara, to dress up as a girl in order to go to a slumber party. The rest of the girls find this out, then console her, accepting, and deciding they like her no matter whether she is a trans girl named Desiree or as a closeted boy.[92] In September 2019, Colaleo later described the episode as important, described it as his favorite episode of the show's second season, and a "pro-transgender episode."[93]

Angakusajaujuq: The Shaman's Apprentice (2020), featuring Canadian Inuit characters, won Best Independent Short Film at the Festival Stop Montreal.[94][95][96]

African American animator/filmmaker Ayoka Chenzira is known for the 1984 satirical animated short Hair Piece: A Film for Nappyhead People, which was inducted into the National Film Registry in 2018.[97][98][99]

Independent animation outside the United States

Germany

One of the earliest feature-length animated films was The Adventures of Prince Achmed, made in 1926 by Lotte Reiniger, a German artist who made silhouette animation using intricate cut-out figures and back-lighting. She made another feature, Dr. Dolittle, in 1928.[100]

The United Kingdom

The

The Quay Brothers).[101] Another major contributor to independent animation in Britain was Channel 4, which gained an international reputation as one of the most adventurous broadcasters of animation featuring works from Joanna Quinn (Girls' Night Out),[102] Paul Barry (The Sandman), Mark Baker (The Village), Barry Purves (Next)[102] and former National Film Board of Canada animator Paul Driessen (3 Misses).[103][104]

Another British animated milestone, the 1978 adaptation of Watership Down by American filmmaker Martin Rosen, was also made independently as well.[105]

France

Examples of French independent efforts include

Annecy Film Festival winner I Lost My Body
(2019).

Japan

Kihachiro Kawamoto have been prominently acclaimed Japanese independent animators known for their artistic qualities.[109][110][111][112][113]

Brazil

In 2016,

Tito and the Birds would be nominated in the same category.[115][116]

Chile

Academy Award for Best Animated Short.[117] As a result, many animators such as Fernanda Frick (Here's the Plan), who worked on Bear Story, and Hugo Covarrubias (the Oscar-nominated Bestia)[118] made their own animated shorts in Chile.[119]

Czechia

Michaela Pavlátová is known for making independent efforts[120][121] such as the 2021 feature My Sunny Maad,[122][123] which was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film.[124]

Estonia

dark humor and satirical absurdist tone on such films as Breakfast on the Grass (1988) and 1895 (1995; the latter spoofing cinema's impact on perceptions of history, identity and nationality filled with cinematic references, cultural stereotypes and inside jokes).[125]

Denmark

Best Documentary Feature, Best International Feature Film (the second Non-English-language animated film after Ari Folman's 2008 Israeli war documentary Waltz with Bashir) and Best Animated Feature
(becoming the first animated film ever to be nominated in all three of those categories).

Australia

Independent animation entirely from down under includes the works of Felix Colgrave[129] and acclaimed stop motion animator Adam Elliot,[38] known for the Oscar winner Harvie Krumpet (2003) and his feature film Mary and Max (2009).[107]

Canada

Outside of NFB, independent animation entirely from Canada also includes Marv Newland, who is best known for his 1969 cult animated short Bambi Meets Godzilla.[130]

See also

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External links