India in World War II
During the
Indians fought valiantly and with distinction throughout the world, including in the
There was pushback throughout India to expending lives supporting the colonial British Empire in Africa and Europe amidst movements for Indian independence. Particularly,
Viceroy Linlithgow declared that India was at war with Germany without consultations with Indian politicians.
Indian participation in the Allied campaign remained strong. The financial, industrial and military assistance of India formed a crucial component of the British campaign against Nazi Germany and
Quit India movement
The
Supporters of the British Raj argued that decolonisation was impossible in the middle of a great war. So, in 1939, the British Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow declared India's entry into the War without consulting prominent Indian Congress leaders who were just elected in previous elections.[1]
British Indian Army
In 1939 the British Indian Army numbered 205,000 men. It took in volunteers and by 1945 was the largest all-volunteer force in history, rising to over 3.35 million men.[19] These forces included tank, artillery and airborne forces. Indian personnel of the British Indian Army received 6,000 awards for gallantry, including 31 Victoria Crosses.[20]
The Middle East and African theatre
The British government meanwhile sent Indian troops to fight in West Asia and northern Africa against the Axis. India also geared up to produce essential goods such as food and uniforms.
The
capturing the mountain fortress of Keren.In the
South-East Asian theatre
The British Indian Army was the key British Empire fighting presence in the
The formations included the
These troops, popularly known as Chindits, played a crucial role in halting the Japanese advance into South Asia.[21]
Capture of Indian territory
By 1942, neighbouring
Recapture of Axis-occupied territory
In 1944–45 Japan was under heavy air bombardment at home and suffered massive naval defeats in the Pacific. As its Imphal offensive failed, harsh weather and disease and withdrawal of air cover (due to more pressing needs in the Pacific) also took its toll on the Japanese and remnants of the INA and the
The invasion of Italy
Indian forces played a role in liberating Italy from Nazi control. India contributed the third largest Allied contingent in the
Royal Indian Air Force
During
The IAF was mainly involved in
In addition to the IAF, many native Indians and some 200 Indians resident in Britain volunteered to join the
During the war, the IAF experienced a phase of steady expansion. New aircraft added to the fleet included the US-built Vultee Vengeance, Douglas Dakota, the British Hawker Hurricane, Supermarine Spitfire, Bristol Blenheim, and Westland Lysander.
In recognition of the valiant service by the IAF,
Post war, No. 4 Squadron IAF was sent to Japan as part of the Allied Occupation forces.[27]
In 1934, the Royal Indian Marine changed its name, with the enactment of the Indian Navy (Discipline) Act of 1934. The Royal Indian Navy was formally inaugurated on 2 October 1934, at Bombay.[28] Its ships carried the prefix HMIS, for His Majesty's Indian Ship.[29]
At the start of the Second World War, the Royal Indian Navy was small, with only eight warships. The onset of the war led to an expansion in vessels and personnel described by one writer as "phenomenal". By 1943 the strength of the RIN had reached twenty thousand.[30] During the War, the Women's Royal Indian Naval Service was established, for the first time giving women a role in the navy, although they did not serve on board its ships.[28]
During the course of the war six anti-aircraft sloops and several fleet minesweepers were built in the United Kingdom for the R.I.N. After commissioning, many of these ships joined various escort groups operating in the northern approaches to the British Isles. HMIS Sutlej and HMIS Jumna, each armed with six-high angle 4" guns, were present during the Clyde "Blitz" of 1941 and assisted the defence of this area by providing anti-aircraft cover. For the next six months these two ships joined the Clyde Escort Force, operating in the Atlantic and later the Irish Sea Escort Force where they acted as the senior ships of the groups. While engaged on these duties, numerous attacks against U-boats were carried out and attacks by hostile aircraft repelled. At the time of action in which the Bismarck was involved, the Sutlej left Scapa Flow, with all despatch as the senior member of a group, to take over a convoy from the destroyers which were finally engaged in the sinking of the Bismarck.[31]
Later HMIS Cauvery, HMIS Kistna, HMIS Narbada, HMIS Godavari, also antiaircraft sloops, completed similar periods in the U.K. waters escorting convoys in the Atlantic and dealing with attacks from hostile U-boats, aircraft and glider bombs. These six ships and the minesweepers all eventually proceeded to India carrying out various duties in the North Atlantic, Mediterranean and Cape stations en route. The fleet minesweepers were HMIS Kathiawar, HMIS Kumaon, HMIS Baluchistan, HMIS Carnatic, HMIS Khyber, HMIS Konkan, HMIS Orissa, HMIS Rajputana, HMIS Rohilkhand.[31]
The
Furthermore, the Royal Indian Navy participated in convoy escort duties in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean and was heavily involved in combat operations as part of the
The sloop HMIS Pathan sunk in June 1940 by the Italian Navy Submarine Galvani during the East African Campaign[36][37][38][39]
In the days immediately following the Attack on Pearl Harbor, HMS Glasgow was patrolling the Laccadive Islands in search of Japanese ships and submarines. At midnight on 9 December 1941, HMS Glasgow sank the RIN patrol vessel HMIS Prabhavati with two lighters in tow en route to Karachi, with 6-inch shells at 6,000 yards (5,500 m). Prabhavati was alongside the lighters and was mistaken for a surfaced Japanese submarine.[40][41][42]
HMIS Jumna was ordered in 1939, and built by William Denny and Brothers. She was commissioned in 1941,[44] and with World War II underway, was immediately deployed as a convoy escort. Jumna served as an anti-aircraft escort during the Java Sea campaign in early 1942, and was involved in intensive anti-aircraft action against attacking Japanese twin-engined level bombers and dive bombers, claiming five aircraft downed from 24 to 28 February 1942.
In June 1942 HMIS Bombay was involved in the defence of Sydney Harbour during the attack on Sydney Harbour.
On 11 November 1942, Bengal was escorting the Dutch tanker
On 12 Feb 1944, the Japanese submarine RO-110 was depth charged and sunk east-south-east off Visakhapatnam, India by the Indian sloop HMIS Jumna and the Australian minesweepers HMAS Launceston and HMAS Ipswich (J186). RO-110 had attacked convoy JC-36 (Colombo-Calcutta) and torpedoed and damaged the British merchant Asphalion (6274 GRT).[44][47]
On 12 August 1944 the German submarine U-198 was sunk near the Seychelles, in position 03º35'S, 52º49'E, by depth charges from HMIS Godavari and the British frigate HMS Findhorn.[48][43]
Collaboration with the Axis powers
Several leaders of the radical revolutionary Indian independence movement broke away from the main Congress and went to war against Britain. Subhas Chandra Bose, once a prominent leader in the Indian National Congress, volunteered to help Nazi Germany and Japan; he claimed in speeches that Britain's opposition to Nazism and Fascism was "hypocrisy", since Britain was itself denying individual liberties to Indians.[49] Moreover, he argued that it was not Germany and Japan but the British Raj which was the enemy, since the British were over-exploiting Indian resources for the war.[49] Bose suggested that there was little possibility of India being attacked by any of the Axis powers provided it did not fight the war on Britain's side.[49]
The
As the Japanese offensive opened, the INA was sent into battle. Bose hoped to avoid set-piece battles for which it lacked arms, armament as well as man-power.
Prem Kumar Sahgal, an officer of the INA once Military secretary to
As Japan opened its offensive towards India, the INA's first division, consisting of four Guerrilla regiments, participated in
The only Indian territory that the Azad Hind government controlled was nominally the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. However, they were bases for the Japanese Navy, and the navy never relinquished control. Enraged with the lack of administrative control, the Azad Hind Governor, Lt. Col. Loganathan, later relinquished his authority. After the War, a number of officers of the INA were tried for treason. However, faced with the possibility of a massive civil unrest and a mutiny in the Indian Army, the British officials decided to release the prisoners-of-war; in addition, the event became a turning point to expedite the process of transformation of power and independence of India.[53][page needed]
Bengal famine
The region of Bengal in India suffered a devastating famine from 1940 to 1943. Some of the key reasons for this famine are:
- Japanese invasion of Burma which cut off food and other essential supplies to the region;
- British export of food and material for the war in Europe;
- British denial orders destroying essential food transportation throughout the Eastern region;
- British banned transfer of grain from other provinces, turning down offers of grain from Australia;
- mismanagement by British Indian regional governments;
- constructing 900 airfields (2000 acres each) taking that huge amount of land out of agriculture in a time of dire need;
- price inflation caused by war production
- increase in demand partially as a result of refugees from Burma and Bengal.
The British government denied an urgent request from
Indian Economist Amartya Sen (1976) challenged this orthodoxy, reviving the claim that there was no shortage of food in Bengal and that the famine was caused by inflation.[55]
Princely states
During World War II, in 1941, the British presented a captured German BF 109 single-engined fighter to the Nizam of Hyderabad, in return for the funding of 2 RAF fighter squadrons.[56]
There was a campsite for Polish refugees at
1944–45 Insurgency in Balochistan
From 1944 to 1945, Daru Khan Badinzai led an insurgency against the authorities of the Raj. It began in the first half of 1944, when rebels of the Badinzai tribe began interfering with road construction on the British side of the Balochistan border.[63] The insurgency had subsided by March 1945.[64]
Mazrak Zadran's invasion of India
In 1944, the Southern and Eastern provinces of Afghanistan entered a state of turmoil, with the
See also
- Propaganda and India in World War II
- Burma Campaign
- Indian Army during World War II
- List of Indian divisions in World War I
- Military history of India
- Military production during World War II
- Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War
Notes
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- ^ Rohwer & Hummelchen, p. 23
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- ^ The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 – Collins, p. 96
- ISBN 978-1-904-45952-1, p. 153
- ^ a b Collins, J.T.E. (1964). The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945. Official History of the Indian Armed Forces In the Second World War. New Delhi: Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India and Pakistan). Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ a b "HMIS Jumna (U 21)". uboat.net. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ^ a b Visser, Jan (1999–2000). "The Ondina Story". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ L, Klemen (2000). "Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 – Collins, p. 309
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Further reading
- Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar. From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India (2004) [ISBN missing]
- Barkawi, Tarak. "Culture and Combat In the Colonies: The Indian Army In the Second World War," Journal of Contemporary History (2006) 41#2 pp 325–355
- Bhatia, Harbans Singh, Military History of British India, 1607–1947 (1977) [ISBN missing]
- Brown, Judith M. Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy (1994)
- Brown, Judith M. Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope (1991) [ISBN missing]
- Fay, Peter W. (1993), The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942–1945., Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press., ISBN 0-472-08342-2.
- Collins, D.J.E. The Royal Indian Navy (1964 online official history
- Gopal, Sarvepalli. Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography (1976)
- Herman, Arthur. Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age (2009), pp 443–539.
- Hogan, David W. India-Burma. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-5. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
- Jalal, Ayesha. The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan (1993),
- James, Lawrence. Raj: the making and remaking of British India (1997) pp 545–85, narrative history.
- Joshi, Vandana. "Memory and Memorialisation, Interment and Exhumation, Propaganda and Politics during WWII through the lens of International Tracing Service (ITS) Collections", in MIDA Archival Reflexicon (2019), pp. 1–12.
- Judd, Dennis. The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947 (2004)
- Karnad, Raghu. Farthest Field – An Indian Story of the Second World War (Harper Collins India, 2015) ISBN 93-5177-203-9
- Khan, Yasmin. India At War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War (2015), wide-ranging scholarly survey excerpt; also published as The Raj At War: A People's History Of India's Second World War (2015)' online review
- Marston, Daniel. The Indian Army and the end of the Raj (Cambridge UP, 2014).
- Moore, Robin J. "India in the 1940s", in Robin Winks, ed. Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography (2001), pp. 231–242
- Mukerjee, Madhusree. Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India during World War II (2010).
- Raghavan, Srinath. India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia (2016). wide-ranging scholarly survey excerpt
- Read, Anthony, and David Fisher. The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence (1999) detailed scholarly history of 1940–47
- Roy, Kaushik. "Military Loyalty in the Colonial Context: A Case Study of the Indian Army during World War II." Journal of Military History 73.2 (2009): 497–529.
- Voigt, Johannes. India in The Second World War (1988).
- Wolpert, Stanley A. Jinnah of Pakistan (2005). [ISBN missing]
External links
- Media related to India in World War II at Wikimedia Commons