Indian Armed Forces

Equivalent ranks of Indian military
	Commissioned ranks
	Junior commissioned ranks
	Non-commissioned ranks
	Footnotes
	Risaldar major in cavalry and armoured regiments ; ^ Risaldar in cavalry and armoured regiments ; Naib risaldar in cavalry and armoured regiments.; Called jemadar until 1965. ;

Indian Armed Forces
Indian Armed Forces
Supreme Commander	President Droupadi Murmu
Prime Minister	Narendra Modi
Minister of Defence	Rajnath Singh
Defence Secretary	Giridhar Aramane, IAS
ranked 4th)
Percent of GDP	2% (2022–23)
Industry
Domestic suppliers	List Air Force

The Indian Armed Forces are the

third-largest defence budget in the world.^[20] The Global Firepower Index report lists it as the fourth most-powerful military.^[21]

The Indian Armed Forces have been engaged in a number of major military operations, including: the

1987 Sino-Indian skirmish, the Kargil War, and the Siachen conflict among others. India honours its armed forces and military personnel annually on Armed Forces Flag Day, 7 December. Armed with the nuclear triad,^[22] the Indian armed forces are steadily undergoing modernisation,^[23] with investments in areas such as futuristic soldier systems and missile defence systems.^[24]^[23]

The Department of Defence Production of the Ministry of Defence is responsible for the indigenous production of equipment used by the Indian Armed Forces. It comprises 16 Defence PSUs.^[25] India remains one of the largest importer of defence equipment with Russia, Israel, France and the United States being the top foreign suppliers of military equipment.^[26] The Government of India, as part of the Make in India initiative, seeks to indigenise manufacturing and reduce dependence on imports for defence.^[27]

History

India has one of the longest military histories, dating back several millennia. The first reference to armies is found in the

Mahabaratha. Classical Indian texts on archery in particular, and martial arts in general are known as Dhanurveda

.

Ancient to medieval era

Siege of Kushinagar the capital of the Mallakas by seven Mahajanapadas' chiefs and their armies for the possession of relics of Buddha after his death in 4th century BCE. Depiction of the battle on Sanchi stupa railing, 1st century BCE.

Mauryan Empire from the 4th century BC. Powerful militaries included those of the: Maurya, Satavahana, Chola, Vijayanagara, Mughal and Maratha empires.^[30] Emperor Chandragupta Maurya's mentor and advisor Chanakya's Arthashastra devotes a full chapter on the state department of waterways under navadhyaksha (Sanskrit for Superintendent of ships) ^[1]

. The term, nava dvipantaragamanam (Sanskrit for "sailing to other lands by ships," i.e. exploration) appears in this book in addition to appearing in the Vedic text, Baudhayana Dharmashastra as the interpretation of the term, Samudrasamyanam.

Sea lanes between India and neighbouring lands were used for trade for many centuries, and are responsible for the widespread influence of Indian Culture on other societies. The

Saamoothiri

were two notable naval chiefs of the period.

British India (1857 to 1947)

RML 2.5 inch Mountain Gun

, c. 1895.

The Royal Indian Navy was first established by the British while much of India was under the control of the East India Company. In 1892, it became a maritime component as the Royal Indian Marine (RIM).

During

Gallipoli and nearly 700,000 served in Mesopotamia against the Ottoman Empire

.

Following WWI, the Indian Armed Forces underwent significant transformation. In 1928, Engineer Sub-lieutenant D. N. Mukherji became the first Indian to receive a commission in the Royal Indian Marine. In 1932, the Indian Air Force was established as an auxiliary air force within RAF India; two years later, the RIM was upgraded to the status of a naval service as the Royal Indian Navy (RIN).

Though the gradual "Indianisation" of the officer corps began after WWI, at the outbreak of war in 1939, there were no Indian flag, general or air officers in the armed services. The highest-ranking Indian officers were those serving in the non-combatant Indian Medical Service, who held no rank higher than colonel; in the regular Indian Army, there were no Indian officers above the rank of major.^[32] The Royal Indian Navy had no Indian senior line officers and only a single Indian senior engineer officer,^[33] while the Indian Air Force had no Indian senior officers in 1939, with the highest-ranking Indian air force officer a flight lieutenant.^[33]^[34]

In World War II, the Indian Army began the war in 1939 with just under 200,000 men. By the end of the war it had become the largest volunteer army in history, rising to over 2.5 million men by August 1945.^[35] Serving in divisions of infantry, armour and a fledgling airborne forces, they fought on three continents in Africa, Europe and Asia. The Indian Army fought in Ethiopia against the Italian Army, in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia against both the Italian and German Army, and, after the Italian surrender, against the German Army in Italy. However, the bulk of the Indian Army was committed to fighting the Japanese Army, first during the British defeats in Malaya and the retreat from Burma to the Indian border; later, after resting and refitting for the victorious advance back into Burma, as part of the largest British Empire army ever formed. These campaigns cost the lives of over 36,000 Indian servicemen, while another 34,354 were wounded; 67,340 became prisoners of war. Their valour was recognised with the award of some 4,000 decorations, and 38 members of the Indian Army were awarded the Victoria Cross or the George Cross.^[35]

The demands of war and increasing recognition that the era of British dominance in the subcontinent was ending increased the pace of "Indianisation." In 1940, Subroto Mukherjee (later the first Indian C-in-C and Chief of the Air Staff) became the first Indian to command an air force squadron and attain the (albeit acting) rank of

Kodandera M. Cariappa, S. M. Shrinagesh and Kodandera Subayya Thimayya, all of whom would subsequently command the Indian Army, achieved distinction as the first Indian battalion and brigade commanders. On 1 May 1945, Cariappa became the first Indian officer to be promoted to brigadier.^[38]

At the end of hostilities in 1945, the Indian Army's officer corps included Indian Medical Service officer Hiraji Cursetji as its sole Indian major-general, one IMS brigadier, three Indian brigadiers in combatant arms and 220 other Indian officers in the temporary or acting ranks of colonel and lieutenant-colonel.

H.M.S. Choudhry and Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman, both of whom would eventually command the Pakistani and Indian Navies, respectively, became the first Indian Royal Indian Navy officers to be promoted to acting captain.^[42] On 30 July, Brigadiers K.M. Cariappa, Muhammad Akbar Khan and Maharaj Shri Rajendrasinhji Jadeja were promoted major-generals, the first Indian general officers in a combat arm of the Indian Army.^[43]

Dominion of India (1947–1950)

Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri at Secunderabad

The period immediately following Indian independence was a traumatic time for India and her armed services. Along with the newly independent India, the Indian Armed Forces were forcibly divided between India and Pakistan, with ships, divisions and aircraft allocated to the respective Dominions. Following partition, on 15 August 1947, the Indian Armed Forces comprised:

The Royal Indian Navy (RIN): Four sloops, two frigates, 12 minesweepers, one corvette, one survey vessel, four armed trawlers, four motor minesweepers, four harbour defence launches and all landing craft of the pre-Independence RIN.[44]
Indian Army: 15 infantry regiments, 12 armoured corps units, 18.5 artillery regiments and 61 engineer units.^[44] Of the Nepalese Gorkha regiments formerly attached to the British Indian Army, the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th (Royal), 8th and 9th Gorkha Rifles remained in Indian service,^[45] with the first and second battalions of the 2nd, 6th, 7th and 10th Gorkha Rifles placed in British Army service.^[46]
The Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF): Seven fighter squadrons of Hawker Tempest II aircraft and one transport squadron of Douglas Dakota III/IV aircraft.^[47]

By the end of 1947, there were a total of 13 Indian major-generals and 30 Indian brigadiers, with all three army commands being led by Indian officers by October 1948, at which time only 260 British officers remained in the new Indian Army as advisers or in posts requiring certain technical abilities.^[48] With effect from April 1948, the former Viceroy's Commissioned Officers (VCO) were re-designated Junior Commissioned Officers (JCO), the distinction between King's Commissioned Indian Officers (KCIO) and Indian Commissioned Officers (ICO) was abolished and Indian Other Ranks were re-designated as "other ranks."^[49]

During this period, the armed forces of India were involved in a number of significant military operations, notably the

Operation Polo, the code name of a military operation in September 1948 where the Indian Armed Forces invaded the State of Hyderabad, annexing the state into the Indian Union. On 15 January 1949, General K. M. Cariappa was appointed the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian army.^[50] In February 1949, the Indian government repealed colonial-era legislation which mandated limits on the recruitment of certain ethnic groups into the armed forces.^[51]

Republic of India (1950 to present)

Upon India becoming a sovereign republic on 26 January 1950, some of the last vestiges of British rule – such as rank badges, imperial crowns, British ensigns and "Royal" monikers – were dropped and replaced with the Indian tricolour and the

Subroto Mukherjee became the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Air Force. Effective from 1 April 1955, a Parliamentary Act, the Commanders-In-Chiefs (Change in Designation) Act, re-designated the office of Commander-in-Chief as the Chief of Staff of each branch. Not until 1958 would the last British chief of staff that of the Indian Navy, be succeeded by an Indian. On 22 April of that year, Vice Admiral Ram Dass Katari

became the first Indian Chief of Naval Staff. The Chiefs of Staff of the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy were upgraded to four-star rank on par with the Chief of Army Staff in 1966 and 1968, respectively.

In 1961 tensions rose between

Operation Vijay.^[54]

A lopsided air, sea, and ground campaign resulted in the speedy surrender of Portuguese forces. Within 36 hours, 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule ended, and Goa was annexed by India.

1971 War

directly involved participation of all three arms of Indian Armed Forces.

India fought

TIME magazine, India gained more than 1,000 square miles (3,000 km²) of territory as a result of its military operations in Siachen.^[57] In 1987 and in 1989 Pakistan attempted to re-take the glacier but was unsuccessful. The conflict ended with Indian Victory.^[58] Since 2003, the two sides have maintained a ceasefire and with "cold peace".^[59]

The

Tamil Tigers under the terms of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord.^[60] It was a difficult battle for the Indian Army, which was not trained for an unconventional war. After losing approximately 1,200 personnel and several T-72 tanks, India ultimately abandoned the mission in consultation with the Sri Lankan government. In what was labelled as Operation Pawan

, the Indian Air Force flew about 70,000 sorties to and within Sri Lanka.

The beginning of the 21st century saw a reorientation for India on the global stage from a regional role in the subcontinent to a major role in the Indian Ocean stretching from the

South Asian subcontinent,^[62] and it has emerged as a regional power and "net security provider" in the Indo-Pacific region.^[63]^[64]

Overview

The headquarters of the Indian Armed Forces is in

Chief of the Air Staff (CAS).^[66]^[67]

The Indian armed force are split into different groups based on their region of operation. The Indian Army is divided administratively into seven tactical commands, each under the control of different

flag officer commanding-in-chief with the rank of vice admiral. There are two joint commands whose head can belong to any of the three services. These are the Strategic Forces Command and the Andaman and Nicobar Command. The lack of an overall military commander has helped keep the Indian Armed Forces under civilian control, and has prevented the rise of military dictatorships unlike in neighbouring Pakistan.^[69]

The Armed Forces have four main tasks;^[70]

To assert the territorial integrity of India.
To defend the country if attacked by a foreign nation.
To support the civil community in case of disasters (e.g. flooding).
To participate in United Nations peacekeeping operations in consonance with India's commitment to the United Nations Charter.

The code of conduct of the Indian military is detailed in a semi-official book called Customs and Etiquette in the Services, written by retired Major General Ravi Arora, which details how Indian personnel are expected to conduct themselves generally.^[71] Arora is an executive editor of the Indian Military Review.^[72]

The major deployments of the Indian army constitute the border regions of India, particularly

INDRA naval exercises

), and others.

Between April 2015 and March 2016, India allocated $40 billion to Defence Services, $10 billion to Defence (Civil Estimates) and another $10 billion to the Home Ministry for Paramilitary and CAPF forces – a total allocation for defence and security of about $60 billion for the financial year 2015–16.^[77]^[78] In 2016–17, the contribution to the Home Ministry has been increased from $10 billion to $11.5 billion.^[79]

Contemporary criticism of the Indian military have drawn attention to several issues, such as lack of political reform,

optical fibre cable (OFC) network for exclusive use of the Army, Navy and Air Force. This will be one of the world's largest closed user group (CUG) networks.^[85]

Personnel

During 2010, the Indian Armed Forces had a reported strength of 1.4 million active personnel and 2.1 million reserve personnel. In addition, there were approximately 1.3 million paramilitary personnel, making it one of the

world's largest military forces.^[86] A total of 1,567,390 ex- servicemen are registered with the Indian Army, the majority of them hailing from: Uttar Pradesh (271,928), Punjab (191,702), Haryana (165,702), Maharashtra (143,951), Kerala (127,920), Tamil Nadu (103,156), Rajasthan (100,592) and Himachal Pradesh (78,321). Many of them are re-employed in various Central government sectors.^[87]

Picture showing equivalent ranks and insignia of Indian Armed Forces. (click to enlarge)

The highest wartime gallantry award given by the Military of India is the

Ashoka Chakra Award. The highest decoration for meritorious service is the Param Vishisht Seva Medal

.

Women in the armed forces

As of December 2021, the percentages of women serving across all ranks in the Army, Navy and Air Force are 0.59%, 6.0% and 1.08%, respectively. Women may serve at any rank in the Army and Air Force, but may only serve in the Navy as commissioned officers.[88]

During the

two-star rank.^[92]

In January 1992, the Union government sanctioned the induction of women into non-combatant branches of the Army while holding short-service commissions.[93] On 28 November 1992, the Indian Navy became the first armed force to commission women on short-service commissions in non-medical streams (Education, Logistics and Naval Law).^[94] The Air Force approved the induction of women officers for ground duties in 1992, with those officers receiving their commissions on 1 June 1993, and opened the flying (non-fighter) and technical branches to women the same year,^[95] commissioning its first seven female pilots on 17 December 1994.^[96] Until December 1996,^[93] women short-service commission officers in the Armed Forces were limited to five years in service, excepting the technical branch of the air force, in which female officers could only serve for three years.^[97] In August 1998, the Navy opened all of its branches to women.^[98]

three-star rank.^[99] In September 2008, women became eligible for permanent commissions in the Judge Advocate General (JAG) and Education Corps in all three services, along with the Naval Constructor branch of the Navy and in the Accounts branch of the Air Force. This made them eligible to be promoted by selection in those streams (to the ranks of colonel, captain and group captain, and to the flag ranks), as short-service commissions are relinquished after 14 years of service. In November 2011, women Air Force officers further became eligible for permanent commissions in the Technical, Administration, Logistics and Meteorology Branches.^[100]

Branches

Indian Armed Forces^[17]^[101]^[18]
	Active	Reserve^[102]	Governing Body	Area
Indian Army	1,237,117	960,000	Ministry of Defence
Indian Navy	67,228	55,000	Ministry of Defence
Indian Air Force	139,576	140,000	Ministry of Defence
Indian Coast Guard	11,000		Ministry of Defence
Border Roads Organisation	33,230		Ministry of Defence
	1,488,151	1,155,000
Paramilitary Forces^[101]
	Active	Reserve	Governing Body	Area
Assam Rifles	66,000		Ministry of Home Affairs
Special Frontier Force	10,000^[102]		Ministry of Home Affairs
	76,000	N.A.
Central Armed Police Forces and Others^[101]^[103]
Border Security Force	265,000		Ministry of Home Affairs	Indo-Pak Border, Indo-Bangladesh, others^[104]
Central Industrial Security Force	163,590		Ministry of Home Affairs	Industries, PSUs
Central Reserve Police Force	313,634		Ministry of Home Affairs	All India Force
Indo-Tibetan Border Police	89,432		Ministry of Home Affairs	India-China Border^[105]
National Security Guard	12,000^[102]		Ministry of Home Affairs	On Special duty in India
Sashastra Seema Bal	94,261		Ministry of Home Affairs	Indo-Nepal Border and Indo-Bhutan Border^[106]
Railway Protection Force	76,563^[102]		Ministry of Railways	Indian Railways
National Disaster Response Force	13,000		Ministry of Home Affairs	Area prone to Disaster in India
Defence Security Corps	31,000^[102]
Special Protection Group	3,000^[102]		Cabinet Secretariat	Cabinet Secretariat
State Armed Police Forces	450,000^[102]		State Governments	Respective States
Civil Defence		500,000^[102]
Home Guard		441,800^[102]
	1,511,480	941,800

Recruitment and Training

The vast majority of soldiers in Indian Army are enlisted personnel, called by the Army as Soldier, general duty. These soldiers are recruited at different recruitment rallies across the country.^[107] At these rallies, Army recruiters look at candidates from surrounding districts and examine their fitness for the Army. Candidates for Soldier, general duty must have Class 10 Leaving Certificate and in the range of 17 to 21 years.^[108] The Army also does online applications to appear at recruitment rallies. Requirements for technical roles, like nurses, artillery, Missile Defense have more stringent educational requirements. The least restrictive job in Army is House Keeper and Cleaner, for which candidates only have to be 8th pass.

At the rally, prospective soldiers are evaluated for height, weight, vision and hearing, and physical fitness. Fitness tests include a 1.6 km Run, Pull Ups, jumping a 9 Feet ditch, and doing a zig zag balance test. After recruitment rally, accepted candidates go to Basic Training.^[109]

The Indian Armed Forces have set up numerous military academies across India for training personnel. Military schools,

Pune is responsible for providing the entire pool of medical staff to the Armed Forces by giving them in-service training.^[108]^[110]

Officer recruitment is through many military-related academies. Besides the tri-service

Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School (CIJW), in Vairengte, Mizoram, and the College of Military Engineering (CME), in Pune. After being commissioned, officers are posted and deputed, and are at the helm of affairs not only inside India but also abroad. Officers are appointed and removed only by the President of India.^[113]

Overseas bases and relations

Chah Bahar Seaport in southeastern Iran, which is speculated to be done to secure India's Maritime assets and also as a gateway to Afghanistan & Central Asia. However, India and Israel also have a very strong defence relationship.^[118]

In the

strong military co-operation. India has defence pacts with the US focusing on areas including security, joint training, joint development and manufacture of defence equipment and technology.^[124] In 1951, India and Burma signed a Treaty of Friendship in New Delhi. Article II of the treaty stipulates that "There shall be everlasting peace and unalterable friendship between the two States who shall ever strive to strengthen and develop further the cordial relations existing between the peoples of the two countries."^[125] India had signed a pact to develop ports in Myanmar and various bilateral issues, including economic co-operation, connectivity, security and energy.^[126]

India has a "comprehensive strategic partnership" with UAE.[127] India has maritime security arrangements in place with Oman and Qatar.^[128] In 2008, a landmark defence pact was signed, under which India committed its military assets to protect "Qatar from external threats".^[129] On 9 June 2012, the JIMEX 2012 naval exercise took place off the coast of Tamil Nadu in India to Tokyo in Japan. This was the first ever bilateral maritime exercise between the two nations in a long time, reflecting their similar interests, especially those involving spontaneous regional security against common external aggressors. The Indian Navy has berthing rights in Oman and Vietnam.

As part of its two-decade-old Look East policy, India has substantially stepped up military engagement with East Asian and ASEAN nations. Although never explicitly stated, ASEAN and East Asian nations want New Delhi to be a counterweight to increasing Chinese footprints in the region. Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia and, particularly, Vietnam and Myanmar have time and again pressed India to help them both in terms of military training and weapons supply.^[130] Myanmar's Navy Chief, Vice Admiral Thura Thet Swe during his four-day visit to India in late July 2012 held wide-ranging consultations with top officials from the Indian Ministry of Defence. Apart from increasing the number of training slots of Myanmar officers in Indian military training establishments, India has agreed to build at least four Offshore Patrol Vehicles (OPV) in Indian Shipyards to be used by Myanmar's navy. For more than a decade now, India has assisted Vietnam in beefing up its naval and air capabilities. For instance, India has repaired and upgraded more than 100 MiG 21 planes of the Vietnam People's Air Force and supplied them with enhanced avionics and radar systems. Indian Air Force pilots have also been training their Vietnamese counterparts. In a first, India has offered a $100-million credit line to Vietnam to purchase military equipment. A bilateral agreement for the use of facilities in India by the Singapore Air Force and Army was signed in October 2007 and August 2008 respectively and has been extended up to 2017. Singapore is the only country to which India is offering such facilities.^[131]

Indian Army

Indian Army's Arjun Mark 1A tank.

The Indian Army is a voluntary service, the

K.M. Cariappa

are the only two officers who have attained this rank.

The army has rich combat experience in diverse terrains, due to India's varied geography, and also has a distinguished history of serving in

paramedical unit to facilitate the withdrawal of the sick and wounded in the Korean War

.

Doctrine, corps, field force

The current combat doctrine of the Indian Army is based on effectively utilising holding formations and strike formations. In the case of an attack, the holding formations would contain the enemy, and strike formations would counter-attack to neutralise enemy forces.^{[citation needed]} In the case of an Indian attack, the holding formations would pin enemy forces down whilst the strike formations attack at a point of India's choosing. The Indian Army is large enough to devote several corps to the strike role. The army is also looking at enhancing its special forces capabilities.^[133] With the role of India increasing, and the need to protect India's interests on far-off shores becoming important, the Indian Army and Indian Navy are jointly planning to set up a marine brigade.^[134]

The Army's field force comprises fifteen corps, three armoured divisions, four Reorganised Army Plains Infantry Divisions (RAPID), eighteen infantry divisions and ten mountain divisions, a number of independent brigades, and requisite combat support and service support formations and units. Among the fifteen, four are "strike" corps – Mathura (I Corps), Ambala (II Corps), Bhopal (XXI Corps) and Panagarh (XVII Corps). The main combat and combat support units are 68 armoured regiments, and over 350 infantry battalions and 300 artillery regiments (including two surface-to-surface missile (SSM) units). Amongst major armaments and equipment, there are 4,614 main battle tanks, more than 150,000 vehicles, 140 self-propelled artillery, 3,243 towed artillery, more than 700 rocket artillery(MLRS) in the Indian Army.^[135]

Mountain Strike Corps

India has raised a new mountain strike corps to strengthen its defence along its disputed border with China in the high reaches of the Himalayas. However, the entire XVII Corps, with its headquarters at Panagarh in West Bengal, will only be fully raised with 90,274 troops at a cost of 646.7 Billion Indian Rupees by 2018–2019 (circa US$7.3 Billion at 2018 rates). With units spread across the 4,057 kilometres (2,521 mi) Line of Actual Control (LAC) from Ladakh to Arunachal Pradesh, the corps will have two high-altitude infantry divisions (59 Div at Panagarh and 72 Div at Pathankot) with their integral units, two independent infantry brigades, two armoured brigades and the like. It will include 30 new infantry battalions and two Para-Special Forces battalions. In other words, it will have "rapid reaction force" capability to launch a counter-offensive into Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) in the event of any Chinese attack.^[136]

Army Aviation Corps

The

Light Combat Helicopters to the Indian Army.^{[citation needed}

]

Modernisation

Mechanised forces

India is re-organising its mechanised forces to achieve strategic mobility and high-volume firepower for rapid thrusts into enemy territory. At present, the Indian army has severe deficiencies in its artillery (particularly self-propelled guns) and ammunition stocks, not to mention the inability of some of its modern tanks to operate in the heat and dust of the desert regions around the international border.

infantry combat vehicle (ICV) fleet to enhance their ability to address operational requirements. Upgrades include integration of the latest generation fire control system, twin missile launchers and commander's thermal imaging panoramic sights, anti- tank guided missiles, as well as automatic grenade launchers.^[139]

Artillery

Under the Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan, the army plans to procure 3000 to 4000 pieces of artillery at a cost of US$3 billion. This includes purchasing 1580 towed, 814 mounted, 180 self-propelled wheeled, 100 self-propelled tracked and 145 ultra-light 155 mm/52 calibre artillery guns. After three years of searching and negotiations, India ordered M777 155 mm howitzers from USA in September 2013.^[140]

To lend greater firepower support to the

Tatra truck for mobility. Pinaka saw service during the Kargil War,^[141] where it was successful in neutralising enemy positions on the mountain tops. It has since been inducted into the Indian Army in large numbers.^[142]^[143]

Infantry

The Indian Army has also embarked on an infantry modernisation programme known as Futuristic Infantry Soldier As a System (F-INSAS). The infantry soldiers will be equipped with modular weapon systems that will have multiple functions. The core systems include bullet proof helmet and visor. The bullet proof helmet is an integrated assembly equipped with helmet mounted flashlight, thermal sensors and night vision device, miniature computer with audio headsets. The personal clothing of the soldier of the future would be lightweight with a bullet-proof jacket. The futuristic jacket would be waterproof, yet it would be able to breathe. The new attire will enable the troops to carry extra loads and resist the impact of nuclear, chemical and biological warfare. The new uniform will have vests with sensors to monitor the soldier's health parameters and to provide quick medical relief. The weapons sub-system is built around a multi-calibre individual weapon system with the fourth calibre attached to a grenade launcher. These include a 5.56 mm, a 7.62 mm and a new 6.8 mm under development for the first time in India.^[144]

In November 2013, the Indian Army moved a step closer to the battlefield of the future, where command networks know the precise location of every soldier and weapon, with whom generals can exchange reports, photos, data and verbal and written communications. Army headquarters called in 14 Indian companies and issued them an expression of interest (EoI) for developing a Battlefield Management System (BMS). The BMS will integrate combat units – armoured, artillery and infantry regiments, infantry battalions, helicopter flights, etc. – into a digital network that will link together all components of the future battlefield. While precise costs are still unclear, vendors competing for the contract say the army expects to pay about Rs 40,000 crore for developing and manufacturing the BMS.^[145] However, in 2015, the Indian Army decided to replace the F-INSAS program in favour of two separate projects. The new program will have two components: one arming the modern infantry soldier with the best available assault rifle, carbines and personal equipment such as the helmet and bulletproof vests, the second part is the Battlefield Management Systems (BMS).^[146]

Indian Navy

The Indian Navy is the

fleet tankers

and 137 patrol vessels.

Ships

The Indian navy operates two aircraft carriers- the first is the INS Vikramaditya, a modified Kiev-class ship,^[151] and the indigenous INS Vikrant (2013). The navy also operates one Visakhapatnam-class, three Kolkata-class, three Delhi-class and three Rajput-class guided-missile destroyers. The Rajput-class destroyers will be replaced in the near future by the next-generation Visakhapatnam class (Project 15B destroyers). In addition to destroyers, the navy operates several classes of frigates such as three Shivalik (Project 17 class) and six Talwar-class frigates. Seven additional Nilgiri-class (Project 17A-class) frigates are on order. The older Brahmaputra-class frigates will be replaced systematically one by one as the new classes of frigates are brought into service over the next decade. Smaller littoral zone combatants in service are in the form of corvettes, of which, the Indian Navy operates the Kamorta, Kora, Khukri, Veer and Abhay classes. Replenishment tankers such as the Jyoti-class tanker, the Aditya class and the new Deepak-class fleet tankers help improve the navy's endurance at sea. These tankers will be the mainstay of the replenishment fleet until the first half of the 21st century.

Submarines

The Indian Navy operates a sizeable fleet of Sindhughosh (Russian Kilo-class design) and Shishumar (German Type 209/1500 design)-class submarines. A nuclear-powered attack submarine INS Chakra has been leased from Russia. India is completing the construction of six Scorpène-class submarines at Mazagon Dockyards Limited (MDL), in Mumbai under technology transfer from French firm DCNS. The new submarines feature air-independent propulsion and started joining the navy towards the end of 2017; four were in service by the end of 2021. Designed for coastal defence against under-water threats, the 1,750-tonne submarine-submarine-killer (SSK) Scorpène is 67 metres (219 ft 10 in) in length and can dive to a depth of 300 metres (980 ft). According to French naval officials, the submarine can stay at sea for 45 days with a crew of 31.^[152] The standard version has six torpedo tubes and anti-shipping missile launchers. Another ambitious project in this regard is the

nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine manufacture programme – Arihant

class.

Weapons systems

In the category of weapon systems, the Indian Navy operates

Dhanush, which has a range of 350 kilometres (220 mi) and can carry a nuclear warhead.^[155]

Naval Air Arm

The

P-8I Neptune and has issued a global tender for nine medium-range maritime reconnaissance (MRMR) aircraft for coastal defence.^[157]

Defence satellite

India's first exclusive defence satellite

Ku-band relay capacity. Its Ku-band capacity is expected to provide high-density data transmission facility both for voice and video. This satellite has been provided with additional power to communicate with smaller and mobile (not necessarily land-based) terminals. This dedicated satellite is expected to provide the Indian navy with an approximately 3,500–4,000 kilometres (2,200–2,500 mi) footprint over the Indian Ocean region, and over both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal region and enable real-time networking of all its operational assets in the water (and land). It also will help the navy to operate in a network-centric atmosphere.^[158]

Exercises

India often conducts naval exercises with other friendly countries designed to increase naval interoperability and also to strengthen cooperative security relationships. Some exercises take place annually like: the Varuna with the French Navy, Konkan with the Royal Navy, Indra with Russian Navy,

Malabar with the US and Japan navies, Simbex with the Republic of Singapore Navy and IBSAMAR with the Brasil and South African navies. In 2007, Indian Navy conducted naval exercise with the Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force and the U.S. Navy in the Pacific and also signed an agreement with Japan in October 2008 for joint naval patrolling in the Asia-Pacific region. India has also held naval exercise with Vietnam, the Philippines and New Zealand. In 2007, India and South Korea decided to conduct annual naval exercises and India participated in the South Korean international fleet review. In addition, the Indian Navy will also be increasing naval co-operation with other allies, particularly with Germany, and Arab states of the Persian Gulf including Kuwait, Oman,^[159] Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.^[160] Indian Navy also took part in the world's largest naval exercise/war-game RIMPAC 2014 along with 22 other nations^[161]

and has since taken part in RIMPAC each year.

Modernisation

In recent years, the Indian Navy has undergone

radar cross-section, infra-red suppression, and acoustic quieting systems are being built for the Indian Navy.^{[citation needed}

]

Guided missile destroyer D66

.

Recent induction of the attack submarine INS Chakra, and the development of INS Arihant, make the Indian Navy one of six navies worldwide capable of building and operating nuclear-powered submarines.

MiG 29K fighters and light combat aircraft such as the HAL Tejas

.

India is also set to become the first country to buy a military aircraft from Japan since World War II. India is expected to sign a deal for the purchase of six Utility Seaplane Mark 2 (US-2) amphibian aircraft when Prime Minister Narendra Modi visits Japan from 31 August – 3 September 2014. The 47-tonne US-2 aircraft does not require a long airstrip to take off or to land. It is capable of taking off from land and water (300 metres (330 yd)-stretch). It can carry loads of up to 18 tonnes and can be engaged in search and rescue operations. With a range of over 4,500 kilometres (2,800 mi) it can patrol areas 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) away and react to an emergency by landing 30 armed troops even in waves as high as 10 feet (3.0 m).^[166]

Indian Air Force

The Indian Air Force is the air arm of the Indian armed forces. Its primary responsibility is to secure Indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during a conflict. It was officially established on 8 October 1932 as an auxiliary air force of the British Raj and the prefix Royal was added in 1945 in recognition of its services during World War II. After India achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, the Royal Indian Air Force served the Dominion of India, with the prefix being dropped when India became a republic in 1950. The Indian Air Force plays a crucial role in securing Indian airspace and also in India's power projection in South Asia and Indian Ocean. Therefore, modernising and expanding the Indian Air Force is a top priority for the Indian government. Over the years, the IAF has grown from a tactical force to one with transoceanic reach. The strategic reach emerges from induction of Force Multipliers like Flight Refuelling Aircraft (FRA), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and credible strategic lift capabilities.

Aircraft

Historically, the IAF has generally relied on Soviet, British, Israeli and French military craft and technology to support its growth. IAF's primary air superiority fighter with the additional capability to conduct air-ground (strike) missions is

MiG-29 is a dedicated air superiority fighter, and constitutes a second line of defence after the Sukhoi Su-30MKI. At present, 66 MiG-29s are in service, all of which are being upgraded to the MiG-29UPG standard. The Dassault Mirage 2000 is the primary multirole fighter in service and the IAF operates 49 Mirage 2000Hs which are being upgraded to the Mirage 2000-5 MK2 standard. As part of the upgrade, the aircraft will also be equipped with MBDA's MICA family of medium-range missiles.^[168] To give the IAF fighters an edge in anti-ship and land attack roles, a smaller version of BrahMos missile is being developed to be integrated in Sukhoi Su-30MKI^[169] and is expected to be delivered to IAF by 2015.^[170]

In the aerial refuelling (tanker) role, the IAF operates six

delivered by November 2013. The C-130J Super-Hercules planes of the IAF is used by special forces for combined Army-Air Force operations. There are six C-130Js in service and six more are planned to be procured.^[171] The Antonov An-32

serves as medium transport aircraft in the IAF.

As an airborne early warning system, the IAF operates the Israeli EL/W-2090

Embraer ERJ 145. Three ERJ 145 were procured from Embraer at a cost of US$300 Million, including the contracted modifications to the airframe. Probable delivery date for the first batch of three is 2015.^[173]

Network-centric warfare

The Indian Air Force (IAF) made progress towards becoming a truly network-centric air force with the integration of Air Force Network (AFNET), a reliable and robust digital information grid that enables accurate and faster response to enemy threats, in 2010.^{[citation needed]} The modern, state-of-the-art AFNET is a fully secure communication network, providing IAF a critical link among its command and control centre, sensors such as the Airborne Early Warning and Control Systems, and attack platforms such as fighter aircraft and missile launchers. Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS), an automated command and control system for Air Defence (AD) operations will ride the AFNet backbone integrating all ground-based and airborne sensors, AD weapon systems and C2 nodes.

Subsequent integration with other services networks and civil radars will provide an integrated Air Situation Picture to operators to carry out Air Defence role. AFNet will prove to be an effective

force multiplier for intelligence analysis, mission planning and control, post-mission feedback and related activities like maintenance, logistics and administration. A comprehensive design with multi-layer security precautions for "Defence in Depth" have been planned by incorporating encryption technologies, Intrusion Prevention Systems to ensure the resistance of the IT system against information manipulation and eavesdropping.^[174]

In October 2013, IAF launched its own stand-alone ₹3 Billion (US$34 Million) cellular network, through which secure video calling and other information exchange facilities will be provided. The IAF also plans to issue around one hundred thousand mobile handsets to its personnel of the rank of sergeant and above to connect and provide secure 'end-point' connectivity to airborne forces deployed across the country. The captive network has been named 'Air Force Cellular'. While Phase I of the project will ensure mobile connectivity to all air combat units in the National Capital Region, its Phase II will cover the rest of the bases.^[175]

Modernisation

The

Mi-17 IV helicopters, heavy lift helicopters, Advanced Light Helicopter and Light Combat Helicopters. Among trainer aircraft, the Hawk Advanced Jet Trainer has been inducted and the Intermediate Jet Trainer

(IJT) would be acquired in the near future.

HAL Tejas firing Astra (missile)

In recent times, India has also manufactured its own aircraft such as the HAL Tejas, a 4th generation fighter, and the HAL Dhruv, a

HAL Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) is a multi-role combat helicopter being developed in India by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for use by the Indian Air Force and the Indian Army. The LCH is being designed to fit into an anti-infantry and anti-armour role and will be able to operate at high altitudes.^[179] LCH will be fitted with indigenous anti-tank missile Helina

.

India also maintains

Astra,^[181] and also building a Medium Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) called Rustom.^[182]

India is also in an ambitious collaboration programme with Russia to build

AESA radar

.

Joint co-development and co-production of

Multi-role Transport Aircraft (MTA), by Russian partners and HAL, is being launched to meet the requirements of the Russian and Indian Air Forces. The aircraft will be designed for the roles of a 15–20 ton cargo / troop transport, paratrooping / airdrop of supplies including Low Altitude Parachute Extraction System (LAPES) capability. It will be configured such that all types of cargo can be transported, and the aircraft would be capable of operating from semi-prepared runways. The MTA is expected to replace the Indian Air Force's ageing fleet of Antonov An-32 transport aircraft. The aircraft is expected to conduct its first flight by 2017, and to enter service by 2018.^[184]^{[needs update}

]

To protect IAF assets on the ground, there has been a search for short-range surface-to-air missile. India has begun deploying six Akash surface-to-air missile (SAM) squadrons in the northeast to deter Chinese jets, helicopters and drones against any misadventure in the region. The IAF has started taking delivery of the six Akash missile squadrons, which can "neutralise" multiple targets at a 25 kilometres (16 mi) interception range in all weather conditions, earmarked for the eastern theatre. The IAF has already deployed the first two Akash squadrons at the Mirage-2000 base in Gwalior and the Sukhoi base in Pune.^[185]

Indian Coast Guard

The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) protects India's maritime interests and enforces maritime law, with jurisdiction over the territorial waters of India, including its contiguous zone and exclusive economic zone. The Indian Coast Guard was formally established on 18 August 1978 by the Coast Guard Act, 1978 of the Parliament of India as an independent Armed force of India. It operates under the Ministry of Defence.^[186]

The Coast Guard works in close co-operation with the Indian Navy, the Department of Fisheries, the Department of Revenue (Customs) and the Central and State police forces.

Central Armed Police Forces

The following are the seven paramilitary police forces termed as Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs).^[187]^[188] These forces were earlier referred to as the "central paramilitary forces". In 2011, the nomenclature CAPF was adopted to refer them.^[189]^[190]

Assam Rifles

The Assam Rifles trace their lineage to a paramilitary police force that was formed under the British in 1835 called Cachar Levy. Since then the Assam Rifles have undergone a number of name changes before the name Assam Rifles was finally adopted in 1917.^[191] Over the course of its history, the Assam Rifles, and its predecessor units, have served in a number of roles, conflicts and theatres including World War I where they served in Europe and the Middle East, and World War II where they served mainly in Burma. In the post-World War II period, the Assam Rifles have expanded greatly as has their role. There are currently 46 battalions^[192] of Assam Rifles under the control of the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). They perform many roles including: the provision of internal security under the control of the army through the conduct of counter insurgency and border security operations, provision of aid to the civil power in times of emergency, and the provision of communications, medical assistance and education in remote areas.^[193] In times of war they can also be used as a combat force to secure rear areas if needed.

Central Reserve Police Force

Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is the largest of the CAPFs with 325,000 personnel in 246

Naxalite force.^[197]^[198]

Border Security Force

Attari-Wagah border

.

The primary role of the Border Security Force (BSF) is to guard the land borders of the country, except the mountains. The sanctioned strength is 257,363^{[verification needed]} personnel in 186 battalions,^[199]^[200]^[201] and is headed by an Indian Police Service Officer.

Indo-Tibetan Border Police

The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) is deployed for guard duties on the border with China from Karakoram Pass in Ladakh to Diphu La in Arunachal Pradesh covering a total distance of 2,488 kilometres (1,546 mi).^[202] It has 90,000 personnel in 60 battalions.^[203]^[204]^[205]

Sashastra Seema Bal

The objective of the Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) is to guard the Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan Borders. As of 2019, it has 94,261 active personnel in 73 battalions and a strength of 98,965 is sanctioned.^[206]

Central Industrial Security Force

One of the largest industrial security forces in the world, the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) provides security to various

public sector companies (PSUs) and other critical infrastructure installations across the country, such as airports. It has a total strength of about 144,418 personnel in 132 battalions.^[207]^[208]^[201]

National Security Guard

The National Security Guard (NSG) is an elite counter-terrorist and rapid response force. Its roles include conducting anti-sabotage checks, rescuing hostages, neutralising terrorist threats to vital installations, engaging terrorists, responding to hijacking and piracy and protecting VIPs. It has 8636 personnel (including 1086 personnel for regional hubs.^[209]). The NSG also includes the Special Ranger Group (SRG), whose 3,000 personnel provide protection to India's VVIPs.^{[needs update]}

M249 SAW and MP5

during Republic Day parade in 2021.

Other forces

Special Frontier Force

The Special Frontier Force (SFF) is India's

refugees

whose main goal was to conduct covert operations behind Chinese lines in case of another war between the People's Republic of China and India. Later, its composition and roles were expanded.

Based in Chakrata, Uttarakhand, SFF is also known as the Establishment 22.^[210]^[211] The force is under the direct supervision of the Research and Analysis Wing, India's external intelligence agency.^[212]

Special Protection Group

The Special Protection Group (SPG) was formed in 1988 by an act of the Parliament of India to "provide proximate security to the Prime Minister of India and former Prime Minister of India and members of their immediate families (wife, husband, children and parents)". For former Prime Ministers and their dependents, a regular review is held to decide whether the threat to their life is high enough to warrant SPG protection.

Railway Protection Force

The Railway Protection Force (RPF) was established under the Railway Protection Force Act 1957. The RPF is charged with providing security for Indian Railways.^[213] It has a sanctioned strength of 75,000 personnel.^[214]^{[needs update]}

National Disaster Response Force

The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is a specialised force constituted "for the purpose of specialist response to a threatening disaster situation or disaster". It is manned by persons on deputation from the various Central Armed Police Forces. At present it has 12 battalions, located in different parts of India.^[215] The control of NDRF lies with the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), which is headed by the Prime Minister.

Special Forces

The

Counter-proliferation

. The various branches include,

Para (Special Forces): Formed in 1966, the
Para (SF) are the largest and most important part of the Special Forces of India. They are a part of the highly trained Parachute Regiment of the Indian Army.^{[citation needed}
] The main aim of having a Parachute Regiment is for quick deployment of soldiers behind the enemy lines to attack the enemy from behind and destroy their first line of defence. Para (SF) conducted a series of joint exercises with US army special forces called Vajra Prahar.

Ghatak Force:
Scout Sniper Platoon, STA platoon of the US Marine Corp and the Patrols platoon of the British Army. A Ghatak Platoon is usually 20-men strong, consisting of a commanding captain, 2 non-commissioned officers and some special teams like marksman and spotter pairs, light machine gunners, a medic, and a radio operator. The remaining soldiers act as assault troopers. Most undergo training at the Commando Training Course in Belagavi, Karnataka. Often, other specialised training like heliborne assault, rock climbing, mountain warfare, demolitions, advanced weapons training, close quarter battle and infantry tactics are also given. Members of the platoon are also sent to the High Altitude Warfare School and Counterinsurgency and Jungle Warfare School.^[217]

Marine Commandos (MARCOS):
Wular Lake.^[219] To strengthen its capabilities to carry out special operations, the navy is planning to procure advanced Integrated Combat System (ICS) for the MARCOS. The Navy wants the ICS for effective command, control and information sharing to maximise capabilities of individuals and groups of the MARCOS while engaging enemies.^[220]^{[needs update}
] The individual equipment required by the navy in the ICS includes light weight helmets, head-mounted displays, tactical and soft ballistic vests along with communication equipment. The group-level gear requirements include command and control and surveillance systems along with high speed communication equipment.

Garud Commando Force: The Garud Commando Force is the Special Forces unit of the Indian Air Force. It was formed in September 2004 and has a strength of approximately 2000 personnel.^{[needs update]} The unit derives its name from Garuda, a divine bird-like creature of Hindu Mythology. Garud is tasked with the protection of critical Air Force bases and installations; search and rescue during peace and hostilities and disaster relief during calamities.^[221] Garuds are deployed in the Congo as part of the UN peace keeping operations.

Weapons of mass destruction

Chemical and biological weapons

In 1992 India signed the

sulphur mustard) had been destroyed. By the end of 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 per cent of its chemical weapons/material stockpile and was granted an extension to destroying the remaining stocks by April 2009.^[222]

It was expected to achieve 100 per cent destruction within that time frame. India informed the United Nations in May 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention. With this India has become third country after South Korea and Albania to do so. This was cross-checked by United Nations' inspectors.

India has also ratified the Biological Weapons Convention (January 1973) and pledges to abide by its obligations. There is no clear evidence, circumstantial or otherwise, that directly points toward an offensive biological weapons programme. India does possess the scientific capability and infrastructure to launch such an offensive programme, but has chosen not to do so.^{[citation needed]}

Nuclear weapons

India has been in possession of

Shaurya, the Sagarika, the Dhanush, and others. India conducted its first test with the Agni-V in April 2012 and a second test in September 2013. With its 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) range, it can carry a nuclear warhead to the east to include all of China, and to the west deep into Europe.^[224] Agni-VI, with a perceived range of 10,000–12,000 kilometres (6,200–7,500 mi) is also under development with features like multiple independently targetable re-entry warheads (MIRVs).^[225]^[226]

India also had bomber aircraft such as the Tupolev Tu-142 and well as fighter jets like the Dassault Rafale,

MiG-29 and the HAL Tejas capable of being armed with nuclear tipped bombs and missiles.^[227] Since India does not have a nuclear first use policy against an adversary, it becomes important to protect from a first strike. This protection is being developed in the form of the two layered Anti-ballistic missile defence system.^{[citation needed}

]

India's

Strategic Nuclear Command

controls its land-based nuclear warheads, while the navy controls the ship and submarine based missiles and the air force the air-based warheads. India's nuclear warheads are deployed in five areas:

Ship based mobile, like the

Dhanush

. (operational)

Land-based mobile, like the

Agni

. (operational)

Fixed underground silos (operational)

Submarine based, like the Sagarika. (operational)^[22]
Air-based warheads of the Indian Air Forces' strategic bomber force like the Dassault Mirage 2000 and the Jaguar (operational)

Land-based nuclear armed ballistic missiles
Name	Type	Range (km)	Status
Prithvi-I	Short-range ballistic missile	150	Deployed
Prithvi-II	Short-range ballistic missile	250–350
Prithvi-III	Short-range ballistic missile	350–600
Agni-I	Short / Medium-range ballistic missile	700–1,250
Agni-II	Medium-range ballistic missile	2,000–3,000
Agni-III	Intermediate-range ballistic missile	3,500–5,000
Agni-IV	Intermediate-range ballistic missile	4,000
Agni-V	Intercontinental ballistic missile and MIRV	7,000-8,000
Agni-VI	Intercontinental ballistic missile and MIRV	10,000–12,000	Under development
Surya	Intercontinental ballistic missile and MIRV	12,000–16,000	Unconfirmed

Sea-based nuclear armed ballistic missiles
Name	Type	Range (km/mi)	Status
Dhanush	Short-range ballistic missile	350 km (220 mi)	Operational
Sagarika (K-15)	Submarine-launched ballistic missile	700 km (430 mi)	Operational^[22]
K-4	Submarine-launched ballistic missile	4,000	Tested^[228]
K-5	Submarine-launched ballistic missile	5,000	Under Development^[229]
K-6	Submarine-launched ballistic missile	6,000	Under Development^[230]

Nuclear-armed cruise missiles

BrahMos:

BrahMos (missile)

.

The BrahMos is a Mach 3 Supersonic Cruise Missile developed in collaboration with Russia. Its land attack and anti-ship variants are in service with the Indian Army and Indian Navy. Sub-Launched and Air Launched variants are under development or testing.

BrahMos II

The BrahMos II is a Mach 7 Hypersonic Cruise Missile being developed in collaboration with Russia.

Nirbhay:

The Nirbhay is a Long Range Sub-Sonic Cruise Missile. This Missile has a range of over 1,000 kilometres (620 mi).^[231]^[232]

Other missiles

Akash:

The Aakash is a medium-range, mobile surface-to-air missile defence system.^[233]^[234] The missile system can target aircraft up to 30 kilometres (19 mi) away, at altitudes up to 18,000 metres (20,000 yd)^[235]

Nag:

The Nag is a third generation "

Integrated Guided Missile Development Program

(IGMDP).

HELINA:

The HELINA is a variant of the NAG Missile to be launched from a helicopter.^[236] It will be structurally different from the Nag.

Shaurya:

The Shaurya is a canister launched

hypersonic surface-to-surface tactical missile with a range more than 750 kilometres (470 mi).^[237] It provides the potential to strike an adversary in the short-intermediate range.^[238]^[239]

Prahaar:

The Prahaar is a solid-fuelled surface-to-surface guided short-range tactical ballistic missile.^[240]

Astra:

The Astra is a "Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile" (BVRAAM) developed for the Indian Air Force.^[241]

India's nuclear doctrine

India has a declared nuclear

minimum deterrence". In August 1999, the Indian government released a draft of the doctrine^[242] which asserts that nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursue a policy of "retaliation only". The document also maintains that India "will not be the first to initiate a nuclear first strike, but will respond with punitive retaliation should deterrence fail".^[242]

The fourth

National Security Advisory Board, affirmed that regardless of the size of a nuclear "attack against India," be it a miniaturised version or a "big" missile, India will "retaliate massively to inflict unacceptable damage".^[247] Here, the term "attack against India" means attack against the "Union of India" or "Indian forces anywhere".^[248]

Missile defence programme

anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) units working together to provide an intense and highly effective defensive barrier to attacks on vital targets.^[249]

Ballistic missile defence

The Ballistic Missile Defence Program is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi-layered

ballistic missile defence system to protect India from ballistic missile attacks.^[250]^[251]

Introduced in light of the ballistic missile threat from Pakistan,

Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception. The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) away.^[253]

PAD was tested in November 2006, followed by AAD in December 2007. With the test of the PAD missile, India became the fourth country to have successfully developed an anti-ballistic missile system, after the United States, Russia and Israel.^[254] On 6 March 2009, India again successfully tested its missile defence shield, during which an incoming "enemy" missile was intercepted at an altitude of 75 kilometres (47 mi).^[255]

On 6 May 2012, it was announced that Phase-I is complete and can be deployed on short notice to protect Indian cities.^[256]^[257] New Delhi, the national capital, and Mumbai, have been selected for the ballistic missile defence shield.^[258] After successful implementation in Delhi and Mumbai, the system will be used to cover other major cities in the country.^[259] This shield can destroy incoming ballistic missiles launched from as far as 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) away. When the Phase II is completed and the PDV is developed, the two anti-ballistic missiles can intercept targets up to 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) both at exo and endo-atmospheric (inside the atmosphere) regions. The missiles will work in tandem to ensure a hit probability of 99.8 per cent.^[260]^[261] This system can handle multiple targets simultaneously with multiple interceptors.^{[citation needed]}

India is reported to have procured a squadron of

S-300V systems which are in use as an anti-tactical ballistic missile screen.^[262]^[263]

Cruise missile defence

Defending against an attack by a cruise missile on the other hand is similar to tackling low-flying manned aircraft and hence most methods of aircraft defence can be used for a cruise missile defence system. To ward off the threats of nuclear-tipped cruise missile attack India has a new missile defence programme which will be focused solely on intercepting cruise missiles. The technological breakthrough has been created with an AAD missile.[264] DRDO Chief, Dr.

V K Saraswat stated in an interview: "Our studies have indicated that this AAD will be able to handle a cruise missile intercept."^[265]

Furthermore, India is acquiring airborne radars like AWACS to ensure detection of cruise missiles in order to stay on top of the threat.^[265]

surface-to-air air defence missile. The naval version of this missile has the capability to intercept incoming enemy cruise missiles and combat jets targeting its warships at sea.^[267] It would also be inducted into the Indian Air Force, followed by the Army.^[268] Recently developed, India's Akash missile defence system also has the capability to "neutralise aerial targets like fighter jets, cruise missiles and air-to-surface missiles".^[269]^[270] Both the Barak-8 and the Akash missile defence systems can engage multiple targets simultaneously during saturation attacks.^[271]

On 17 November 2010, in an interview Rafael's vice-president Mr. Lova Drori confirmed that the David's Sling system has been offered to the Indian Armed Forces.^[272] This system is further designed to distinguish between decoys and the actual warhead of a missile.^[273]

S-400 Triumf

In October 2018,

S-400 Triumf surface-to-air missile defence systems.^[274]

Defence intelligence

The

intelligence for the Indian armed forces.^[275] It was created in March 2002 and is administered within the Union Ministry of Defence.^{[citation needed}

] It is headed by a Director General who is also the principal adviser to the Minister of Defence and the Chief of Defence Staff.

Traditionally, the bulk of intelligence work in India has been carried out by the

United States military also provided advice to Indian military officers on the creation of the DIA.^[276]

DIA has control of MoD's prized technical intelligence assets – the Directorate of Signals Intelligence and the Defence Image Processing and Analysis Centre (DIPAC). While the Signals Directorate is responsible for acquiring and decrypting enemy communications, the DIPAC controls India's satellite-based image acquisition capabilities. The DIA also controls the Defence Information Warfare Agency (DIWA) which handles all elements of the information warfare repertoire, including psychological operations, cyber-war, electronic intercepts and the monitoring of sound waves.

Research and development

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is an agency of the Republic of India, responsible for the development of technology for use by the military, headquartered in New Delhi, India. It was formed in 1958 by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and the Directorate of Technical Development and Production with the Defence Science Organisation. DRDO has a network of 52 laboratories which are engaged in developing defence technologies covering various fields, like aeronautics, armaments, electronic and computer sciences, human resource development, life sciences, materials, missiles, combat vehicles development and naval research and development. The organisation includes more than 5,000 scientists and about 25,000 other scientific, technical and supporting personnel. Annual operating budget of the DRDO is pegged at $1.6 billion (2011–12).^[277]^{[needs update]}

Electronic-warfare, Cyber-warfare, military hardware

The DRDO's avionics programme has been a success story with its mission computers,

electronic warfare systems for IAF and the Indian Army and high-performance Sonar

systems for the navy.

DRDO also developed other critical military hardware, such as the

Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher

, which has a maximum range of 39 kilometres (24 mi) – 40 kilometres (25 mi) and can fire a salvo of 12 high-explosive rockets in 44 seconds, neutralising a target area of 3.9 square km. This project was one of the first major Indian defence projects involving the Private sector.

India has created the Defence Cyber Agency, which has the responsibility of conducting Cyberwarfare.^[278]

Missile development programme

Nag missile

.

DRDO executed the

Yakhont

system. The DRDO has been responsible for the navigational systems on the BrahMos, aspects of its propulsion, airframe and seeker, fire control systems, mobile command posts and the Transporter Erector Launcher.

The US Department of Defence (

Javelin anti-tank missile.^[279]

Unmanned aerial vehicles

The DRDO has also developed many

AURA.^[281]

Anti-satellite weapon

In 2010, the defence ministry drafted a 15-year "Technology Perspective and Roadmap", which held development of

low earth and polar orbits. India is known to have been developing an exo-atmospheric kill vehicle that can be integrated with the missile to engage satellites.^[283]

On 27 March 2019, India conducted the

first test of an ASAT weapon.^[284]

Future programmes

Directed-energy weapons

It is also known that DRDO is working on a slew of

directed energy weapons (DEWs) and has identified DEWs, along with space security, cyber-security, and hypersonic vehicles/missiles as focus areas in the next 15 years.^[285]

Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle

The Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) is an unmanned

hypersonic flight (Mach 6.5). The HSTDV program is run by the DRDO.^[286]

Peace keeping, anti-piracy, and exploration missions

United Nations peacekeeping

Indian soldiers patrol under UN mission in Congo, Africa, 2014.

Indian Army doctors attend to a child in Congo.

India has been the largest troop contributor to

Operation Cactus.^[291] As of June 2013, about 8000 Indian UN peacekeepers, both men and women, are deployed in nine missions, including the Congo, South Sudan, Liberia, UNDOF, Haiti, Lebanon, Abeyi, Cyprus and Cote de Ivoire.^[287]^{[needs update}

]

Anti-piracy mission

India sought to augment its naval force in the Gulf of Aden by deploying the larger

warships in the region.^[294]^[295] On 2010-09-06, a team of Indian marine commandos (MARCOS) boarded MV Jag Arnav and overpowered attacking pirates – seven heavily armed Somalis and one Yemeni national. In the seven-year time frame India deployed 52 warships to combat piracy, which resulted in the area up to 65 degrees east being cleared of pirates.^[296]

Relief operations

2015 Chennai Floods

.

The Indian Air Force provides regular relief operation for food and medical facilities around the world using its cargo aircraft most notably the Ilyushin Il-76. The most recent relief operation of the IAF was in Kyrgyzstan.^[297]^[298]^{[needs update]} During the 2010 Ladakh floods, two Ilyushin Il-76 and four Antonov-32 aircraft of the IAF carried 30 tonnes of load, which include 125 rescue and relief personnel, medicines, generators, tents, portable X-ray machines and emergency rescue kits. A MI-17 helicopter and Cheetah helicopter were used to increase the effectiveness of the rescue operations.^[299] During the 2013

Yemeni Crisis.^[300]^[301]^[302]^[303]^[304]^[305]

IAF efforts in eclipse study

The Indian Air Force successfully undertook sorties to help Indian scientists study the total solar eclipse that took place on 23 July 2010. Two separate missions from Agra and Gwalior were flown along the path of the Moon's shadow, a mission that was deemed hugely successful by scientists associated with the experiment. While one AN-32 transport aircraft carrying scientific equipment, cameras and scientists took off from Agra and landed back after a three-hour flight, a Mirage-2000 trainer from Gwalior took images of the celestial spectacle from 40,000 feet (12,000 m). With weather being clear at such altitudes and coordinates planned by the IAF pilots, both the AN-32 and Mirage-2000 pilots were able to accomplish the mission successfully.^[306]

Indian Navy exploration

The Indian Navy regularly conducts adventure expeditions. The sailing ship and training vessel INS Tarangini began circumnavigating the world on 23 January 2003, intending to foster good relations with other nations; she returned to India in May of the following year after visiting 36 ports in 18 nations. Lt. Cdr. M.S. Kohli led the Indian Navy's first successful expedition to Mount Everest in 1965. Another Navy team also successfully scaled Everest from the north face, the more technically challenging route.^[307] An Indian Navy team comprising 11 members successfully completed an expedition to the North Pole in 2006.^[308] The Indian Naval ensign first flew in Antarctica in 1981. The Indian Navy succeeded in Mission Dakshin Dhruv by traversing to the South Pole on skis in 2006. With this historic expedition, they set the record for being the world's first military team to have successfully completed a ski traverse to the geographic south pole.^[309]

Misconceptions in nomenclature

There are a number of uniformed forces in India apart from the Indian Armed Forces. All such forces are established under the acts of Parliament. They are: the

Cabinet Secretariat of India, the Railway Protection Force under Ministry of Railways (India), and the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) under the Ministry of Defence (India). These forces are referred to as "Armed Force of the Union" in their respective acts, which means a force with armed capability and not necessarily "Armed Forces", the term as per international standards and conventionally referred to as "Army", "Navy" and "Air Force". The Supreme Court in its judgements reported in AIR 1996 SC 1705 held that the military service is only confined to three principal wings of the armed forces i.e. Army, Navy and Air Force. Further the Honourable Supreme Court of India in a case reported in AIR 2000 SC 3948 clarified that unless it is a service in the three principal wing of the Armed Forces, a force included in the expression "Armed forces of the Union" does not constitute part of the military service/military.^[310]

To differentiate from Armed Forces, Some of other forces were commonly referred to as Central Paramilitary Forces which caused confusion and give the impression of them being part of the military forces.

To remove such confusion, in 2011 the Ministry of Home Affairs adopted the uniform nomenclature of Central Armed Police Forces for only five of its Primary Police organisations.^[311]^[312] These were formerly called as Paramilitary Forces. Central Armed Police Forces are still incorrectly referred to as "Paramilitary Forces" in the media and in some correspondences. These forces are headed by officers from the Indian Police Service and are under the Ministry of Home Affairs.

Other uniform services are referred to by their names only such as: the Railway Protection Force, the NSG, the SPG, the ICG, the Assam Rifles etc., but not under any collective nomenclature. However, conventionally some forces are referred to as the

Paramilitary Forces of India, for example the Assam Rifles, the SFF

and the ICG.

The Indian Coast Guard is often confused incorrectly as being a part of the military forces due to the organisation being under the Ministry of Defence. The Supreme Court in its judgement has held that unless it is a service in the three principal wings of the Armed Forces, a force included in the expression "Armed forces of the Union" does not constitute part of military service/military. The Indian Coast Guard works closely with civilian agencies such as Customs, the Department of Fisheries, the Coastal Police etc. with its primary role being that of a non-military, maritime law enforcement agency.[313]^[314] It is independent of the command and control of the Indian Navy. ICG was initially planned to be kept under the Ministry of Home Affairs but has been kept under the Ministry of Defence for better synergy since it is patterned like the navy.^[315] The ICG does not take part in any protocol of military forces such as the President's Body Guard, ADCs, the Tri-Services Guard of Honour etc. Their recruitment is also not under the Combined Defence Services Exam/National Defence Academy Exam which is one of the prime modes of commissioning officers to the Armed Forces. Indian Coast Guard Officers continue to get their training with Indian Navy Officers since the ICG does not have its own training academy. Already a new Indian Coast Guard Academy for training of their officers is under construction.^{[needs update]} Often ICG loses its credit for being incorrectly recognised as part of Indian military Forces and not as a unique independent force.^{[citation needed]}

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Footnotes

^ Does not include members of the Indian Police Service.

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Indian Army – Official website

Indian Air Force – Official website

Indian Navy – Official website (archived 16 October 2012)

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Equivalent ranks of Indian military
Indian Navy	Indian Army	Indian Air Force
Commissioned ranks
Admiral of the fleet	Field marshal	Marshal of the Indian Air Force
Admiral	General	Air chief marshal
Vice admiral	Lieutenant general	Air marshal
Rear admiral	Major general	Air vice marshal
Commodore	Brigadier	Air commodore
Captain	Colonel	Group captain
Commander	Lieutenant colonel	Wing commander
Lieutenant commander	Major	Squadron leader
Lieutenant	Captain	Flight lieutenant
Sub lieutenant	Lieutenant	Flying officer
Junior commissioned ranks
Master chief petty officer 1st class	Subedar major^{[Alt 1]}	Master warrant officer
Master chief petty officer 2nd class	Subedar^{[Alt 2]}	Warrant officer
Chief petty officer	Naib subedar^{[Alt 3]}	Junior warrant officer
Non-commissioned ranks
Petty officer	Havildar	Sergeant
Leading seaman	Naik	Corporal
Seaman 1	Lance naik	Leading aircraftsman
Seaman 2	Sepoy	Aircraftsman
Footnotes
Risaldar major in cavalry and armoured regiments ^ Risaldar in cavalry and armoured regiments Naib risaldar in cavalry and armoured regiments. Called jemadar until 1965.

History

Ancient to medieval era

British India (1857 to 1947)

Dominion of India (1947–1950)

Republic of India (1950 to present)

Overview

Personnel

Women in the armed forces

Branches

Recruitment and Training

Overseas bases and relations

Indian Army

Doctrine, corps, field force

Mountain Strike Corps

Army Aviation Corps

Modernisation

Mechanised forces

Artillery

Infantry

Indian Navy

Ships

Submarines

Weapons systems

Naval Air Arm

Defence satellite

Exercises

Modernisation

Indian Air Force

Aircraft

Network-centric warfare

Modernisation

Indian Coast Guard

Central Armed Police Forces

Assam Rifles

Central Reserve Police Force

Border Security Force

Indo-Tibetan Border Police

Sashastra Seema Bal

Central Industrial Security Force

National Security Guard

Other forces

Special Frontier Force

Special Protection Group

Railway Protection Force

National Disaster Response Force

Special Forces

Weapons of mass destruction

Chemical and biological weapons

Nuclear weapons

Nuclear-armed cruise missiles

Other missiles

India's nuclear doctrine

Missile defence programme

Ballistic missile defence

Cruise missile defence

S-400 Triumf

Defence intelligence

Research and development

Electronic-warfare, Cyber-warfare, military hardware

Missile development programme

Unmanned aerial vehicles

Anti-satellite weapon

Future programmes

Directed-energy weapons

Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle

Peace keeping, anti-piracy, and exploration missions

United Nations peacekeeping

Anti-piracy mission

Relief operations

IAF efforts in eclipse study

Indian Navy exploration

Misconceptions in nomenclature

See also

References

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

External links