Indian Institutes of Technology
Other name | IIT or IITs (plural) |
---|---|
Type | Ministry of Education, Government of India |
Budget | ₹10,324.5 crore (US$1.3 billion) (FY2024–25 est.)[1] |
Location | 23 cities in India |
Language | English |
Website | www |
The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are a network of engineering and technology institutions in India. Established in 1950, they are renowned for their academic excellence. They are under the ownership of the
List of all Indian Institutes of Technology
No. | Name | Abbreviation | Founded | Converted as IIT | State/UT | Website |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | IIT Kharagpur | IITKGP | 1951 | 1951 | West Bengal | www |
2 | IIT Bombay
|
IITB | 1958 | 1958 | Maharashtra | www |
3 | IIT Madras | IITM | 1959 | 1959 | Tamil Nadu | www |
4 | IIT Kanpur |
IITK | 1959 | 1959 | Uttar Pradesh | www |
5 | IIT Delhi |
IITD | 1961 | 1961 | Delhi | home |
6 | IIT Guwahati |
IITG | 1994 | 1995 | Assam | www |
7 | IIT Roorkee |
IITR | 1847 | 2002[8] | Uttarakhand | www |
8 | IIT Ropar |
IITRPR | 2008 | 2008 | Punjab
|
www |
9 | IIT Bhubaneswar |
IITBBS | 2008 | 2008 | Odisha | www |
10 | IIT Gandhinagar |
IITGN | 2008 | 2008 | Gujarat | www |
11 | IIT Hyderabad | IITH | 2008 | 2008 | Telangana | www |
12 | IIT Jodhpur |
IITJ | 2008 | 2008 | Rajasthan | www |
13 | IIT Patna |
IITP | 2008 | 2008 | Bihar | www |
14 | IIT Indore |
IITI | 2009 | 2009 | Madhya Pradesh | www |
15 | IIT Mandi |
IITMD | 2009 | 2009 | Himachal Pradesh | www |
16 | IIT Varanasi |
IIT BHU | 1919 | 2012[9] | Uttar Pradesh | www |
17 | IIT Palakkad | IITPKD | 2015[10] | 2015 | Kerala | iitpkd |
18 | IIT Tirupati |
IITT | 2015[11] | 2015 | Andhra Pradesh | www |
19 | IIT Dhanbad | IIT DHN | 1926 | 2016[12] | Jharkhand | www |
20 | IIT Bhilai |
IITBH | 2016[13] | 2016 | Chhattisgarh | www |
21 | IIT Dharwad | IITDH | 2016[14] | 2016 | Karnataka | iitdh |
22 | IIT Jammu |
IITJMU | 2016[15] | 2016 | Jammu and Kashmir | www |
23 | IIT Goa |
IIT GOA | 2016[16] | 2016 | Goa | iitgoa |
History
In the late 1940s, a 22-member committee, headed by Nalini Ranjan Sarkar, recommended the establishment of these institutions in various parts of India, along the lines of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), with affiliated secondary institutions.[17]
The first Indian Institute of Technology was founded in May 1950 at the site of the
On 15 September 1956, the Parliament of India passed the Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur) Act, declaring it as an Institute of National Importance. Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India, in the first convocation address of IIT Kharagpur in 1956, said:[20]
Here in the place of that Hijli Detention Camp stands the fine monument of India, representing India's urges, India's future in the making. This picture seems to me symbolically of the changes coming to India.
On the recommendations of the Sarkar Committee, four campuses were established at
In the tenth meeting of IIT Council in 1972, it was also proposed to convert the then IT-BHU into an IIT and a committee was appointed by IIT Council for the purpose but because of political reasons, the desired conversion could not be achieved then.
Student agitations in the state of
In 2001, the
From 2008 to 2009, eight new IITs were set up in Gandhinagar, Jodhpur, Hyderabad, Indore, Patna, Bhubaneswar, Ropar, and Mandi.
In 2015 to 2016, six new IITs in
The entire allocation by the central government for the 2017-18 budget for all Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) was slightly over ₹70 billion (US$880 million). However, the aggregate money spent by Indian students for tertiary education in the United States was about six times more than what the central government spends on all IITs.[27]
In June 2023, education officials of India and Tanzania announced that the first foreign IIT campus would be established on the Tanzanian autonomous territory of Zanzibar, as a satellite campus of IIT Madras. The campus is scheduled to begin offering classes in October 2023.[28]
Organisational Structure
The
Under the IIT Council is the Board of Governors of each IIT. Under the Board of Governors is the Director, who is the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT.[31] Under the Director, in the organisational structure, comes the Deputy Director. Under the Director and the deputy director, come the Deans, Heads of Departments, Registrar, President of the Students' Council, and Chairman of the Hall Management Committee. The Registrar is the chief administrative officer of the IIT and overviews the day-to-day operations.[31] Below the Heads of Department (HOD) are the faculty members (Professors, Associate Professors, and Assistant Professors). The Wardens come under the Chairman of the Hall Management Committee.[32]
The Institutes of Technology Act
The Institute of Technology Act (parliamentary legislation) gives legal status, including degree-granting powers, to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). It was notified in the gazette as Act Number 59 of 1961 on 20 December 1961 and came into effect on 1 April 1962. The Act also declares these institutes as Institutes of National Importance.
Academics
The IITs receive comparatively higher grants than other engineering colleges in India.[33] While the total government funding to most other engineering colleges is around ₹ 100–200 million ($2–4 million) per year, the amount varies between ₹ 900–1300 million ($19–27 million) per year for each IIT.[25] Other sources of funds include student fees and research funding from industry and contributions from the alumni. The faculty-to-student ratio in the IITs is between 1:6 and 1:8.[34] The Standing Committee of IIT Council (SCIC) prescribes the lower limit for faculty-to-student ratio as 1:9, applied department wise. The IITs subsidize undergraduate student fees by approximately 80% and provide scholarships to all Master of Technology students and Research Scholars (PhD) to encourage students for higher studies, per the recommendations of the Thacker Committee (1959–1961).[35] The cost borne by undergraduate students is around ₹180,000 per year.[36] Students from the OBC, ST, SC categories, female students as well as physically challenged students are also entitled to scholarships.[37][38]
The various IITs function autonomously, and their special status as Institutes of National Importance facilitates the smooth running of IITs, virtually free from both regional as well as student politics. Such autonomy means that IITs can create their curricula and adapt rapidly to the changes in educational requirements, free from bureaucratic hurdles. The government has no direct control over internal policy decisions of IITs (like faculty recruitment and curricula) but has representation on the IIT Council. The medium of instruction in all IITs is English.[39] The electronic libraries allow students to access online journals and periodicals. The IITs and IISc, Bengaluru have taken an initiative along with Ministry of Education to provide free online videos of actual lectures of different disciplines under National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning. This initiative is undertaken to make quality education accessible to all students.[40]
The academic policies of each IIT are decided by its Senate. This comprises all professors of the IIT and student representatives. Unlike many Western universities that have an elected senate, the IITs have an academic senate. It controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations and results, and appoints committees to look into specific academic matters. The teaching, training and research activities of the institute are periodically reviewed by the senate to maintain educational standards.[41] The Director of an IIT is the ex-officio Chairman of the Senate.
All the IITs follow the credits system of performance evaluation, with proportional weighting of courses based on their importance. The total marks (usually out of 100) form the basis of
Undergraduate education degrees
The Bachelor of Technology (BTech) degree is the most common undergraduate degree in the IITs in terms of student enrollment,[citation needed] although Bachelor of Science (BS) degree, dual degrees integrating Master of Science or Master of Arts are also offered. The BTech course is based on a 4-year program with eight semesters,[42] while the Dual Degree and Integrated courses are 5-year programs with ten semesters. In all IITs, the first year of BTech and Dual Degree courses are marked by a common course structure for all the students, though in some IITs, a single department introduction-related course is also included.[43] The common courses include the basics from most of the departments like Computers, Electronics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Electrical and Physics. At the end of the first year (the end of the first semester at IIT Madras, IIT Hyderabad, IIT Bhilai, IIT Palakkad, and IIT Roorkee), an option to change departments is given to meritorious students based on their performance in the first two semesters.[44] Few such changes ultimately take place as the criteria for them are usually strict,[44] limited to the most meritorious students.
From the second year onward, the students study subjects exclusively from their respective departments.
Postgraduate education
Master's degrees and postgraduate diplomas
The IITs offer several postgraduate programs including
Some of the IITs offer an M.S. (by research) program; the MTech and M.S. are similar to the US universities' non-thesis (course-based) and thesis (research-based) masters programs respectively. Admissions to master's programs in engineering are made using scores of the
Several IITs have schools of management offering master's degrees in management or business administration.
In April 2015, IIT Bombay launched the first U.S.-India joint EMBA program alongside Washington University in St. Louis.[48]
Bachelors-Masters dual degrees
The IITs also offer an unconventional BTech and MTech integrated educational program called "Dual Degree". It integrates undergraduate and postgraduate studies in selected areas of specialisation. It is completed in five years[49] as against six years in conventional BTech (four years) followed by an MTech (two years).[50] Integrated Master of Science programs are also offered at few IITs which integrates the Undergraduate and Postgraduate studies in Science streams in a single degree program against the conventional university system. These programs were started to allow its graduates to complete postgraduate studies from IIT rather than having to go to another institute.
Doctoral
The IITs also offer the Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) as part of their
The IITs, along with NITs and IISc, account for nearly 80% of all engineering PhDs in India.[51] IITs now allow admission in PhD programs without the mandatory GATE score.[52][53]
Culture and student life
All the IITs provide on-campus residential facilities to the students, research scholars and faculty. The students live in
Moreover, an Inter IIT Sports Meet is organised annually where participants from all 23 IITs contest for the General Championship Trophy in 13 different sports. Along with Inter IIT Cultural Meet and Tech Meet , all of them generally happening on various dates in the month of December every year.
Technical and cultural festivals
All IITs organize annual technical festivals, typically lasting three or four days. The technical festivals are
Annual
Academic rankings
IITs have generally ranked above all other engineering colleges in India for Engineering. According to
Name | 2023 NIRF[59] | 2022 NIRF[60] | 2021 NIRF[61] | 2020 NIRF[62] | 2019 NIRF[63] | 2023 QS World[64] | 2022 QS World[65] | 2021 QS World[66] | 2020 QS World[67] | 2022 QS Asia[68] | 2020 QS India[69] | Times World[70] | Times Asia[70] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IIT Madras | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 250 | 255 | 275 | 271 | 54 | 4 | 601-800 (2020) | 125 (2020) | |
IIT Bombay | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 172 | 177 | 172 | 152 | 42 | 1 | 401-500 (2020) | 69 (2020) | |
IIT Delhi | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 174 | 185 | 193 | 182 | 45 | 3 | 401-500 (2020) | 67 (2020) | |
IIT Kanpur | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 264 | 277 | 350 | 291 | 64 | 6 | 601-800 (2020) | 125 (2020) | |
IIT Kharagpur | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 270 | 280 | 314 | 281 | 60 | 5 | 401-500 (2020) | 59 (2020) | |
IIT Roorkee | 5 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 369 | 400 | 383 | 383 | 109 | 9 | 501-600 (2020) | 83 (2020) | |
IIT Guwahati | 7 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 384 | 395 | 470 | 491 | 119 | 10 | 601-800 (2020) | 160 (2020) | |
IIT Hyderabad | 8 | 16 | 17 | 22 | 581-590 | N/A | 224 | 15 | 601-800 (2021) | 144 (2021) | |||
IIT (BHU) Varanasi | 15 | 28 | 26 | 28 | N/A | 281-290 | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | N/A | 251-260 | 46 | 1001-1200 (2022) | 201-250 (2021) | ||||
IIT Indore | 14 | 30 | 23 | N/A | 396 | 178 | 13 | 401-500 (2022) | 78 (2021) | ||||
IIT Mandi | 33 | 82 | 67 | 44 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1001-1200 (2022) | N/A | ||||
IIT Ropar | 22 | 31 | 39 | 29 | N/A | 261-270 | 25 | 351-400 (2022) | 55 (2021) | ||||
IIT Gandhinagar | 18 | 33 | 35 | 51 | N/A | 301-350 | N/A | 601-800 (2022) | N/A | ||||
IIT Jodhpur | 30 | N/A | |||||||||||
IIT Patna | 41 | 51 | 54 | 58 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 301-350 | 36 | 801-1000 (2022) | 301-350 (2021) | |
IIT Bhubaneswar | 47 | 58 | 56 | 46 | 801-1000 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 251-260 | 20 | 1001-1200 (2022) | 251-300 (2021) | |
IIT Tirupati | 59 | N/A | |||||||||||
IIT Palakkad | 69 | N/A | |||||||||||
IIT Bhilai | 81 | ||||||||||||
IIT Dharwad | 93 | ||||||||||||
IIT Jammu | 67 | ||||||||||||
IIT Goa | N/A |
Reservation Policy and Discrimination
IITs practice affirmative action and offer reservation to the "backward and weaker sections" of the society that includes SC/ST/OBC-NCL/EWS/PWD/Girl candidates. About 50% of seats are reserved for candidates holding backward-caste certificates, and 10% seats are further reserved for candidates from general (unreserved) category who fulfill the economically weaker section criteria. Furthermore, students from reserved categories pay significantly lower fees compared to students from the unreserved category.
Despite the implementation of reservation policies, provision of economic assistance, and enforcement of the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, IITs failed to stem out caste and religion based discrimination among its students and faculty. Discrimination against dalits, tribals and minorities has become a plague in these institutions leading to suicides among the students from these marginalized communities. Very little to none has been done to prevent discrimination on its campuses.[71] [72][73][74][75][76]
Criticism
The IITs have faced criticism from within and outside academia. Major concerns include allegations that they encourage
With the tripling the number of IITs in recent decades, the newly created institutes have struggled to establish themselves compared to their peers. A 2021 report by Comptroller and Auditor General of India criticized the newer IITs for not meeting targets for research, faculty and student recruitment, students retention, as well as for being beset with infrastructure delays.[79][80]
In the recent past, the number of student suicides has attracted significant attention.[81]
Brain drain
Among the criticisms of the IIT system by the media and academia, a common notion is that it encourages
This trend has been reversed somewhat (dubbed the reverse brain drain) as hundreds of IIT graduates, who have pursued further studies in the US, started returning to India in the 1990s.[84] The extent of intellectual loss receded substantially over the 1990s and 2000s, with the percentage of students going abroad dropping from as high as 70% at one time to around 30% in 2005.[84] This is largely attributed to the liberalization of the Indian economy and the opening of previously closed markets. Government initiatives are encouraging IIT students into entrepreneurship programs and are increasing foreign investment. Emerging scientific and manufacturing industries, and outsourcing of technical jobs from North America and Western Europe have created opportunities for aspiring graduates in India. Additionally, IIT alumni are giving back generously to their parent institutions.[85]
Entrance competition
The highly competitive examination in the form of
In a documentary aired by
Not all children are of a similar aptitude level and may be skilled in different paradigms and fields. This has led to criticism of the way the examinations are conducted and the way a student is forced in the Indian community. The IIT-JEE format was restructured in 2006 following these complaints.[90] After the change to the objective pattern of questioning, even the students who initially considered themselves not fit for subjective pattern of IIT-JEE decided to take the examination. Though the restructuring was meant to reduce the dependence of students on coaching classes, it led to an increase in students registering for coaching classes.[91] Some people (mostly IIT graduates) have criticized the changed pattern of the IIT-JEE. They reason that while IIT-JEE is traditionally used to test students' understanding of fundamentals and their ability to apply them to solve tough unseen problems, the current pattern does not stress much on the application part and might lead to a reduced quality of students.[92]
IIT-JEE is conducted only in English and
See also
- Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs)
- Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs)
- National Institutes of Technology(NITs)
- National Institute of Design (NID)
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- ^ Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey (4 May 2005). "Crack the IIT code, it's too easy". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2006.
- ^ "Sahitya Parishad demands entrance tests in Gujarati". The Times of India. 21 September 2011. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
- ^ "Another PIL seeks entrance tests in Gujarati". The Times of India. 21 October 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
- ^ "Plea to write IIT entrance in Tamil". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ "Committee Recommends Major Changes in IIT Entrance Examination". NDTV.com.
Further reading
- Rajguru; Pant, Ranjan (2003). IIT India's Intellectual Treasures. India: Indus Media. ISBN 0-9747393-0-8.
- Kripalani, Manjeet; Engardio, Pete; Spiro, Leah Nathans (1998). "INDIA'S WHIZ KIDS – Inside the Indian Institutes of Technology's star factory". Bloomberg BusinessWeek (International ed.). Archived from the original on 18 February 1999.
- Kirpal, Viney; Gupta, Meenakshi (1999). Equality Through Reservations. India: Vedams. ISBN 81-7033-526-4.
- Deb, Sandipan (2004). The IITians. India: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-04986-7.
- Rajguru, Suvarna (30 December 2005). "What makes the IITs so chic". LittleINDIA. Archived from the original on 3 September 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2006.
- Gates, Bill (17 January 2003). "Bill Gates Speech Transcript – Indian Institute of Technology 50th Anniversary Celebration Keynote". Microsoft corporation. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
- ISBN 81-291-0459-8.
- Agarwal, Rajeev (2013). What I Did Not Learn at IIT. India: Random House. ISBN 978-8-184-00486-1.
- Subbarao, E.C. (2008). An Eye for Excellence – 50 innovative years of IIT Kanpur. India: Harper Collins India. ISBN 978-81-7223-769-1.
External links
- Official website IIT Council
- The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 (PDF)