Indian Peace Keeping Force

Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) was the

The main task of the IPKF was to disarm the different militant groups, not just the LTTE. It was to be quickly followed by the formation of an Interim Administrative Council. These were the tasks as per the terms of the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord, signed at the behest of Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. Given the escalation of the conflict in Sri Lanka, and with the pouring of refugees into India, Rajiv Gandhi took the decisive step to push this accord through. The IPKF was inducted into Sri Lanka on the request of Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene under the terms of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord.^[1]

The force was initially not expected to be involved in any significant combat by the

The IPKF began withdrawing from Sri Lanka in 1989, on the orders of the newly elected Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa and following the election of the V. P. Singh government in India.^[2] The last IPKF contingents left Sri Lanka in March 1990.

India's battle in Sri Lanka is often called 'India's Vietnam' by international media, by way of comparison to American military involvement in the Vietnam War.^[8][9]

Background

Sri Lanka, from the early 1980s, was facing increasingly violent ethnic strife in the

In the 1970s, two major Tamil

However, the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka, enacted in August 1983, classified all separatist movements as unconstitutional,^[1] Outside the TULF, Tamil factions advocating more militant courses of action soon emerged, and the ethnic divisions eventually led to violent civil war.^[10]

Indian involvement and intervention

Initially, under

Rajiv Gandhi's government attempted to re-establish friendly relations with the various factions in Sri Lanka while maintaining diplomatic efforts to find a solution to the conflict as well as limiting overt aid to the Tamil militants.[13]^[14]

The Sri Lankan government, deducing a decline in support for the Tamil rebels from India, began rearming itself extensively for its anti-insurgent role with support from Pakistan, Israel, Singapore, and South Africa.

Following

Mandate

Amongst the provisions undersigned by the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord was the commitment of Indian military assistance should this be requested for by the Sri Lankan Government, as well as the provision of an Indian Peace Keeping Force that would "guarantee and enforce the cessation of hostilities".

By 1987, the IPKF consisted of:[17]

• 54 Infantry Division
  • 10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)
  • 65 Armoured Regiment, equipped with T-72 tanks.^[25]
  • 6th Battalion, Brigade of the Guards
  • 91 Infantry Brigade
    • 5th Battalion, Madras Regiment
    • 8th Battalion, Mahar Regiment
    • 1st Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry
  • 76 Infantry Brigade
    • 12th Battalion, Garhwal Rifles
    • 2nd Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry
    • 25th Battalion, Rajput Regiment^[26]
  • 47 Infantry Brigade
    • 11th Battalion, Madras Regiment
    • 5th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry
    • 14th Battalion, Sikh Light Infantry
• 36 Infantry Division^{[citation needed]}
  • 115 Infantry Brigade
    • 5th Battalion,
      1 Gorkha Rifles
  • 72 Infantry Brigade
    • 4th Battalion,
      5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)
      .
    • 13th Battalion, Sikh Light Infantry
  • 41 Infantry Brigade
    • 5th Battalion, Rajputana Rifles
• 57 Infantry Division
• 4 Mountain Division
• Independent Units
  • 340 Independent Infantry Brigade (Amphibious)
    • 1 Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry (later part of 57 Inf Div)
    • 26 Punjab
    • 25 Madras
    • 3 Punjab
  • 18 Infantry Brigade
    • 4th Battalion, Mahar Regiment
    • 12th Battalion, Grenadiers
  • 5th Battalion, Parachute Regiment
  • 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special forces)
  • 9th Battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special forces)
  • 13th Battalion, Brigade of the Guards
  • 4th Battalion, Assam Regiment
  • 15th Battalion Mechanised Infantry Regiment^[26]
  • 25th Battalion Mechanised Infantry Regiment
  • 17 Parachute Field Regiment
  • 831 Light Regiment
  • 8 Engineer Regiment
  • 110 Engineer Regiment

Indian Air Force

Soon after its intervention in Sri Lanka and especially after the confrontation with the LTTE, the IPKF received a substantial commitment from the Indian Air Force, mainly transport and helicopter squadrons under the command of Gp.Capt. M.P Premi, including:^[27]

• No. 33 Squadron- Antonov An-32s
• No 109 and No. 119 Helicopter Units – Mil Mi-8 helicopters.
• No. 125 HU – Mil Mi-24s.
• No. 664 AOP Squadron Chetak and Cheetah

Indian Navy

The Indian Navy regularly rotated naval vessels through Sri Lanka waters, mostly smaller vessels such as patrol boats.

• Indian Naval Air Arm
  • No. 321 Squadron of the Indian Navy – HAL Chetaks
  • No. 310 Squadron of the Indian Navy –
    Breguet Alizé
• MARCOS (also the Marine Commando Force or MCF) – Took part in Operation Pawan (Hindi, "wind") in 1987 and in the raid on an LTTE base at Gurunagar. MARCOS operators (including Lt Singh) boarded two Gemini rafts off the coast of Jaffna City and towed two wooden rafts of explosives into a channel leading to the city's Guru Nagar Jetty. Avoiding mines, eight men and two officers shifted to the wooden rafts and paddled to the jetty then fixed demolition charges to the jetty and LTTE speedboats. The commandos were detected but laid down suppressive fire and detonated the explosives before retreating to the Geminis without taking casualties. Two nights later, commandos swam back into the harbour amidst heavy patrolling by the LTTE to destroy the remaining speedboats. They were again detected and sustained minor injuries. These actions helped recapture Trincomalee and Jaffna harbours from the LTTE. For leading these actions, the 30-year-old Lieutenant Arvind Singh became the youngest officer to receive the Maha Vir Chakra.^[28]

• Central Reserve Police Force
• Indian Coast Guard

Combat operations

Analysis

Casualties

In December 1999, Defence Minister George Fernandes disclosed the IPKF had suffered 1,165 personnel killed in action with 3,009 others wounded.^[7] The LTTE casualties are not known.

Intelligence failures

The Indian intelligence agencies failed to consistently provide accurate information to Indian forces. One example is the

However, when the plan was executed, the Indian troops came under heavy attack from hidden LTTE sharpshooters. the tanks moving on the ground were ensnared by anti-tank mines placed by the LTTE militants. This resulted in heavy losses for the Indian side.^[citation needed] According to later accounts, the LTTE leader, Prabhakaran was not in the area at the time of the operation.^[29]

The IPKF complained that accurate maps of the operational theaters were not made available to them by the various intelligence agencies.^{[citation needed]}

There was also a case where an agent of

The IPKF mission while having gained tactical successes, did not succeed in its intended goals. The primary impact of the IPKF, has been that it shaped India's counterinsurgency techniques and military doctrine. The political fallout, the IPKF casualties, as well as the deterioration of international relations has shaped India's foreign policy towards the Sri Lankan conflict.

Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi

The decision to send the IPKF in Sri Lanka was taken by then Prime Minister of India,

India's foreign policy

The IPKF intervention in Sri Lanka is raised at times in Indian political discourse whenever the situation in Sri Lanka shows signs of deterioration or, more broadly, when other foreign nations, ought to have a role in promoting peace on the island nation. India has never been directly involved in the peace talks between the LTTE and Sri Lanka but has supported Norway's efforts. As a result, relations between India and Sri Lanka became extremely sour. No defence pact has been signed between India and Sri Lanka even though India reaffirmed its strong defence cooperation with Sri Lanka.^[30]

War Crimes

The IPKF role in the Sri Lankan conflict was criticised in both Sri Lanka and India. It perpetrated a number of human rights violations, including rapes and massacres of civilians. Several neutral organisations pointed out that the Indian Army acted with scant regard for civilian safety and violated human rights. This led to considerable outcry and public resentment within Sri Lanka as well as India, especially in Tamil Nadu, where the IPKF was viewed as an invading and oppressing force.

Indian forces indulged in a number of civilian massacres,

The IPKF was also accused of complicity in murder of Sinhalese civilians. The then Sri Lankan government accused the Madras Regiment posted in the Trincomalee district of complicity, although the Indian officials denied responsibility, they withdrew the Madras Regiment from Trincomalee district.^[36]

Sexual violence

From October 1987, the IPKF commenced war on the

• On 6 November 1987, at about 7:30am the IPKF committed a massacre of Tamil civilians in Jaffna to avenge the loss of their comrades. One witness saw both his two daughters being stripped naked below the waist by Hindi speaking soldiers. The girls were both crying and begging for mercy. The soldiers then separated their legs and shot them through their genitals, keeping the rifle barrel between the thighs. The witness closed his eyes and played dead during the shooting. He also heard the two daughters of another man also being shot through the genitals. 10 Tamil civilians were killed in total during this massacre, including infants.^[38]
• On 12 November 1987, at about 8am in Jaffna, three IPKF soldiers gang raped a Tamil mother in her mid 30s in her own home. Her husband was working abroad at the time. They also stole her gold jewellery. The victim reported suffering from nightmares following the attack and was haunted by the soldiers' faces and voices. She could still remember their beady eyes. She visited a psychiatrist who gave her drugs to quieten her down.^[4]
• The IPKF also raped a 13 year old Tamil girl from a middle-class family in a house that had once been a
  Tiger camp. The family and child fled to Colombo after the rape.^[4]
• On 16 November 1987, two IPKF soldiers raped a young Tamil girl in her home, after separating her from her parents. She bled after the rape and then jumped into the family well in desperation.[4]
• On 18 November 1987, between 2-3pm, two IPKF soldiers raped a widow (55) and a 22-year-old woman in a poor
  Catholic area of Jaffna. The younger girl was able to free herself after being raped, and ran down the road screaming. She cried out "they have spoilt me".^[4]
• On 17 December 1987, Sepoy Karnail Singh of 14 Sikh light infantry of the IPKF faced dismissal and one year's imprisonment for raping a Tamil woman from the village of Idaikkurichy. Similar punishment was given to A. Mani, the barber of 93 Field Regiment for raping an unmarried woman near Kodikamam on 24 December 1987.^[39]
• On 19 December 1987, at 11:30am, two Tamil women were raped in Jaffna by the IPKF. The younger woman was aged 25. The two women were taken into two separate rooms and raped. The IPKF soldiers left once the neighbours arrived en masse to the house, alerted by the dogs barking fiercely.^[4]
• On 23 December 1987, an educated 18 year old Tamil virgin from a poor labourer family was gang raped by two IPKF soldiers in succession. The previous day the soldiers had come and stolen chickens from their garden.^[4]
• Nail Banwari Lal and rifleman Gugan Ram of 18 Garhwal Rifles faced dismissal and 6 months' imprisonment each for trying to rape married women at Kaithadi on 25 December 1987.^[39]
• In 1987, when Tamil journalist Mr A.Lokeesan was six years old, he heard a Tamil woman screaming in a paddy field as she was being raped by
  IPKF soldiers.^[40]
• Karunaharen, a 16-year old Tamil boy was stopped along with his sister by IPKF soldiers. His sister was then taken into a house by the soldiers, where he heard her scream. He ran to the window and witnessed her being raped and then killed by the IPKF soldiers. He ran back to his home in terror. His parents later bought him a ticket to Canada, fearing for this safety. On his way to Canada, he was stopped at Seattle, taken off the plane and put in a detention centre with a criminal gang from Seattle. The gang members then beat and gang raped him. A sympathetic prison guard then handed him over to a Tamil lawyer living in Seattle.[41]

1988

• On 25 January 1988, the body of a 30 year old Tamil woman was found in a well. She had committed suicide after being raped by IPKF soldiers who had visited her house. The postmortem found clear evidence of rape, with lacerations to her vagina and bruises on the labia.^[4]
• On 29 January 1988, at 12:10pm, a 22 year old Tamil student was raped by 4 IPKF soldiers behind the bushes, after they separated her from her semi-blind father near a temple in Jaffna.^[4]
• Havildar Badan Singh of the IPKF committed sodomy against 4 male activists of the LTTE during their detention at Jaffna fort in January–February 1988.^[39]
• On 1 February 1988, an IPKF soldier of 12 Grenadiers – Khem Raj Meena – faced imprisonment and dismissal from service for attempting to rape another married Tamil woman at Thunnalai south, Point Pedro.^[39]
• On 27 May 1988, two IPKF soldiers, Latur Lal and Babu Lal of 12 Grenadiers, faced a year's imprisonment and dismissal from service for raping a married Tamil woman at Karaveddy during Operation Pawan.^[39]
• On 15 November 1988, 6 members of the IPKF raped 7 Tamil women in Jaffna. The victims of rape were Mrs. Sushila Veerasingam, Miss Manjulu Nadarajah, Miss Mala Asaipillai, Miss Rani Subramaniam, Miss Rajani Subramaniam, Miss Thayalini Sundaram and Miss Syamala Rajaratnam.^[42]
• Amnesty International reported an increasing number of allegations that IPKF personnel had raped Tamil women. Several dozen Tamil women have testified on oath that they were raped by IPKF personnel, for example in Kondavil East in the north and in Sathurkodanan and Morakkadanchenai villages in the east.^[43]

War memorial

The Sri Lankan government had mooted the idea of a war memorial to those soldiers of the IPKF who lost their lives during the peacekeeping mission, in the early Nineties during

A renovated memorial for IPKF soldiers in Palaly, Jaffna, has been declared open in June 2015. The names of 33 who died in the operations in the Northern Province during 1987–1990 have been inscribed on a wall at the memorial site.[46]

See also

References