Asiatic lion
Asiatic lion | |
---|---|
Male Asiatic lion in Gir National Park | |
Female with cub | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Carnivora |
Suborder: | Feliformia |
Family: | Felidae |
Subfamily: | Pantherinae |
Genus: | Panthera |
Species: | P. leo |
Subspecies: | P. l. leo |
Population: | Asiatic lion |
Current range of the Asiatic lion |
The Asiatic lion is a lion population of the subspecies Panthera leo leo. Since the turn of the 20th century, its range has been restricted to Gir National Park and the surrounding areas in the Indian state of Gujarat. The first
The population has steadily increased since 2010. In 2015, the 14th Asiatic Lion Census was conducted over an area of about 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi); the lion population was estimated at 523 individuals, and in 2017 at 650 individuals.
Taxonomy
Felis leo persicus was the scientific name proposed by Johann N. Meyer in 1826 who described an Asiatic lion skin from
- Felis leo bengalensis proposed by Edward Turner Bennett in 1829 was a lion kept in the menagerie of the Tower of London. Bennett's essay contains a drawing titled 'Bengal lion'.[4]
- Felis leo goojratensis proposed by Walter Smee in 1833 was based on two skins of maneless lions from Gujarat that Smee exhibited in a meeting of the Zoological Society of London.[5]
- Leo asiaticus proposed by Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet in 1834 was a lion from India.[6]
- Felis leo indicus proposed by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1843 was based on an Asiatic lion skull.[7]
In 2017, the Asiatic lion was subsumed to P. l. leo due to close morphological and molecular genetic similarities with Barbary lion specimens.[8][9] However, several scientists continue using P. l. persica for the Asiatic lion.[10][11][12][13][14][15]
Evolution
Phylogeography
Results of a
Genetic markers of 357 samples from captive and wild lions from Africa and India were examined. Results indicate four lineages of lion populations: one in Central and North Africa to Asia, one in Kenya, one in Southern Africa, and one in Southern and East Africa; the first wave of lion expansion probably occurred about 118,000 years ago from East Africa into West Asia, and the second wave in the late Pleistocene or early Holocene periods from Southern Africa towards East Africa.[20] The Asiatic lion is genetically closer to North and West African lions than to the group comprising East and Southern African lions. The two groups probably diverged about 186,000–128,000 years ago. It is thought that the Asiatic lion remained connected to North and Central African lions until gene flow was interrupted due to extinction of lions in Western Eurasia and the Middle East during the Holocene.[21][22]
Asiatic lions are less genetically diverse than African lions, which may be the result of a founder effect in the recent history of the remnant population in the Gir Forest.[23]
Characteristics
The Asiatic lion's fur ranges in colour from ruddy-tawny, heavily speckled with black, to sandy or buffish grey, sometimes with a silvery sheen in certain lighting. Males have only moderate mane growth at the top of the head, so that their ears are always visible. The mane is scanty on the cheeks and throat, where it is only 10 cm (4 in) long. About half of Asiatic lions' skulls from the Gir forest have divided infraorbital foramina, whereas African lions have only one foramen on either side. The sagittal crest is more strongly developed, and the post-orbital area is shorter than in African lions. Skull length in adult males ranges from 330–340 mm (13–13+1⁄2 in), and in females, from 292–302 mm (11+1⁄2–11+7⁄8 in). It differs from the African lion by a larger tail tuft and less inflated auditory bullae.[3] The most striking morphological character of the Asiatic lion is a longitudinal fold of skin running along its belly.[24]
Males have a shoulder height of up to 107–120 cm (42–47 in), and females of 80–107 cm (31+1⁄2–42 in).[25] Two lions in Gir Forest measured 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) from head to body with a 0.79–0.89 m (31–35 in) long tail of and total lengths of 2.82–2.87 m (9 ft 3 in – 9 ft 5 in). The Gir lion is similar in size to the Central African lion,[3] and smaller than large African lions.[26] An adult male Asiatic lion weighs 160.1 kg (353 lb) on average with the limit being 190 kg (420 lb); a wild female weighs 100 to 130 kg (220 to 285 lb).[27][28][1]
Manes
Colour and development of manes in male lions varies between regions, among populations and with age of lions.
Exceptionally sized lions
The confirmed record total length of a male Asiatic lion is 2.92 m (9 ft 7 in), including the tail.
Distribution and habitat
In
Lions inhabit remnant forest habitats in the two hill systems of Gir and Girnar that comprise Gujarat's largest tracts of tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, thorny forest and savanna, and provide valuable habitat for a diverse flora and fauna. Five protected areas currently exist to protect the Asiatic lion: Gir Sanctuary, Gir National Park, Pania Sanctuary, Mitiyala Sanctuary, and Girnar Sanctuary. The first three protected areas form the Gir Conservation Area, a 1,452 km2 (561 sq mi) large forest block that represents the core habitat of the lion population. The other two sanctuaries Mitiyala and Girnar protect satellite areas within dispersal distance of the Gir Conservation Area. An additional sanctuary is being established in the nearby Barda Wildlife Sanctuary to serve as an alternative home for lions.[36] The drier eastern part is vegetated with acacia thorn savanna and receives about 650 mm (26 in) annual rainfall; rainfall in the west is higher at about 1,000 mm (39 in) per year.[27]
The lion population recovered from the brink of
By 2020, at least six satellite populations had spread to eight districts in Gujarat and live in human-dominated areas outside the protected area network.[41] 104 lived near the coastline. Lions living along the coast, as well as those between the coastline and the Gir forest, have larger individual ranges.[42]
Former range
The Asiatic lion used to occur in
Historical records in Iran indicate that it ranged from the
In India, the Asiatic lion occurred in
Ecology and behaviour
Male Asiatic lions are solitary, or associate with up to three males, forming a loose
Results of a
Coalitions of males defend home ranges containing one or more female prides.[59] Together, they hold a territory for a longer time than single lions. Males in coalitions of three to four individuals exhibit a pronounced hierarchy with one male dominating the others.[60]
The lions in Gir National Park are active at twilight and by night, showing a high temporal overlap with sambar (Rusa unicolor), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus).[61]
Feeding ecology
In general, lions prefer large prey species within a weight range of 190 to 550 kg (420 to 1,210 lb), irrespective of their availability.[62] Domestic cattle have historically been a major component of the Asiatic lions' diet in the Gir Forest.[3] Inside Gir Forest National Park, lions predominantly kill chital (Axis axis), sambar deer, nilgai, cattle (Bos taurus), domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), and less frequently wild boar.[56] They most commonly kill chital, which weighs only around 50 kg (110 lb).[59] They prey on sambar deer when the latter descend from the hills during summer. Outside the protected area where wild prey species do not occur, lions prey on water buffalo and cattle, and rarely on dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). They generally kill most prey less than 100 m (330 ft) away from water bodies, charge prey from close range and drag carcasses into dense cover.[56] They regularly visit specific sites within the protected area to scavenge on dead livestock dumped by Maldhari livestock herders.[63] During dry, hot months, they also prey on mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) on the banks of Kamleshwar Dam.[51]: 148
In 1974, the Forest Department estimated the wild ungulate population at 9,650 individuals. In the following decades, the wild ungulate population has grown consistently to 31,490 in 1990 and 64,850 in 2010, including 52,490 chital, 4,440 wild boar, 4,000 sambar, 2,890 nilgai, 740 chinkara (Gazella bennetti), and 290 four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis). In contrast, populations of domestic buffalo and cattle declined following resettlement, largely due to direct removal of resident livestock from the Gir Conservation Area. The population of 24,250 domestic livestock in the 1970s declined to 12,500 by the mid-1980s, but increased to 23,440 animals in 2010. Following changes in both predator and prey communities, Asiatic lions shifted their predation patterns. Today, very few livestock kills occur within the sanctuary, and instead most occur in peripheral villages. Depredation records indicate that in and around the Gir Forest, lions killed on average 2,023 livestock annually between 2005 and 2009, and an additional 696 individuals in satellite areas.[36]
Dominant males consume about 47% more from kills than their coalition partners. Aggression between partners increases when coalitions are large, but kills are small.[60]
Reproduction
Asiatic lions mate foremost between October and November.[64] Mating lasts three to six days. During these days, they usually do not hunt, but only drink water. Gestation lasts about 110 days. Litters comprise one to four cubs.[65] The average interval between births is 24 months, unless cubs die due to infanticide by adult males or because of diseases and injuries. Cubs become independent at the age of about two years. Subadult males leave their natal pride latest at the age of three years and become nomads until they establish their own territory.[55] Dominant males mate more frequently than their coalition partners. During a study carried out between December 2012 and December 2016, three females were observed switching mating partners in favour of the dominant male.[60] Monitoring of more than 70 mating events showed that females mated with males of several rivaling prides that shared their home ranges, and that these males were tolerant toward the same cubs. Only new males that entered the female territories killed unfamiliar cubs. Young females mated foremost with males within their home ranges. Older females selected males at the periphery of their home ranges.[66]
Threats
The Asiatic lion currently exists as a single subpopulation, and is thus vulnerable to extinction from unpredictable events, such as an epidemic or large forest fire. There are indications of poaching incidents in recent years, as well as reports that organized poacher gangs have switched attention from local Bengal tigers to the Gujarat lions. There have also been a number of drowning incidents, after lions fell into wells.[1]
Prior to the resettlement of Maldharis, the Gir forest was heavily degraded and used by livestock, which competed with and restricted the population sizes of native ungulates. Various studies reveal tremendous habitat recovery and increases in wild ungulate populations following the resettlement of Maldharis since the 1970s.[36]
Nearly 25 lions in the vicinity of Gir Forest were found dead in October 2018. Four of them had died because of
Conflicts with humans
Since the mid 1990s, the Asiatic lion population has increased to an extent that by 2015, about a third resided outside the protected area. Hence, conflict between local residents and wildlife also increased. Local people protect their crops from nilgai, wild boar, and other herbivores by using electrical fences that are powered with high voltage. Some consider the presence of predators a benefit, as they keep the herbivore population in check. But some also fear the lions, and killed several in retaliation for attacks on livestock.[69]
In July 2012, a lion dragged a man from the veranda of his house and killed him about 50–60 km (31–37 mi) from Gir Forest National Park. This was the second attack by a lion in this area, six months after a 25-year-old man was attacked and killed in Dhodadar.[70]
Conservation
Panthera leo persica was included on
Reintroduction
India
In the 1950s, biologists advised the Indian government to re-establish at least one wild population in the Asiatic lion's former range to ensure the population's
The
Gujarat state officials resisted the relocation, since it would make the Gir Sanctuary lose its status as the world's only home of the Asiatic lion. Gujarat raised a number of objections to the proposal, and thus the matter went before the Indian Supreme Court. In April 2013, the Indian Supreme Court ordered the Gujarat state to send some of their Gir lions to Madhya Pradesh to establish a second population there.[75] The court had given wildlife authorities six months to complete the transfer. The number of lions and which ones to be transported will be decided at a later date. As of now, the plan to shift lions to Kuno is in jeopardy, with Madhya Pradesh having apparently given up on acquiring lions from Gujarat.[76][77]
Iran
In 1977, Iran attempted to restore its lion population by transporting Gir lions to
In captivity
Until the late 1990s, captive Asiatic lions in Indian zoos were haphazardly interbred with African lions confiscated from circuses, leading to genetic pollution in the captive Asiatic lion stock. Once discovered, this led to the complete shutdown of the European and American endangered species breeding programs for Asiatic lions, as its founder animals were captive-bred Asiatic lions originally imported from India and were ascertained to be intraspecific hybrids of African and Asian lions. In North American zoos, several Indian-African lion crosses were inadvertently bred, and researchers noted that "the fecundity, reproductive success, and spermatozoal development improved dramatically."[82][83]
DNA fingerprinting studies of Asiatic lions have helped in identifying individuals with high genetic variability, which can be used for conservation breeding programs.[84]
In 2006, the
In 1972 the Sakkarbaug Zoo sold a pair of young pure-stock lions to the Fauna Preservation Society; which decided they would be accommodated at the Jersey Wildlife Trust where it was hoped to begin a captive breeding programme.[86]
The Asiatic lion International Studbook was initiated in 1977, followed in 1983 by the North American Species Survival Plan (SSP).[87] The North American population of captive Asiatic lions was composed of descendants of five founder lions, three of which were pure Asian and two were African or African-Asian hybrids. The lions kept in the framework of the SSP consisted of animals with high inbreeding coefficients.[24]
In the early 1990s, three European zoos imported pure Asiatic lions from India:
In culture
South and East Asia
Neolithic cave paintings of lions were found in Bhimbetka rock shelters in central India, which are at least 30,000 years old.[89]
The Sanskrit word for 'lion' is 'सिंह' siṃhaḥ, which is also a name of Shiva and signifies the Leo of the Zodiac.[90] The Sanskrit name of Sri Lanka is Sinhala meaning 'Abode of Lions'.[91] Singapore derives its name from the Malay words singa 'lion' and pura 'city', which in turn is from the Sanskrit 'सिंह' siṃhaḥ and पुर pur, latter also meaning 'fortified town'.[90][92]
In Hindu mythology, the half man half lion avatar Narasimha is the fourth incarnation of Vishnu.[93] Simhamukha is a lion-faced protector and dakini in Tibetan Buddhism.[94]
In the 18th book of the Mahabharata, Bharata deprives lions of their prowess.[95]
The lion plays a prominent role in
- The lion is the third animal of the Burmese zodiac and the sixth animal of the Sinhalese zodiac.[99]
- The earliest known Chinese stone sculptures of lions date to the Han dynasty at the turn of the first millennium.[100]
- The lion dance is a traditional dance in Chinese culture that is strongly associated with Buddhism and known since at least the Han dynasty.[101]
West Asia and Europe
Lions are depicted on vases dating to about 2600
- The lion makes repeated appearances in the Bible, most notably as having fought Samson in the Book of Judges.[citation needed]
- Having occurred in the
- The Iraqi national football team is nicknamed "Lions of Mesopotamia."[111]
- The symbol of the lion is closely tied to the Sherabad River, and had been adopted into other languages, like Hindi.[3][30][44] The Shir-va-Khorshid (Persian: شیر و خورشید, "Lion and Sun") is one of the most prominent symbols of Iran, dating back to the Safavid dynasty, and was used on the flag of Iran until 1979.[112]
- The lion was an objective of Shirvanshakhs'.[30]
- The Nemean lion of pre-literate Greek myth is associated with the Labours of Hercules.[113]
- A Bronze Age statue of a lion from either Southern Italy or southern Spain from around 1000–1200 years BCE, the "Mari-Cha Lion", was exhibited at the Louvre Abu Dhabi.[114]
See also
- Lion populations: Lions in Europe·
- Wildlife of Iran
- Wildlife of India
- In situ conservation
- Ex situ conservation
- Panthera leo fossilis
- Panthera spelaea
- Damnatio ad bestias
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Further reading
- Abbott, J. (1856). A Narrative of a journey from Heraut to Khiva, Moscow and St. Petersburgh. Vol. 1. Khiva: James Madden. p. 26. Archivedfrom the original on 2020-07-26. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
- Kaushik, H. (2005). "Wire fences death traps for big cats". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2012-09-22.
- Nair, S. M. (1999). Endangered Animals of India and their conservation. Translated by O. Henry Francis (English ed.). National Book Trust.
- Walker, S. (1994). "Executive summary of the Asiatic lion PHVA". Zoo's Print: 2–22. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25.
- Schnitzler, A.; Hermann, L. (2019). "Chronological distribution of the tiger Panthera tigris and the Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica in their common range in Asia". S2CID 202040786.
External links
- IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group: Asiatic lion
- The Telegraph, August 2018: Pride of India
- Asiatic Lion Information Centre at the Wayback Machine (archived August 25, 2010)
- Asiatic Lion Protection Society (ALPS), Gujarat, India
- ARKive.org: Lion (Panthera leo)
- Animal Diversity Web: Panthera leo
- Asiatic lions in online video (3 videos)
- Asiatic Lions Images
- AAj Tak Video News Report in Hindi: Gir lions in palpur kuno century report rajesh badal.mp4 on YouTubeby Rajesh Badal (2011)
- DB Video Special Report on Asiatic lion in Gujarati: What Is the connection Between Gir lions and Africans lions
- Skin of a Persian lioness, belonging to an Vulnerable subspecies of lions, brought to Natural History Museum (Ireland)).
- Lion of Basrah
- A lion in Iraq
- Stuffed animals including Pakistan's last wild lion at Bahawalpur Zoo
- Ancient Arabian account of Muhammad's descendant
- Description of the Arabian lion and art
- 4 انواع الأسود في العالم الأسد العربي الجزء (in Arabic)
- الاسد العربي المنقرض عند العرب lion Arabian Extinct (in Arabic)
- Asiatic lioness on a tree