Indian literature

Indian literature refers to the literature produced on the

22 officially recognised languages. Sahitya Akademi, India's highest literary body, also has 24 recognised literary languages

.

The earliest works of Indian literature were

Tamil Sangam literature.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed]} Ancient Meitei appeared in the 1st century CE with sacred musical compositions like the Ougri,^[2] and heroic narratives like the Numit Kappa.^[3]

In the medieval period, literature in

India's first Nobel laureate in literature.^[5]^{[verification needed}

]

In archaic Indian languages

Sanskrit literature

Vedic literature

Examples of early works written in

Sulba Sutras, which are some of the earliest texts on geometry.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed}

]

Epic Sanskrit literature

Ved Vyasa's Mahabharata and Valmiki's Ramayana, written in Epic Sanskrit, are regarded as the greatest Sanskrit epics.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed}

]

Classical Sanskrit literature

The famous poet and playwright

Kamasutra.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed}

]

Ancient Meitei literature

"The beginning of this
Newari) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now."^[6]

—Suniti Kumar Chatterji, Padma Vibhushan awardee Indian scholar

Some of the ancient literature of

Panthoibi Khonggul (c. 8th century CE narrative work),^[12] the Loiyumpa Silyel (c. Written Constitution drafted in 429 CE, and finalised in 11th-12th century CE), etc.^[13]

Prakrit literature

Many of Aśvaghoṣa's plays were written in Shauraseni as were a sizable number of Jain works and Rajasekhara's Karpuramanjari. Canto 13 of the Bhaṭṭikāvya^[14] is written in what is called "like the vernacular" (bhāṣāsama), that is, it can be read in two languages simultaneously: Prakrit and Sanskrit.^[15]

Pali literature

The canonical Pali literature includes

Buddhist discourses (suttas), Abhidharma works, poetry, works on monastic discipline (vinaya), and the Jataka tales.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed}

]

Tamil literature

Sangam literature

The

Akananuru (1, 15, 31, 55, 61, 65, 91, 97, 101, 115, 127, 187, 197, 201, 211, 233, 251, 265, 281, 311, 325, 331, 347, 349, 359, 393, 281, 295), Kurunthogai (11), Natrinai (14, 75) are dated before 300 BCE).^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20] This collection contains 2381 poems in Tamil composed by 473 poets, some 102 of whom remain anonymous.^[21]

Most of the available Sangam literature is from the

paripaatal. The rest of the corpus of Sangam literature deals with human relationship and emotions.^[26]

Sangam literature deals with emotional and material topics such as love, war, governance, trade and bereavement.[27] Some of the greatest Tamil scholars, like Thiruvalluvar, who wrote on ethics, and on the various issues of life like virtue, wealth and love, or the Tamil poet Mamulanar, who explored historical incidents that happened in India, lived during the Sangam period.^[28]^[29]

Bhakti literature

The Bhakti movement was a significant religious movement in medieval Hinduism^[30]^: 1 that sought to bring religious reforms to all strata of society by adopting the method of devotion to achieve salvation.^[31] Originating in Tamilakam during 6th century CE,^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35] it gained prominence through the poems and teachings of the Vaishnava Alvars and Shaiva Nayanars before spreading northwards.^[30]^: 1 It swept over east and north India from the 15th century onwards, reaching its zenith between the 15th and 17th century CE.^[30]^: 1–2 From the 14th to the 18th centuries, India's literary traditions went through a period of drastic change because of the spread of the Bhakti movement in the northern parts of India, resulting in the emergence of devotional poets like Kabīr, Tulsīdās, and Guru Nānak. This period was characterised by a varied and wide spectrum of thought and expression; as a consequence, medieval Indian literary works differed significantly from classical traditions.^[36]

In modern Indian languages

Sahitya Akademi recognised & scheduled languages

Assamese literature

Lakshminath Bezbaroa, Assamese poet, novelist and playwright of modern Assamese literature

The Buddhist Charyapadas are often cited as the earliest example of Assamese literature. The Charyapadas are Vajrayana Buddhist songs composed in the 8th to 12th centuries.^[37]^[38] These writings bear similarities to Oriya and Bengali languages as well. The phonological and morphological traits of these songs, some of which are extant, bear very strong resemblance to Assamese.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed]}

A comprehensive introductory book Assamese Language-Literature & Sahityarathi Lakshminath Bezbaroa originally authored by leading Assamese littérateur of Awahon-Ramdhenu Era and pioneer Assam economist

Lakshminath Bezbaroa. After almost half a century, this historic book has been recovered and re-edited by Assamese award-winning short-story writer & novelist Arnab Jan Deka, which was published by Assam Foundation-India in 2014.^[39]

Bengali literature

The first evidence of Bengali literature is known as Charyapada or Charyageeti, which were Buddhist hymns from the 8th century. Charyapada is in the oldest known written form of Bengali. The famous Bengali linguist Hara Prasad Shastri discovered the palm leaf Charyapada manuscript in the Nepal Royal Court Library in 1907. The most internationally famous

Nobel Prize for Literature

in 1913 for his work "Gitanjali". He wrote the national anthem of India and Bangladesh namely, "Jana Gana Mana" and "Amar Sonar Bangla", respectively. He was the first Asian who won the Nobel Prize. Rabindranath has written an enormous number of poems, songs, essays, novels, plays and short stories. His songs remain popular and are still widely sung in Bengal.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed]}

Hindi literature

Hindi literature started as religious and philosophical poetry in medieval periods in dialects like

Sanskrit.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed}

]

Gujarati literature

Gujarati literature's history may be traced to 1000 AD.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed]}

Kannada literature

The oldest existing record of Kannada prose is the

extant prose work, the Vaddaradhane by Shivakotiacharya of 900 CE provides an elaborate description of the life of Bhadrabahu of Shravanabelagola. Since the earliest available Kannada work is one on grammar and a guide of sorts to unify existing variants of Kannada grammar and literary styles, it can be safely assumed that literature in Kannada must have started several centuries earlier.^[40]

Vachana Sahitya tradition of the 12th century is purely native and unique in world literature.^[41]

Kashmiri literature

Konkani literature

Konkani is a language with a complex and much-contested history. It is one of the few Indian languages to be written in five scripts—Roman, Nagari, Kannada, Persian-Arabic and Malayalam-and also has an extensive oral literature.^[citation needed]^{[verification needed]}

Malayalam literature

Even up to 500 years since the start of the Malayalam calendar which commenced in 825 AD, Malayalam literature remained in preliminary stage. During this time, Malayalam literature consisted mainly of various genres of songs.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed]}

Maithili literature

Maithili literature is the entire collection of poetry, novels, short stories, documents and other writings in the Maithili language.

The Maithili script, Mithilakshara or Tirhuta as it is popularly known, is of a great antiquity. The

Lalitavistara mentions the Vaidehi script. Early in the latter half of the 7th century A.D., a marked change occurred in the northeastern alphabet, and the inscriptions of Adityasena exhibit this change for the first time. The eastern variety develops and becomes the Maithili script, which comes into use in Assam, Bengal, and Nepal. The earliest recorded epigraphic evidence of the script is found in the Mandar Hill Stone inscriptions of Adityasena in the 7th century A.D., now fixed in the Baidyanath temple of Deoghar.^[42]

The language of the Buddhist dohas is described as belonging to the mixed Maithili—Kamrupi language.^[43]

Modern Meitei literature

Modern Meitei literature, the descendant of

Manipuris.^[45]

Marathi literature

Marathi literature began with saint-poets like Dnyaneshwar, Tukaram, Ramdas, and Eknath. Modern Marathi literature was marked by a theme of social reform.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed]}

Nepali literature

Odia literature

Odia language literary history started with the charyapadas written in the 8th century AD. Odia has a rich literary heritage, the medieval period dating back to the 13th century.

Sarala Das who lived in the 14th century is known as the Vyasa of Odisha. He translated the Mahabharata into Odia.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed}

]

Punjabi literature

The history of Punjabi literature starts with advent of Aryans in Punjab. Punjab provided them the perfect environment in which to compose the ancient texts. The Rig-Veda is first example in which references are made to the rivers, flora and fauna of Punjab. The Punjabi literary tradition is generally conceived to commence with Fariduddin Ganjshakar (1173–1266).^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed]}

Sindhi literature

Tamil literature

Tolkaappiyam (3rd century BC) has been credited as the oldest work in Tamil available today.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed}

]

Telugu literature

Telugu, the Indian language with the third largest number of speakers (after Hindi & Bengali), is rich in literary traditions. Literature has existed from 300 BC in the form of inscriptions. The earliest written literature dates back to the 7th century.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed]}

Urdu literature

Among other traditions, Urdu poetry is a fine example of linguistic and cultural synthesis.

Arab and Persian vocabulary based on the Hindi language resulted in a vast and popular class of ghazal literature, usually written by Muslims in contexts ranging from romance and society to philosophy and Tassawuf (Sufism).^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed}

]

Sahitya Akademi recognised but non scheduled languages

Indian English literature

In the 20th century, several Indian writers have distinguished themselves not only in traditional

the British. As a result of British colonisation, India has developed its own unique dialect of English known as Indian English.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed}

]

Rajasthani literature

Non Sahitya Akademi recognised & non scheduled languages

Bhojpuri literature

Chhattisgarhi literature

Literature in Chhattisgarh reflects the regional consciousness and the evolution of an identity distinct from others in Central India.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed]}

Kodava literature

When Kodava was written, it was usually with Kannada script, sometimes with minor modifications.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed]}

Mizo literature

Mizo literature is the

Lushai language, with significant influence from Pawi language, Paite language and Hmar language, especially at the literary level.^[46]

Nagpuri literature

Nagpuri literature refers to literature in the Nagpuri language, the language of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Odisha. The earliest literature started in the nagpuri language when the Nagvanshi king and king of Ramgarh Raj started writing poetry in the 17th century. Since then, various literature has been written.^[47] Although in the present century, Nagpuri was never considered worthy of literary development, a small but dedicated writers have engaged in writing short stories, plays and poetry.^[48]

Tripuri literature

Tripuri(Kokborok/Tiprakok) is the native language of Tripuri people in present Tripura state in North East of India.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed]}

Tulu literature

The written literature of Tulu is not as large as the literature of other literary Dravidian languages such as Tamil.^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed]}

In foreign languages

Indian Persian literature

During the early Muslim period, Persian became the official language of the northern part of Indian subcontinent, used by most of the educated and the government. The language had, from its earliest days in the 11th century AD, been imported to the subcontinent by various culturally Persianised Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties.^[49]

Literature from North East India

Oja-Pali,^[50] and theater performances, known as Panchali, were also an extensive part of Assamese literature.^[51]

Awards

In contemporary Indian literature, there are two major literary awards; these are the

Urdu,^[52]^[53] two each in Assamese, Konkani and Tamil, and one each in Sanskrit and Kashmiri۔^{[citation needed]}^{[verification needed}

]

Sahitya Akademi Fellowship

Jnanpith Award
Sahitya Akademi Award
Vyas Samman
Saraswati Samman

Footnotes

ISSN 2222-288X
.

ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5
.

JSTOR 25663656
.

^ "Kannada literature", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008. Quote: "The earliest literary work is the Kavirajamarga (c. AD 900), a treatise on poetics based on a Sanskrit model."

^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2024.

ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2
.

ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5
.

JSTOR 25663656
.

^ —Singh, Khelchandra Ningthoukhongjam. "Poireiton Khunthokpa". History Of Old Manipuri Literature (in English and Manipuri). Manipur University Library, Imphal. India: Digital Library of India. pp. 121, 122. The Poireiton Khunthokpa, is the most conspicuous one of all pre-Garibniwaz manuscripts. From a linguistic point of view, it seems to be much earlier than any of the books yet come under our view. Circumstantial and other incidental evidences would confirm that the book might have been of the time of the third century A. D. It describes the colonization of the valley by a band of people from the land of Death under Poireiton. They first established their colony near the Langol Hill; probably the vast area between the Koubru Hill and the Langol Hill was their kingdom. --Report on the Archaeological studies in Manipur Bulletin No. 1-by W. Yumjao Singh, pp 18-19.
—Bhaṭṭācāryya, Haridāsa (1953). The Cultural Heritage of India: Languages and literatures. University of Michigan. India: Ramakrishna Mission, Institute of Culture. p. 663. ... The beginnings of this Old Manipuri literature may go back to 1,500 years or even 2,000 years from now. ... Poireiton Khunthok, a prose work describing the settlement of some Meithei tribes, is the oldest work in Manipuri going back to the third century A.D. ...

ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
. ... 'Khencho' is quite obscure and entirely unintelligible to the present generation though it forms an inseparable element of the daily proceedings of the festival. ...

ISBN 978-81-7099-310-0
.

ISBN 978-81-250-1453-9. Panthoibi khongul ( ? C ; Manipuri ) : prose narrative , the original of which was believed to have been composed in ancient Meitei language in first half of 8th century AD ...
—"The relationship between Thang-Ta & Meitei Pung maintained by our Ancient ..." (PDF). ccrtindia.gov.in. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Centre for Cultural Resources and Training. p. 4.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link
)

ISBN 978-81-7099-271-4
. The constitutionalism had developed with the adoption of a prototype of a constitution in 429 A.D. which was finally moulded into the written constitution in 1110 A.D., called 'Loyumba Shinyen' till it was substituted by Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 which operated till Manipur's merger with India on October 15, 1949.

ISBN 0-8147-2778-6
|

^ Narang, Satya Pal. 2003. An Analysis of the Prākṛta of Bhāśā-sama of the Bhaṭṭi-kāvya (Canto XII). In: Prof. Mahapatra G.N., Vanijyotih: Felicitation Volume, Utkal University, *Bhuvaneshwar.

^ There are some who claim earlier dates (up to 600 BCE). Others cite as late as 2BCE. The date of 300 BCE may represent a middle-of-the road consensus view; e.g. see the well-received textbook Ancient India, Upinder Singh, 2009, p. 15. However, it is quite likely that the songs existed in oral tradition well before this date.

^ Kamil Veith Zvelebil, Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, p. 12

^ K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, A History of South India, OUP (1955) p. 105

^ Classical Tamil Archived 7 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine

^ T.S. Subramanian (10 July 2009). "Jain History of Tamil Nadu vandalised". Retrieved 3 June 2011. The six Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions of the 2nd century B.C. on the brow of five caverns on the Kazhugumalai hill near Mankulam, 38 km from Madurai, are the most ancient ones in Tamil Nadu and establish the historical facts that the Pandyan king Nedunchezhiyan ruled in the 2nd century B.C. and that Sangam literature dates back to the same period.

^ George L. Hart III, The Poems of Ancient Tamil, U of California P, 1975.

ISBN 9780811200011
.

Pandya kings of establishing a Sangam in Madurai
. See K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, A History of South India, OUP (1955) p. 105

Pattupattu
may be placed around 700 AD...." – Vaiyapuri Pillai, History of Tamil language and literature p. 38.
^ "...the Tamil language of these brief records achieved a flowering during the first centuries of the Common Era, culminating in the emergence of a poetic corpus of very high quality [...] To this corpus the name sangam poetry was added soon afterwards...." Burton Stein, A History of India (1998), Blackwell p. 90.

^ See K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, OUP (1955) pp. 330–335

^ Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India – Abraham, Shinu Anna, Asian Perspectives – Volume 42, Number 2, Fall 2003, pp. 207–223 University of Hawaii Press

^ Morality and Ethics in Public Life by Ravindra Kumar p.92

^ Essays on Indian Society by Raj Kumar p.71

^
ISBN 9788120802773
.

^ India Today Web Desk New (24 January 2019). "CBSE Class 12 History #CrashCourse: Bhakti movement's emergence and influence". India Today.

ISBN 978-1-000-78039-0
.

ISBN 978-0-674-18746-7
.

ISBN 978-81-7017-398-4
.

ISBN 978-1-350-03925-4
.

^ Das 2005.

^ "The writers of the Charyapada, the Mahasiddhas or Siddhacharyas, belonged to the various regions of Assam, Bengal, Orissa and Bihar". sites.google.com. Retrieved 14 July 2020.

ISBN 978-0-691-01090-8
.

^ Sentinel, The (4 December 2014). "Documentary film, books on Bhabananda–Nalini Prava". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2014.

^ Jyotsna Kamat. "History of the Kannada Literature-I". Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006. Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 25 November 2006.

^ "Declare Kannada a classical language". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 27 May 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2007.

^ Choudhary, R. (1976). A survey of Maithili literature. Ram Vilas Sahu.

^ Barua, K. L. (1933). Early history of Kamarupa. Shillong: Published by the Author.

ISBN 978-93-5118-814-8
.

ISBN 978-81-7201-798-9
. His epic Singel Indu was published in 1938 which was followed by his magnum opus Khamba Thoibi Sheireng (1940), a poem of 39000 lines, considered to be the 'national' epic of the Manipuris, written in the Pena Saisak style of folk ballads.

^ "Vanglaini". vanglaini.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2019.

^ "Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry". telegraphindia. 5 November 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2022.

^ "JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS A Study of the Special Features of Nagpuri Language of Jharkhand". research gate. July 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2022.

ISBN 9231028138
p 734

^ "Ojapali – A performing art form of Assam". www.oknortheast.com. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

JSTOR 23328613
.

^ "Jnanpith | Home". jnanpith.net. Retrieved 31 July 2019.

^ "Kunwar Narayan to be awarded Jnanpith". The Times of India. 24 November 2008. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2008.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Literature of India.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Indian literature.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Hindōstānī Literature".

Indian Literature on Indohistory

Indian Literature, Fiction and Poetry Magazine

South Asian Canonical Texts^{[permanent dead link]}

Bhas - Longest Poem on Indian Constitution set World Record

[1] ISSN 2222-288X
.

[2] ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5
.

[3] JSTOR 25663656
.

[4] "Kannada literature", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008. Quote: "The earliest literary work is the Kavirajamarga (c. AD 900), a treatise on poetics based on a Sanskrit model."

[5] "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2024.

[6] ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2
.

[7] ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5
.

[8] JSTOR 25663656
.

[9] —Singh, Khelchandra Ningthoukhongjam. "Poireiton Khunthokpa". History Of Old Manipuri Literature (in English and Manipuri). Manipur University Library, Imphal. India: Digital Library of India. pp. 121, 122. The Poireiton Khunthokpa, is the most conspicuous one of all pre-Garibniwaz manuscripts. From a linguistic point of view, it seems to be much earlier than any of the books yet come under our view. Circumstantial and other incidental evidences would confirm that the book might have been of the time of the third century A. D. It describes the colonization of the valley by a band of people from the land of Death under Poireiton. They first established their colony near the Langol Hill; probably the vast area between the Koubru Hill and the Langol Hill was their kingdom. --Report on the Archaeological studies in Manipur Bulletin No. 1-by W. Yumjao Singh, pp 18-19.
—Bhaṭṭācāryya, Haridāsa (1953). The Cultural Heritage of India: Languages and literatures. University of Michigan. India: Ramakrishna Mission, Institute of Culture. p. 663. ... The beginnings of this Old Manipuri literature may go back to 1,500 years or even 2,000 years from now. ... Poireiton Khunthok, a prose work describing the settlement of some Meithei tribes, is the oldest work in Manipuri going back to the third century A.D. ...

[10] ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
. ... 'Khencho' is quite obscure and entirely unintelligible to the present generation though it forms an inseparable element of the daily proceedings of the festival. ...

[11] ISBN 978-81-7099-310-0
.

[12] ISBN 978-81-250-1453-9. Panthoibi khongul ( ? C ; Manipuri ) : prose narrative , the original of which was believed to have been composed in ancient Meitei language in first half of 8th century AD ...
—"The relationship between Thang-Ta & Meitei Pung maintained by our Ancient ..." (PDF). ccrtindia.gov.in. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Centre for Cultural Resources and Training. p. 4.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link
)

[13] ISBN 978-81-7099-271-4
. The constitutionalism had developed with the adoption of a prototype of a constitution in 429 A.D. which was finally moulded into the written constitution in 1110 A.D., called 'Loyumba Shinyen' till it was substituted by Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 which operated till Manipur's merger with India on October 15, 1949.

[14] ISBN 0-8147-2778-6
|

[15] Narang, Satya Pal. 2003. An Analysis of the Prākṛta of Bhāśā-sama of the Bhaṭṭi-kāvya (Canto XII). In: Prof. Mahapatra G.N., Vanijyotih: Felicitation Volume, Utkal University, *Bhuvaneshwar.

[16] There are some who claim earlier dates (up to 600 BCE). Others cite as late as 2BCE. The date of 300 BCE may represent a middle-of-the road consensus view; e.g. see the well-received textbook Ancient India, Upinder Singh, 2009, p. 15. However, it is quite likely that the songs existed in oral tradition well before this date.

[17] Kamil Veith Zvelebil, Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, p. 12

[18] K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, A History of South India, OUP (1955) p. 105

[19] Classical Tamil Archived 7 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine

[20] T.S. Subramanian (10 July 2009). "Jain History of Tamil Nadu vandalised". Retrieved 3 June 2011. The six Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions of the 2nd century B.C. on the brow of five caverns on the Kazhugumalai hill near Mankulam, 38 km from Madurai, are the most ancient ones in Tamil Nadu and establish the historical facts that the Pandyan king Nedunchezhiyan ruled in the 2nd century B.C. and that Sangam literature dates back to the same period.

[21] George L. Hart III, The Poems of Ancient Tamil, U of California P, 1975.

[22] ISBN 9780811200011
.

[23] Pandya kings of establishing a Sangam in Madurai
. See K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, A History of South India, OUP (1955) p. 105

[24] Pattupattu
may be placed around 700 AD...." – Vaiyapuri Pillai, History of Tamil language and literature p. 38.

[25] "...the Tamil language of these brief records achieved a flowering during the first centuries of the Common Era, culminating in the emergence of a poetic corpus of very high quality [...] To this corpus the name sangam poetry was added soon afterwards...." Burton Stein, A History of India (1998), Blackwell p. 90.

[26] See K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, OUP (1955) pp. 330–335

[27] Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India – Abraham, Shinu Anna, Asian Perspectives – Volume 42, Number 2, Fall 2003, pp. 207–223 University of Hawaii Press

[28] Morality and Ethics in Public Life by Ravindra Kumar p.92

[29] Essays on Indian Society by Raj Kumar p.71

[Schomer_McLeod1987-30] 
ISBN 9788120802773
.

[cbseindiatoday-31] India Today Web Desk New (24 January 2019). "CBSE Class 12 History #CrashCourse: Bhakti movement's emergence and influence". India Today.

[32] ISBN 978-1-000-78039-0
.

[33] ISBN 978-0-674-18746-7
.

[34] ISBN 978-81-7017-398-4
.

[35] ISBN 978-1-350-03925-4
.

[FOOTNOTEDas2005-36] Das 2005.

[37] "The writers of the Charyapada, the Mahasiddhas or Siddhacharyas, belonged to the various regions of Assam, Bengal, Orissa and Bihar". sites.google.com. Retrieved 14 July 2020.

[38] ISBN 978-0-691-01090-8
.

[39] Sentinel, The (4 December 2014). "Documentary film, books on Bhabananda–Nalini Prava". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2014.

[extinct_works5-40] Jyotsna Kamat. "History of the Kannada Literature-I". Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006. Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 25 November 2006.

[classical-41] "Declare Kannada a classical language". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 27 May 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2007.

[42] Choudhary, R. (1976). A survey of Maithili literature. Ram Vilas Sahu.

[43] Barua, K. L. (1933). Early history of Kamarupa. Shillong: Published by the Author.

[44] ISBN 978-93-5118-814-8
.

[45] ISBN 978-81-7201-798-9
. His epic Singel Indu was published in 1938 which was followed by his magnum opus Khamba Thoibi Sheireng (1940), a poem of 39000 lines, considered to be the 'national' epic of the Manipuris, written in the Pena Saisak style of folk ballads.

[46] "Vanglaini". vanglaini.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2019.

[47] "Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry". telegraphindia. 5 November 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2022.

[48] "JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS A Study of the Special Features of Nagpuri Language of Jharkhand". research gate. July 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2022.

[49] ISBN 9231028138
p 734

[50] "Ojapali – A performing art form of Assam". www.oknortheast.com. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

[51] JSTOR 23328613
.

[52] "Jnanpith | Home". jnanpith.net. Retrieved 31 July 2019.

[award2008-53] "Kunwar Narayan to be awarded Jnanpith". The Times of India. 24 November 2008. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2008.

[2]

[3]

[5]

[6]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[26]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

In archaic Indian languages

Sanskrit literature

Vedic literature

Epic Sanskrit literature

Classical Sanskrit literature

Ancient Meitei literature

Prakrit literature

Pali literature

Tamil literature

Sangam literature

Bhakti literature

In modern Indian languages

Sahitya Akademi recognised & scheduled languages

Assamese literature

Bengali literature

Hindi literature

Gujarati literature

Kannada literature

Kashmiri literature

Konkani literature

Malayalam literature

Maithili literature

Modern Meitei literature

Marathi literature

Nepali literature

Odia literature

Punjabi literature

Sindhi literature

Tamil literature

Telugu literature

Urdu literature

Sahitya Akademi recognised but non scheduled languages

Indian English literature

Rajasthani literature

Non Sahitya Akademi recognised & non scheduled languages

Bhojpuri literature

Chhattisgarhi literature

Kodava literature

Mizo literature

Nagpuri literature

Tripuri literature

Tulu literature

In foreign languages

Indian Persian literature

Literature from North East India

Awards

See also

Footnotes

External links