Indian people

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For other uses, see Indian (disambiguation).

Indians
Flag of India
Konkani
  • Kumaoni
  • Kurukh
  • Kutchi
  • Ladakhi
  • Magahi
  • Maithili
  • Malayalam
  • Marathi
  • Meitei[23][24]
  • Nepali
  • Odia
  • Punjabi
  • Rajasthani
  • Sanskrit
  • Santhali
  • Sindhi
  • Tamil
  • Telugu
  • Tripuri
  • Tulu
  • Urdu
    • Religion
    Majority:
    Minorities:

    Indian people or Indians are the

    Indian overseas diaspora also boasts large numbers, particularly in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf and the Western world.[5]

    While the demonym "Indian" applies to people originating from the present-day Republic of India, it was also used as the identifying term for people originating from what is now Pakistan and Bangladesh prior to the Partition of India in 1947.[28][29]

    Particularly in North America, the terms "Asian Indian" and "East Indian" are sometimes used to differentiate Indians from the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Although the misidentification of indigenous Americans as Indians occurred during the European colonization of the Americas, the term "Indian" is still used as an identifier for indigenous populations in North America and the Caribbean. This usage is growing rarer, as terms such as indigenous, Amerindian, and specifically First Nations in Canada, and Native American in the United States, are widely used in official discourse and in law.

    Ethnonym

    Main article: Names for India

    The name Bhārata has been used as a self-ascribed name by people of the

    Indian Subcontinent under one realm.[33]

    उत्तरं यत्समुद्रस्य हिमाद्रेश्चैव दक्षिणम्।
    वर्षं तद् भारतं नाम भारती यत्र संततिः॥
    "The country (varṣam) that lies north of the ocean and south of the snowy mountains is called Bhāratam; there dwell the descendants of Bharata."[34][35]

    In early

    Manusmṛti (2.22) gives the name Āryāvarta to "the tract between the Himalaya and the Vindhya ranges, from the Eastern (Bay of Bengal) to the Western Sea (Arabian Sea)".[36][37]

    While the word Indian and India is derived from

    Indus (Ἰνδός) river, since Herodotus (5th century BC) ἡ Ἰνδική χώρη, hē Indikē chōrē; "the Indian land", Ἰνδός, Indos, "an Indian", from Old Persian Hinduš and medieval term Hindustani.[38] The name is derived ultimately from Sindhu, the Sanskrit name of the river Indus, but also meaning "river" generically.[39]

    History

    Main articles: History of India and Greater India
    Mauryan Empire 3rd century BC
    Buddhist rock-cut architecture, 2nd century BC
    Ashoka pillar, erected by Emperor Ashoka in about 250 BC. It has been adopted as emblem of India.

    The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the

    Republic of India
    .

    The Indian people established during the ancient and medieval periods to the early eighteenth century some of the greatest empires and dynasties in South Asian history like the

    Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or "Golden Age of India". During this period, aspects of Indian civilisation, administration, culture, and Hinduism and Buddhism spread to much of Asia, while the Chola Empire in the south had flourishing maritime trade links with the Roman Empire during this period. The ancient Indian mathematicians Aryabhata, Bhāskara I and Brahmagupta invented the concept of zero and the Hindu–Arabic numeral system decimal system during this period.[41] During this period Indian cultural influence spread over many parts of Southeast Asia which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia.[42]

    Maratha Empire: Territory under Maratha control in 1760 (yellow), without its vassals

    During the early medieval period the great

    Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia, as well as by the repeated embassies to China.[47]

    During the late medieval period the great

    Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics flourished during this period under such well known south Indian mathematicians as Madhava (c. 1340 – c. 1425), who made important contributions to Trigonometry and Calculus, and Nilakhanta (c. 1444–1545), who postulated on the orbitals of planets.[49]

    The

    Rajputs, the Pathans, the Jats and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience.[55][56][57][58]

    The

    Bengal and the Andaman Islands in the east.[65]

    The decline of Mughal Empire and Maratha Empire from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century lead to large areas of India being annexed by the

    British East India Company of the British Empire and witnessed a period of rapid development of infrastructure, economic decline and major famines.[66][67] During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for Indian independence movement was launched, the Indian subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states.[68][69][70]

    Culture

    Main articles: Culture of India and Greater India

    India is one of the world's oldest civilisations.

    Greater Persia in the Hindu Kush and Pamir Mountains.[78] During medieval period, Islam played a significant role in shaping Indian cultural heritage.[79] Over the centuries, there has been significant integration of Hindus, Jains, and Sikhs with Muslims across India.[80][81]

    Religion

    Main articles: Religion in India, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity, Sanamahism, and Irreligion in India
    Goddess Lakshmi on gold coinage issued under Gupta Empire, c. 380 AD
    Diwali is a major Indian festival, which is known as festival of lights.
    Holi is a major Indian festival of colors celebrated every spring.

    India is the birthplace of

    fundamental right.[86]

    supernaturalism.[91][92][93] India has produced some notable atheist politicians and social reformers.[94][95]

    Although approximately 80% of the citizens of India are

    atheists, and 3% were unsure or did not respond.[100]

    Traditionally, Indian society is grouped according to their

    exogamous groups known as gotras, the lineage or clan of an individuals.[101] Caste barriers have mostly broken down in cities but still exists in some form in rural areas.[102]

    Most Indian states are majority

    Muslim population in the world after Indonesia and Pakistan.[103][104][105]

    Family

    Indian bride in traditional wedding attire

    Historically, India had a prevailing tradition of the joint family system or undivided family. Joint family system is an extended family arrangement prevalent throughout the Indian subcontinent, particularly in India.[106] The family is headed by a patriarch, the oldest male, who makes decisions on economic and social matters on behalf of the entire family. The patriarch's wife generally exerts control over the household, minor religious practices and often wields considerable influence in domestic matters. A patrilineal joint family consists of an older man and his wife, his sons and unmarried daughters, his sons' wives and children. Family income flows into a common pool, from which resources are drawn to meet the needs of all members, which are regulated by the heads of the family.[107] However, with modernisation and economic development, India has witnessed a break up of traditional joint family into more nuclear families and the traditional joint family in India accounted for a small percent of Indian households.[108][109]

    Arranged marriages have been the tradition in Indian society. Marriage is considered a union of the two families rather than just the individuals, the process involved in an arranged marriage can be different depending on the communities and families. Recent survey study found that fewer marriages are purely arranged without consent and that the majority of surveyed Indian marriages are arranged with consent.[110] The study also suggested that Indian culture is trending away from traditional arranged marriages, they find that the marriage trends in India are similar to trends observed over last 40 years where arranged marriages were previously common, particularly in China and Japan.[110]

    Dress

    India's clothing styles have continuously evolved over the course of history.

    Indian spices and Wootz steel.[117]
    Traditional Indian clothing greatly varies across different parts of the country and is influenced by local culture, geography and climate. Women traditionally wear
    Shalwar, and Lungi. Pagri is usually worn around head to complete the outfit.[119] In urban centres, people often wear western clothing and variety of other contemporary fashion.[120]

    Cuisine

    Main articles: Indian cuisine, Indian cookbooks, and Thali
    papad

    Indian food varies from region to region. Staple foods of Indian cuisine include a variety of lentils (dal), whole-wheat flour (aṭṭa), rice and millet (kutki, kodra, bājra), which has been cultivated in

    geographical location.[129]

    Performing arts

    Main articles: Music of India and Dance in India

    The oldest preserved examples of Indian music are the melodies of the

    nātyaśāstra (200 BC) and the dattilam (300 AD).[131]

    The

    makeup, and virtually every other aspect of stagecraft
    .

    Indian

    Priyadarsika, and Naganandam, other notable ancient dramatists include Bhatta Narayana, Bhavabhuti, Vishakhadatta, Thirayattam[133] and Viswanatha Kaviraja.[134]

    Notable fable story-plays

    Baital Pachisi, Kathasaritsagara, Brihatkatha and Jataka tales were performed in folk theatres since ancient period.[135] Jataka tales has become part of Southeast and East Asian folklore with the spread of Buddhism. These literature's were also influential in development of One Thousand and One Nights during medieval period.[136]

    Contribution and discoveries

    Main articles:
    history of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent

    Indian people have played a major role in the development of the

    calico, Wootz steel, incense clock, shampoo, palampore, chintz, and prefabricated homes
    .

    World Heritage Sites today.[140]

    In modern times, Indian people have continued to contribute to

    Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar who is notable for currently accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars, including black holes.[141]

    National personification

    Bharat Mata (Hindi, from Sanskrit भारत माता, Bhārata Mātā), Mother India, or Bhāratāmbā (from अंबा ambā 'mother') is the national personification of India as a mother goddess.

    The image of Bharat Mata formed with the Indian independence movement of the late 19th century. A play by Kiran Chandra Bandyopadhyay, Bhārat Mātā, was first performed in 1873. She is usually depicted as a woman clad in an orange or saffron sari holding a flag and sometimes accompanied by a lion.[142]

    Sports

    Main article: Sport in India

    Sports in India are mainly in two categories traditional sports and global sports. Traditional sports like gilli danda, kho kho, kabaddi are quite popular. On the other hand, Indians are highly enthusiastic about the game of cricket that it is treated as a religion in itself.[143] Sports like hockey, volleyball, football are quite popular while polo, golf and tennis are preferred sports for affluent sections of the society. In recent times with government support Olympic sports like shooting, archery, wrestling, javelin throw, swimming, badminton have gained prominence in the Indian society.[144]

    Indian diaspora

    Further information:
    Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India
    A world map showing the estimated distribution and concentration of people of Indian descent or ancestry by country.
    Little India
    New York City Metropolitan Area, with the largest metropolitan Indian population outside Asia, as large-scale immigration from India continues into New York.[147][148][149][150]

    Although, population groups originating in different parts of the Indian subcontinent and within the international borders of the modern country of India had been migrating to Southeast Asia, East Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, and even along Europe's Mediterranean coast, the Indian diaspora generally socio-politically or historically refers to those whose families or themselves migrated to other parts of the world after the British Empire established itself in India. Population estimates vary from a conservative 12 million to 20 million-person diaspora.[151][152]

    United Kingdom

    Main article: British Indians

    The British Indian community had grown to number over one million. According to the

    2001 UK Census, 1,053,411 Britons had full Indian ancestry (representing 1.8% of the UK's population). An overwhelming majority of 99.3% resided in England (in 2008 the figure is thought to be around 97.0%). In the seven-year period between 2001 and 2009, the number of Indian-born people in the UK increased in size by 38% from 467,634 to around 647,000 (an increase of approximately 180,000).[153]

    Canada

    Main article: Indo-Canadians

    There are approximately 1.86 million people of Indian origin or ancestry in Canada, the majority of which live in Greater Toronto and Vancouver, with growing communities in Alberta and Quebec.[a] Roughly 5.1% of the total Canadian population is of Indian ancestry, a figure higher than both the United States and Britain.[a] According to Statistics Canada, Indo-Canadians are one of the fastest-growing visible minority groups in Canada, making up the second-largest group of non-European descent in the country after Chinese Canadians.

    The Indo-Canadian community can trace its history in Canada back 120 years to 1897 when a contingent of

    Sikh
    soldiers visited the western coast of Canada, primarily British Columbia which at the time was very sparsely populated and the Canadian government wanted to settle in order to prevent a takeover of the territory by the United States.

    South Africa

    Main article: Indian South Africans

    More than a million people of South Asian descent live in South Africa, with their ancestors having left colonial India mostly as indentured labourers, and with smaller numbers emigrating later as "Passenger Indians", in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They are concentrated around the city of Durban. They were classified as members of an "Indian" race under the country's defunct Apartheid system.[155]

    Tanzania

    Main article: Indians in Tanzania

    About 40,000 people of Indian origin live in Tanzania mostly in the urban areas.

    United States

    Main articles: Indian Americans and Indians in the New York City metropolitan area
    pan-South Asian
    business district.

    According to the

    Filipino Americans
    .

    Caribbean

    Main articles: Indo-Caribbeans, Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian, Indo-Guyanese, Indo-Surinamese, Indo-Caribbean Americans, British Indo-Caribbean people, Indo-Canadians § Indians from the Caribbean, Indians in the Netherlands, and Indians in France
    See also: Hinduism in the West Indies, Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago, Hinduism in Guyana, Hinduism in Suriname, Caribbean Hindustani, and Indo-Caribbean music

    After slavery was abolished in the European colonies, Indians were hired under the

    Buddhist, and Baháʼís. Indo-Caribbeans are known as the descendants of the jahajis or girmityas.[156][157][158][159][160]

    Genetics

    Main article: Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia

    Recent genome studies appear to show that South Asians are a mixture of two major ancestral components, one component restricted to South Asia and the other component shared with Central Asia, West Asia, and Europe.[161][162]

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ a b c 2021 census: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Anglo-Indian" (3,340), "Bengali" (26,675), "Goan" (9,700), "Gujarati" (36,970), "Indian" (1,347,715), "Jatt" (22,785), "Kashmiri" (6,165), "Maharashtrian" (4,125), "Malayali" (12,490), "Punjabi" (279,950), "Tamil" (102,170), and "Telugu" (6,670).[154]

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