Prime Minister of India

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Prime Minister of India
Bhārat kē Pradhānamantrī
Logo of Prime Minister of India
Flag of India
Official Portrait, 15 March 2022
Incumbent
Narendra Modi
since 26 May 2014 (2014-05-26)
Prime Minister's Office
Union Council of Ministers
Executive branch of the Indian Government
Style
TypeHead of government
AbbreviationPM
Member of
Parliament of India
Union Council of Ministers
Reports to
Residence7, Lok Kalyan Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
SeatPrime Minister's Office, South Block, Central Secretariat, Raisina Hill, New Delhi, Delhi, India
NominatorLok Sabha members
AppointerPresident of India
by convention, based on appointee's ability to command confidence in the Lok Sabha
Term lengthAt the pleasure of the President
  • Lok Sabha term is 5 years unless dissolved sooner
  • No term limits specified
Constituting instrumentArticles 74 & 75, Constitution of India
PrecursorVice President of the Executive Council
Formation15 August 1947; 76 years ago (1947-08-15)
First holderJawaharlal Nehru
DeputyDeputy Prime Minister
Salary
  • ₹280,000 (US$3,500) (per month)[1]
  • ₹3,360,000 (US$42,000) (Annual)[1]
Websitepmindia.gov.in
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The prime minister of India (

Republic of India.[2][3] Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen Council of Ministers,[4][5][6] despite the president of India being the nominal head of the executive.[7][8][9][10] The prime minister has to be a member of one of the houses of bicameral Parliament of India, alongside heading the respective house.[11] The prime minister and their cabinet are at all times responsible to the Lok Sabha.[12][13]

The prime minister is appointed by the president of India; however, the prime minister has to enjoy the confidence of the majority of Lok Sabha members, who are directly elected every five years, lest the prime minister shall resign. The prime minister can be a member of the Lok Sabha or of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the parliament. The prime minister controls the selection and dismissal of members of the Union Council of Ministers; and allocation of posts to members within the government.

The longest-serving prime minister was

26 May 2014
.

Origins and history

India follows a

head of the government and chief of the executive of the government. In such systems, the head of state, or, the head of state's official representative (i.e., the monarch, president, or governor-general
) usually holds a purely ceremonial position and acts—on most matters—only on the advice of the prime minister.

The prime minister—if they are not already—must become a member of parliament within six months of beginning their tenure. A prime minister is expected to work with other central ministers to ensure the passage of bills by the parliament.

1947–1984

Lord Mountbatten swears in Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime Minister of India on 15 August 1947.
Lal Bahadur Shastri, K. Kamaraj
, and Nehru, ca. 1963

Since 1947, there have been 14 different prime ministers.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Shashtri subsequently died of a reported heart attack in Tashkent, after signing the Tashkent Declaration.[16]

After Shastri,

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971;[20] the establishment of a sovereign Bangladesh;[21] accession of Sikkim to India, through a referendum in 1975;[22] and India's first nuclear test in Pokhran occurred during Indira's first term. In 1975, President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed—on Indira's advice—imposed a state of emergency, therefore, bestowing the government with the power to rule by decree, the period is known for human right violations.[23][24]

After widespread protests, the emergency was lifted in 1977, and a general election was to be held. All of the political parties of the opposition—after the conclusion of the emergency—fought together against the Congress, under the umbrella of the Janata Party, in the general election of 1977, and were successful in defeating the Congress. Subsequently, Morarji Desai—a former deputy prime minister—became the first non-Congress prime minister of India. The government of prime minister Desai was composed of groups with opposite ideologies, in which unity and co-ordination were difficult to maintain. Ultimately, after two and a half years as PM; on 28 July 1979, Morarji tendered his resignation to the president; and his government fell. Thereafter, Charan Singh—a deputy prime minister in Desai's cabinet—with outside, conditional support from Congress, proved a majority in Lok Sabha and took oath as prime minister.[25][26] However, Congress pulled its support shortly after, and Singh had to resign; he had a tenure of 5 months, the shortest in the history of the office.

Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Shahbanu Farah Pahlavi of Iran being received by prime minister Indira Gandhi at New Delhi airport, 1970
US President Jimmy Carter (right) with Prime minister Morarji Desai, 1978

In 1980, after a three-year absence, the Congress returned to power with an absolute majority. Indira Gandhi was elected prime minister a second time.[27] During her second tenure, Operation Blue Star—an Indian Army operation inside the Golden Temple, the most sacred site in Sikhism—was conducted, resulting in reportedly thousands of deaths.[28] Subsequently, on 31 October 1984, Gandhi was shot dead by Satwant Singh and Beant Singh—two of her bodyguards—in the garden of her residence at 1, Safdarjung Road, New Delhi.[29]

1984–1999

After Indira,

National Front, a coalition of many political parties.[32]

In the general election of 1989, the National Front—with outside support from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Left Front—came to power.[33] V. P. Singh was elected prime minister.[33] During a tenure of less than a year, Singh and his government accepted the Mandal Commission's recommendations.[34] Singh's tenure came to an end after he ordered the arrest of BJP member Lal Krishna Advani,[35] as a result, BJP withdrew its outside support to the government, V. P. Singh lost the subsequent vote-of-no-confidence 146–320 and had to resign.[36] After V. P. Singh's resignation, Chandra Shekhar along with 64 members of parliament (MPs) floated the Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya),[37] and proved a majority in the Lok Sabha with support from Congress.[38] But Shekhar's premiership did not last long, Congress proceeded to withdraw its support; Shekhar's government fell as a result, and new elections were announced.[39]

In the

governor of the Reserve Bank of India—as finance minister.[40] Rao and Singh then took various steps to liberalise the economy,[40] these resulted in an unprecedented economic growth in India.[41] His premiership, however, was also a witness to the demolition of the Babri Masjid, which resulted in the death of about 2,000 people.[42] Rao, however, did complete five continuous years in office, becoming the first prime minister outside of the Nehru—Gandhi family to do so.[40]

Prince Claus, and Sonia Gandhi, The Hague, 1985
Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao
, left, inaugurating the National Science Centre, New Delhi, 1 September 1992

After the end of Rao's tenure in May 1996, the nation saw four prime ministers in a span of three years,

National Democratic Alliance (NDA) coalition;[49] Vajpayee's government, hence, became a caretaker one after losing a motion-of-no-confidence 269–270, this coincided with the Kargil War with Pakistan.[50] In the subsequent October 1999 general election, the BJP-led NDA and its affiliated parties secured a comfortable majority in the Lok Sabha, winning 299 of 543 seats in the lower house.[51]

2000–present

Former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh with the former Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee in New Delhi on May 24, 2004
Prime minister Narendra Modi addressing the 69th United Nations General Assembly, c. 2014

Vajpayee continued the process of economic liberalisation during his reign, resulting in economic growth.[52] In addition to the development of infrastructure and basic facilities, the government took several steps to improve the infrastructure of the country, such as, the National Highways Development Project (NHDP) and the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY; IAST: Pradhānamaṃtrī Grāma Saḍaka Yojanā; lit. Prime Minister Rural Road Scheme),[53] for the development of roads. But during his reign, the 2002 Gujarat communal riots in the state of Gujarat took place; resulting in about 2,000 deaths.[54] Vajpayee's tenure as prime minister came to an end in May 2004, making him the first non-Congress PM to complete a full five-year tenure.[52]

In the

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, and the Right to Information Act, 2005 passed in the parliament.[57][58] Further, the government strengthened India's relations with nations like Afghanistan;[59][60] Russia;[61] the Gulf states; and the United States, culminating with the ratification of India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement near the end of Singh's first term.[62][63][64] At the same time, the November 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks also happened during Singh's first term in office.[65][66] In the general election of 2009, the mandate of UPA increased.[67][68] Prime Minister Singh's second term, however, was surrounded by accusations of high-level scandals and corruption.[69][70] Singh resigned as prime minister on 17 May 2014, after Congress' defeat in the 2014 general election.[71][72][73]

In the

Chief Minister of Gujarat—was elected prime minister, becoming the first prime minister to have been born in an independent India.[74]

BJP secured 303 seats.[75]

Party affiliation

See also: List of prime ministers of India
Party No Years in PMO Name(s)
Alliance
Indian National Congress 6[a] 54 years Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, P. V. Narasimha Rao and Manmohan Singh[a]
Bharatiya Janata Party 2 15 years Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Narendra Modi NDA (from 1998)
Janata Dal 3 2 years
Vishwanath Pratap Singh, H. D. Deve Gowda and Inder Kumar Gujral
NF (1989–1990) UF
(1996–1998)
Janata Party 1 2 years Morarji Desai JP
Janata Party (Secular) 1 <1 years Charan Singh
Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) 1 <1 years Chandra Shekhar JP

External support from INC

Constitutional framework and position of Prime Minister

The

Council of Ministers to assist and advise the president in the discharge of their constitutional functions. To quote, Article 53, 74
and 75 provide as under:

The executive powers of the Union shall be vested in the president and shall be exercised either directly or through subordinate officers, in accordance with the Constitution.

— Article 53(1), Constitution of India

There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the president who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice.

— 
Article 74(1)
, Constitution of India

The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.

— Article 75(1), Constitution of India

Like most parliamentary democracies, the president's duties are mostly ceremonial as long as the constitution and the rule of law is obeyed by the cabinet and the legislature. The prime minister of India is the head of government and has the responsibility for executive power. The president's constitutional duty is to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law per article 60. In the constitution of India, the prime minister is mentioned in only four of its articles (articles 74, 75, 78 and 366). The prime minister plays a crucial role in the government of India by enjoying majority in the Lok Sabha.

Appointment, tenure and removal

Eligibility

According to Article 84 of the Constitution of India, which sets the principle qualification for member of Parliament, and Article 75 of the Constitution of India, which sets the qualifications for the minister in the Union Council of Ministers, and the argument that the position of Prime Minister has been described as primus inter pares (the first among equals),[76] A Prime Minister must:

  • Be a citizen of India.
  • Be a member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. If the person chosen as Prime Minister is neither a member of the Lok Sabha nor the Rajya Sabha at the time of selection, they must become a member of either of the houses within six months.
  • Be above 25 years of age if they are a member of the Lok Sabha, or, above 30 years of age if they are a member of the Rajya Sabha.
  • Not hold any office of profit under the government of India or the government of any state or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said governments.

Once a candidate is elected as the prime minister, they must vacate their posts at any private or government companies and may take up the position only on completion of their term.

Oaths of office and secrecy

First swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi
, 2014

The prime minister is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the President of India before entering office, the oath of office and secrecy, as per the Third Schedule of the Constitution of India.

Oath of office:

I, <name>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as Prime Minister for the Union and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.

— Constitution of India, Third Schedule, Part I

Oath of secrecy:

I, <name>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as Prime Minister for the Union except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as such Minister.

— Constitution of India, Third Schedule, Part II

Tenure and removal from office

The prime minister serves at 'the pleasure of the president', hence, a prime minister may remain in office indefinitely, so long as the president has confidence in him/her. However, a prime minister must have the confidence of Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India.

The term of a prime minister can end before the end of a Lok Sabha's term, if a

I. K. Gujral,[36] H. D. Deve Gowda and Atal Bihari Vajpayee have been voted out from office this way. In addition, a prime minister can resign from office; Morarji Desai
was the first prime minister to resign while in office.

Upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be a member of Parliament subject to the Representation of the People Act, 1951.[78]

Role and power of the prime minister

Executive powers

Agencies under the Prime Minister

The prime minister leads the functioning and exercise of authority of the government of India. The president of India—subject to eligibility—invites a person who is commanding support of majority members of Lok Sabha to form the government of India—also known as the central government or Union government—at the national level and exercise its powers.[79] In practice the prime minister nominates the members of their council of ministers to the president.[80][81][82] They also work upon to decide a core group of ministers (known as the cabinet),[80] as in charge of the important functions and ministries of the government of India.

The prime minister is responsible for aiding and advising the president in distribution of work of the government to various ministries and offices and in terms of the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961.[83] The co-ordinating work is generally allocated to the Cabinet Secretariat.[84] While the work of the government is generally divided into various ministries, the prime minister may retain certain portfolios if they are not allocated to any member of the cabinet.

The prime minister—in consultation with the cabinet—schedules and attends the sessions of the houses of parliament and is required to answer the question from the Members of Parliament to them as the in-charge of the portfolios in the capacity as prime minister of India.[85]

Some specific ministries/department are not allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the prime minister themself. The prime minister is usually always in charge/head of:

US President Jimmy Carter and PM Morarji Desai signing the New Delhi declaration, 3 January 1978
Russian president Vladimir Putin meeting prime minister Narendra Modi in the Kremlin, Moscow, 24 December 2015

The prime minister represents the country in various delegations, high level meetings and international organisations that require the attendance of the highest government office,[86] and also addresses to the nation on various issues of national or other importance.[87]

Per Article 78 of the Constitution of India, the union cabinet and the president officially communicate through the prime minister. Otherwise, the Constitution recognises the prime minister as a member of the union cabinet only outside the sphere of union cabinet.

Administrative and appointment powers

The prime minister recommends to the president—among others—names for the appointment of:

As the chairperson of

joint secretaries in the government of India.[88][89][90] Further, in the same capacity, the PM decides the assignments of top military personnel such as the Chief of the Army Staff, Chief of the Air Staff, Chief of the Naval Staff and commanders of operational and training commands.[91] In addition, the ACC also decides the posting of Indian Police Service officers—the All India Service for policing, which staffs most of the higher level law enforcement positions at federal and state level—in the government of India
.

Also, as the Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, the PM also exercises control over the Indian Administrative Service (IAS),[92] the country's premier civil service,[93][94] which staffs most of the senior civil service positions;[93][94] the Public Enterprises Selection Board (PESB);[95][96] and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI),[95][96] except for the selection of its director, who is chosen by a committee of: (a) the prime minister, as chairperson; (b) the leader of the opposition in Lok Sabha; and (c) the chief justice.[97]

Unlike most other countries, the prime minister does not have much influence over the selection of judges, that is done by a collegium of judges consisting of the

state high court.[98][99] The executive as a whole, however, has the right to send back a recommended name to the collegium for reconsideration,[100] this, however, is not a full Veto power, and the collegium can still put forward rejected name.[101][102]

Legislative powers

The prime minister acts as the leader of the house of the chamber of parliament—generally the Lok Sabha—they belongs to. In this role, the prime minister is tasked with representing the executive in the legislature, announces important legislation, and is further expected to respond to the opposition's concerns.[103] Article 85 of the Indian constitution confers the president with the power to convene and end extraordinary sessions of the parliament; this power, however, is exercised only on the advice of the prime minister and their council, so in practice the prime minister does exercise some control over affairs of the parliament.

Languages of the Prime Minister's Office

See also: Languages of India

The official website of the Prime Minister's Office is available in 11 Indian languages namely

22 official languages of the Indian Republic, in addition to English and Hindi.[104]

The eleven Indian language websites can be accessed at the following links:

  1. Assamese: http://www.pmindia.gov.in/asm/
  2. Bengali: http://www.pmindia.gov.in/bn/
  3. Gujarati: http://www.pmindia.gov.in/gu/
  4. Kannada: http://www.pmindia.gov.in/kn/
  5. Marathi: http://www.pmindia.gov.in/mr/
  6. Malayalam: http://www.pmindia.gov.in/ml/
  7. Manipuri): http://www.pmindia.gov.in/mni/
  8. Odia: http://www.pmindia.gov.in/ory/
  9. Punjabi: http://www.pmindia.gov.in/pa/
  10. Tamil: http://www.pmindia.gov.in/ta/
  11. Telugu: http://www.pmindia.gov.in/te/

Compensation and benefits

Article 75 of the Constitution of India confers the Parliament with the power to decide the remuneration and other benefits of the prime minister and other ministers are to be decided by the Parliament.[105] and is renewed from time to time. The original remunerations for the prime minister and other ministers were specified in the Part B of the second schedule of the constitution, which was later removed by an amendment.

In 2010, the Prime Minister's Office reported that the prime minister does not receive a formal salary, only monthly allowances.[106] That same year The Economist reported that, on a purchasing power parity basis, the prime minister received an equivalent of $4106 per year. As a percentage of the country's per-capita GDP (gross domestic product), this is the lowest of all countries The Economist surveyed.[107][108]

Prime-ministerial pay and allowances
As on Gross amount in INR (₹) Gross amount in USD ($)
October 2009 ₹100,000 $1,400
October 2010 ₹135,000 $1,900
July 2012 ₹160,000 $2,200
Sources:[108]

Residence

The 7, Lok Kalyan Marg—previously called 7, Race Course Road—in New Delhi, currently serves as the official place of residence for the prime minister of India.[109]

The residence during the tenure of Nehru, the first prime minister, was Teen Murti Bhavan. Lal Bahadur Shastri chose 10, Janpath as an official residence. Indira Gandhi resided at 1, Safdarjung Road. Rajiv Gandhi became the first prime minister to use 7, Lok Kalyan Marg as his residence, which was used by his successors.[110]

Travel

Boeing 777-300ER
(K7066)

For ground travel, the prime minister uses a highly modified, armoured version of a Range Rover.[111] The prime minister's motorcade comprises a fleet of vehicles, the core of which consists of at least three armoured BMW 7 Series sedans, two armoured Range Rovers, at least 8-10 BMW X5s, six Toyota Fortuners/Land Cruisers, and at least two Mercedes-Benz Sprinter ambulances.

For air travel,

Mi-8, used for carrying the prime minister over short distances. These aircraft are operated by the Indian Air Force
.

Protection

Armed SPG agents accompanying prime minister Narendra Modi in Varanasi, 2017

The Special Protection Group (SPG) is charged with protecting the sitting prime minister and their family.[114][115] The security is aided by the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Border Security Force (BSF) and the Delhi Police to provide three-rung security for the estate.

Office

Main article: Prime Minister's Office (India)

The

South Block, and is a 20-room complex, and has the Cabinet Secretariat, the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of External Affairs adjacent to it. The office is headed by the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India, generally a former civil servant, mostly from the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and rarely from the Indian Foreign Service
(IFS).

Family

Main articles:
Spouse of the prime minister of India and List of children of prime ministers of India
Manmohan Singh and Gursharan Kaur, hosting Barack Obama and Michelle Obama, at their residence on 7 November 2010. Seated at the table are Rahul Gandhi to the left of Mrs. Obama and unseen to her right, Sonia Gandhi, both from the family of former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi.

The prime minister's spouse sometimes accompanies him/her on foreign visits. The prime minister's family is also assigned protection by the

J. L. Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi.[117]
Many family members of former prime ministers are politicians.

Post-premiership

Former prime ministers are entitled to a bungalow,[118][119] and are also entitled the same facilities as those given to a serving cabinet minister,[118] including a fourteen-member secretarial staff, for a period of five years; reimbursement of office expenses; six domestic executive-class air tickets each year; and security cover from the armed forces and police as established by law.[118][119]

In addition, former prime ministers rank seventh on the

chief ministers of states (within their respective states) and cabinet ministers.[120][121][122] As a former member of the parliament, the prime minister also receives a pension after they leave office. In 2015, a former MP receives a minimum pension of ₹20,000 (US$250) per month, plus—if he/she served as an MP for more than five years—₹1,500 (US$19) for every year served.[123][needs update
]

Some prime ministers have had significant careers after their tenure, including H. D. Deve Gowda and Manmohan Singh, who continue to be a Member of Parliament.[124][125]

Narendra ModiManmohan SinghInder Kumar GujralH. D. Deve GowdaAtal Bihari VajpayeeP. V. Narasimha RaoChandra ShekharVishwanath Pratap SinghRajiv GandhiCharan SinghMorarji DesaiIndira GandhiLal Bahadur ShastriJawaharlal Nehru

Death

Republic of India, being carried by personnel of the army, navy, and air force, at Palam Airport, Delhi, en route to Hyderabad
for cremation, 24 December 2004

Prime ministers are accorded a state funeral. It is customary for states and union territories to declare a day of mourning on the occasion of death of any former prime minister.[126]

Commemoration

Further information: List of things named after prime ministers of India

Several institutions are named after prime ministers of India. The birth date of Jawaharlal Nehru is celebrated as children's day in India & The birth date of Charan Singh is celebrated as farmer's day. Prime ministers are also commemorated on the postage stamps of several countries.

Prime ministerial funds

The prime minister presides over various funds.

National Defence Fund

Main article: National Defence Fund

The

Income Tax Act, 1961.[128][129]

Prime Minister's National Relief Fund

The Prime Minister's National Relief Fund (PMNRF) was set up by the first prime minister of India—Jawaharlal Nehru—in 1948, to assist displaced people from Pakistan. The fund, now, is primarily used to assist the families of those who are killed during natural disasters such as earthquakes, cyclones and flood and secondarily to reimburse medical expenses of people with chronic and deadly diseases.[130] Donations to the PMNRF are 100% tax-deductible under section 80G of the Income Tax Act, 1961.[128]

Prime Minister's Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund (PM Cares Fund)

In March 2020, after the rapid spread of the COVID - 19 virus from Wuhan to countries across the world, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the formation of a special fund to deal with any kind of emergency or distress situations like the COVID-19 pandemic.[131] The fund being fully voluntary without any government budgetary support, PM Modi appealed to the public to donate generously towards the fund. Following this donors from all sections of the society donated whole heartedly. Initially in FY 2019-20 the fund received Rs 3076.62 crores in just 5 days of its announcement. Initially the fund was used to procure COVID emergency products like ventilators, PPE kits for frontline workers and also funding the vaccine resaearch efforts and procurement. By FY 2020-21 the corpus of the PM Cares Fund was around Rs 10990 crore.[132]

Deputy Prime Minister

Main article: Deputy Prime Minister of India

The post of deputy prime minister of India is not technically a constitutional post, nor is there any mention of it in an Act of Parliament.[133] But historically, on various occasions, different governments have assigned one of their senior ministers as the deputy prime minister. There is neither constitutional requirement for filling the post of deputy PM, nor does the post provide any kind of special powers.[133] Typically, senior cabinet ministers like the finance minister or the home minister are appointed as deputy prime minister. The post is considered to be the senior most in the cabinet after the prime minister and represents the government in their absence. Generally, deputy prime ministers have been appointed to strengthen the coalition governments. The first holder of this post was Vallabhbhai Patel, who was also the home minister in Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Not including Gulzarilal Nanda who served, twice, as acting prime minister.

References

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  9. ISBN 978-0-19-870489-8
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  12. ISBN 978-0-19-870489-8
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  13. ISBN 0-7735-2849-0
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