Indiana vesiculovirus

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Indiana vesiculovirus
TEM micrograph of "Indiana vesiculovirus" particles
TEM micrograph of Indiana vesiculovirus particles
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum:
Negarnaviricota
Class: Monjiviricetes
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Rhabdoviridae
Genus: Vesiculovirus
Species:
Indiana vesiculovirus
Synonyms[1]
  • Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus
  • Vesicular stomatitis virus

Indiana vesiculovirus, formerly Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV or VSV) is a

foot and mouth disease virus.[2]

The virus is

zoonotic
and leads to a flu-like illness in infected humans.

It is also a common laboratory virus used to study the properties of viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, as well as to study viral evolution.[3]

Properties

Indiana vesiculovirus is the prototypic member of the genus Vesiculovirus of the family Rhabdoviridae. VSIV is an

vector of the virus is the phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia shannoni.[4] The genome of VSIV is on a single molecule of negative-sense RNA that has 11,161 nucleotides in length,[5]
that encodes five major proteins: G protein (G), large protein (L), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M) and nucleoprotein (N):

The VSIV G protein, aka VSVG, enables

lentiviral vector expression systems used to introduce genetic material into in vitro systems or animal models, mainly because of its extremely broad tropism.[citation needed
]

The VSIV L protein is encoded by half the genome, and combines with the phosphoprotein to catalyze replication of the mRNA.

The VSIV M protein is encoded by an mRNA that is 831 nucleotides long and translates to a 229 amino acid-protein. The predicted M protein sequence does not contain any long hydrophobic or nonpolar domains that might promote membrane association. The protein is rich in basic amino acids and contains a highly basic amino terminal domain.[citation needed]

The VSV N protein is required to initiate genome synthesis.[8][9]

Vesicular stomatitis

Clinical signs and diagnosis

The main sign in animals is oral disease appearing as mucosal vesicles and ulcers in the mouth, but also on the udder and around the

pyrexia (fever). Disease usually resolves within two weeks, and animals usually recover completely.[2]

Cases of human infection with vesicular stomatitis virus have been described. Most of these cases have been among laboratory workers, veterinarians, and livestock handlers. In most cases, VSV infection has resulted in a short 3 to 5 day illness characterized by fever, headache,

complement fixation, and viral isolation can also be attempted.[2]

Treatment and control

No specific treatment is available, but some animals may require supportive fluids or antibiotics for secondary infections.[2]

Control relies on biosecurity protocols, quarantine, isolation and disinfection to ensure the viral disease does not enter a country or herd.[2]

Medical applications

Oncolytic therapy

In healthy human cells the virus cannot reproduce, likely because of the interferon response, which allows the cells to adequately respond to viral infection. The same cannot be said of interferon non-responsive cancer cells, a quality which allows VSIV to grow and lyse oncogenic cells preferentially.[11]

Recently, attenuated VSIV with a mutation in its M protein has been found to have oncolytic properties. Research is ongoing, and has shown VSIV to reduce tumor size and spread in melanoma, lung cancer, colon cancer and certain brain tumors in laboratory models of cancer.[12]

Anti-HIV therapy

VSIV was modified to attack HIV-infected T-cells. The modified virus was called a "trojan horse" virus NIH Press Release - Trojan Horse Virus Controls HIV Infection - 09/04/1997

Ebola vaccine

Recombinant VSIV has undergone phase 1 trials as a

Ebola virus.[13]

Recombinant VSIV expressing the

Ebola virus disease. The vaccine was shown to be 76-100% effective in preventing Ebola virus disease.[14][15] (see also rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine) In December 2019, Merck & Co.'s rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine Ervebo was approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat individuals 18 and older.[16]

Other Uses

Replication competent rVSV has also been created expressing proteins of Lassa fever and Marburg virus.[17]

Other applications

The VSIV G protein is routinely used in biomedical research to pseudotype retroviral and lentiviral vectors, conferring the ability to transduce a broad range of mammalian cell types with genes of interest.[18]

The VSIV G protein has also been used in cytological studies of trafficking in the

cisternal maturation model of Golgi trafficking.[19]

VSV is often used to perform quantitative and computational studies on viral genome replication and transcription.[8][20] Such studies help build a better understanding of viral behavior in the presence and absence of innate immune response.[citation needed]

In 2020, a possible vaccine against COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, was developed based on modified VSV. The modification involved replacing the VSV's surface protein genes with those for SARS-CoV-2's spike proteins.[21][22]

See also

References

  1. ^ "ICTV Taxonomy history: Indiana vesiculovirus" (html). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Vesicular Stomatitis Virus". reviewed and published by WikiVet, accessed 12 October 2011.
  3. ISBN 978-1-55581-453-3
    .
  4. ^ Mann RS, Kaufman PE, Butler JF (2009). "A Sand Fly, Lutzomyia shannoni Dyar (Insecta: Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotomine)". EENY-421. Entomology and Nematology. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida IFAS.
  5. ^ "VSV complete genome". Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  6. ^ Finkelshtein D, Werman A, Novick D, Barak S, Rubinstein M. LDL receptor and its family members serve as the cellular receptors for vesicular stomatitis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Apr 30;110(18):7306–11.
  7. ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). "Transport from the ER through the Golgi Apparatus". Molecular Biology of the Cell (Fourth ed.). New York: Garland Science.
  8. ^
    PMID 25726926
    .
  9. PMID 6284973
    .
  10. ^ Quiroz E, Moreno N, Peralta PH, Tesh RB. A human case of encephalitis associated with vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana serotype) infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1988;39(3):312–314. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1988.39.312
  11. S2CID 8492631
    .
  12. PMID 18287505
    .
  13. PMID 25830326
    .
  14. S2CID 40830730
    .
  15. PMID 28017403
    .
  16. ^ Commissioner, Office of the (2020-03-24). "First FDA-approved vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus disease, marking a critical milestone in public health preparedness and response". FDA. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  17. PMID 15113924
    .
  18. PMID 16101513
    .
  19. PMID 11756473
    .
  20. PMID 16948530
    .
  21. ^ SciTechDaily: Researchers Created a Virus That Mimics SARS-CoV-2, the COVID-19 Coronavirus – Here’s Why. Source: Washington University School of Medicine. August 19, 2020
  22. ^ James Brett Case, Paul W. Rothlauf, Rita E. Chen, Zhuoming Liu, Haiyan Zhao, Arthur S. Kim, Louis-Marie Bloyet, Qiru Zeng, Stephen Tahan, Lindsay Droit, Ma. Xenia G. Ilagan, Michael A. Tartell, Gaya Amarasinghe, Jeffrey P. Henderson, Shane Miersch, Mart Ustav, Sachdev Sidhu, Herbert W. Virgin, David Wang, Siyuan Ding, Davide Corti, Elitza S. Theel, Daved H. Fremont, Michael S. Diamond and Sean P. J. Whelan: Neutralizing Antibody and Soluble ACE2 Inhibition of a Replication-Competent VSV-SARS-CoV-2 and a Clinical Isolate of SARS-CoV-2, Cell Host and Microbe, 1 July 2020, doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.06.021

External links

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